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Permanent Ad-lib Feeders Decrease the Survival of Wintering Great Tits (Parus major) 永久的自动喂食器减少了大山雀的生存(Parus major)
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.3390/birds4020019
Tatjana Krama, Ronalds Krams, S. Popovs, G. Trakimas, M. Rantala, T. Freeberg, I. Krams
The optimal body mass hypothesis posits that the body reserves of wintering birds are balanced between the risk of starvation and predation. In this study, we tested whether the body mass of wintering Great Tits (Parus major) was higher under conditions of less predictable food resources. We compared body mass, body mass index, the speed at take-off, and apparent survival of Great Tit adult males wintering in small urban areas either near feeders providing permanent access to food for months or near feeders providing irregular access to food. Body mass and body mass index were greater, while take-off speed and apparent survival were lower, in birds wintering near permanent feeders than birds wintering near irregular feeders. Thus, urban birds, with their predictable access to high energy food, did not follow the fattening strategy predicted by the optimal body mass hypothesis. This study shows that regular excess amounts of high-energy food may affect urban birds’ physiological and behavioral strategies in a non-adaptive way. We recommend irregular feeding of wintering birds and the placing of feeders in places that are safe against attacking predators.
最佳体重假说认为,越冬鸟类的身体储备在饥饿和被捕食的风险之间达到了平衡。在这项研究中,我们测试了在食物资源不可预测的情况下,越冬的大山雀(Parus major)的体重是否更高。我们比较了在小城市地区过冬的成年雄性大山雀的体重、体重指数、起飞速度和明显存活率,这些雄性大山雀要么靠近几个月可以永久获得食物的喂食者,要么靠近不定期获得食物的喂食者。在固定喂食器附近越冬的鸟类比在不规则喂食器附近越冬的鸟类体重和体重指数更大,起飞速度和表观存活率更低。因此,城市鸟类可以获得可预测的高能量食物,但它们并没有遵循最佳体重假设所预测的增肥策略。本研究表明,定期过量摄入高能量食物可能会以非适应性的方式影响城市鸟类的生理和行为策略。我们建议不定期喂养越冬的鸟类,并将喂食器放置在安全的地方,免受捕食者的攻击。
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引用次数: 0
Seasonal Use of Dairies as Overnight Roosts by Common Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) 普通椋鸟(Sturnus vulgaris)季节性地在奶牛场过夜
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.3390/birds4020018
C. Lichtenwalter, K. Steensma, M. Marcondes, Kyle Taylor, C. McConnel, Amber Adams Progar
The Common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is an invasive bird species in North America that can cause damage to dairies. Starlings roost in structures on dairies overnight, defecating on cows, feed, and supplies. To target roosts for effective deterrence, farmers must know what times of the year starling populations are greatest. To test seasonality, two data sets were analyzed. First, birds were counted for 20–30 min at sunrise and sunset on 10 Whatcom County, Washington dairies over four weeks in September and October of 2016. Starling counts were greater in the last week of observations than in weeks one, two, and three. Second, birds were counted at sunset for four weeks during winter 2021 and spring and summer 2022 at two dairies in the Palouse region of Washington State and Idaho. As temperature and minutes of daylight decreased, bird abundance increased. There was also an effect of season, with more birds counted in winter and spring than in summer. These data sets combined suggest a seasonal use of dairies as night roosts by starlings. With this information, farmers in the United States will know to contact wildlife managers in the summer, so a starling deterrence strategy can be developed before roosts are established in the fall.
普通椋鸟(Sturnus vulgaris)是北美的一种入侵鸟类,会对奶牛场造成破坏。椋鸟过夜栖息在奶牛场的建筑物里,在奶牛、饲料和供应品上排便。为了有效地阻止椋鸟栖息,农民必须知道一年中椋鸟数量最多的时候。为了检验季节性,我们分析了两个数据集。首先,在2016年9月和10月的四周时间里,在华盛顿沃特科姆县的10个奶牛场的日出和日落时,对鸟类进行了20-30分钟的计数。在最后一周的观察中,椋鸟的数量比第一周、第二周和第三周都要多。其次,在2021年冬季和2022年春夏,在华盛顿州和爱达荷州帕卢斯地区的两个奶牛场,在日落时对鸟类进行了四周的计数。随着气温和日照时间的减少,鸟类数量增加。季节也有影响,冬季和春季的鸟类数量比夏季多。这些数据集结合起来表明,欧椋鸟将奶牛场作为夜间栖息的季节性场所。有了这些信息,美国的农民就会知道在夏天联系野生动物管理人员,这样就可以在秋季建立栖息地之前制定一项威慑椋鸟的战略。
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引用次数: 0
Stopover Ecology of the European Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur), a Threatened Migratory Bird Species, after the Crossing of an Extended Ecological Barrier 欧洲斑鸠(Streptopelia turtur)是一种受威胁的候鸟,跨越扩展的生态屏障后的中途停留生态学
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.3390/birds4020017
C. Barboutis, Anastasios Bounas, Elisabeth Navarrete, T. Fransson
Migratory routes, important stopover sites and wintering grounds for the Turtle Dove, a declining trans-Saharan migratory bird, are known mainly for populations in western and central Europe, but very little is known about birds using the eastern migration flyway. By combining long-term ringing data, tracking data and citizen science data, a comprehensive picture of the stopover ecology of the Turtle Dove’s spring migration in the eastern Mediterranean is presented. Furthermore, a quantitative estimate of the number of birds that migrate over Greece during the spring migration is given. Approximately 16% of the European population migrates through Greece, passing through as early as the end of March, with the passage lasting up to the end of May. On average, the species arrives depleted after the crossing of the Sahara Desert and the Mediterranean Sea, with no systematic refuelling event taking place in North Africa. Both tracking and ringing data indicate that the birds undergo an extensive stopover after the barrier crossing (as much as close to three weeks). Turtle Doves additionally show significant body mass gain during their stay, indicating the potential importance of stopover sites after the Mediterranean Sea for the conservation of the species.
斑鸠的迁徙路线,重要的中途停留地和越冬地,是一种日益减少的跨撒哈拉候鸟,主要分布在西欧和中欧,但对使用东部迁徙路线的鸟类知之甚少。结合长期的鸣铃数据、跟踪数据和公民科学数据,全面描绘了地中海东部斑鸠春季迁徙的中途停留生态。此外,给出了春季迁徙期间在希腊上空迁徙的鸟类数量的定量估计。大约16%的欧洲人口通过希腊移民,最早在3月底通过,一直持续到5月底。平均而言,这些物种在穿越撒哈拉沙漠和地中海后到达,没有系统的补充事件发生在北非。追踪和鸣叫数据都表明,这些鸟在跨越障碍后会进行一次大范围的停留(多达近三周)。斑鸠在停留期间还显示出显著的体重增加,这表明地中海之后的中途停留点对物种保护的潜在重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Fruit Color Preference of Frugivorous Birds in an Agroecosystem in Southcentral Mindanao, Philippines 菲律宾棉兰老岛中南部农业生态系统中果食性鸟类的果实颜色偏好
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.3390/birds4020016
Navel Kyla B. Balasa, Jirriza O. Roquero, Asraf K. Lidasan, Lothy F. Casim, A. Agduma, K. Tanalgo
The removal of fruit is a consequence of plant–animal interactions, and is a vital step in the natural regeneration cycle of plant populations. This research aimed to determine the effect of fruit color and local landscape on plant–bird interactions in an agroecosystem in Southcentral Mindanao, Philippines. We set out 1500 artificial fruit models in ten sampling locations within an agroecosystem. We measured the difference in the proportion of predated/removed (%) fruit models and the risk between sites, fruit color, and predators. Approximately a quarter (24.53%) of the artificial fruit models deployed were predated, and the proportion of predation was significantly higher in the red fruit models (mean = 18.74 ± 9.84) compared to the green fruit models (mean = 11.67 ± 6.17). Birds were the most dominant predators compared to mammals and arthropods, and contributed to at least 60% of the predation of red fruits. Our findings are consistent with previous evidence showing birds’ preferences for darker fruit colors. Although landscape variables did not significantly affect fruit predation, tree cover may help increase these interactions. Overall, our study showed that agroecosystems can still support species of frugivorous birds, as indicated by high fruit predation rates, particularly by birds that can permeate different layers of the agroecosystem. Our findings demonstrate an important implication for habitat quality management within agroecosystems. Enriching agroecosystems with pioneer trees with dark-colored fleshy fruits is a sustainable greening strategy that would benefit frugivores and producers in this system.
果实的摘取是植物与动物相互作用的结果,是植物种群自然更新循环的重要步骤。本研究旨在确定果实颜色和当地景观对菲律宾棉兰老岛中南部农业生态系统植物-鸟类相互作用的影响。我们在一个农业生态系统的10个采样点设置了1500个人工水果模型。我们测量了在不同地点、水果颜色和捕食者之间,早熟/被移除水果模型的比例和风险的差异。约四分之一(24.53%)的人工水果模型被捕食,其中红色水果模型的捕食比例(平均值= 18.74±9.84)显著高于绿色水果模型(平均值= 11.67±6.17)。与哺乳动物和节肢动物相比,鸟类是最占优势的捕食者,至少占红色水果捕食量的60%。我们的发现与之前的证据一致,即鸟类更喜欢深色的水果。虽然景观变量对水果捕食没有显著影响,但树木覆盖可能有助于增加这些相互作用。总的来说,我们的研究表明,农业生态系统仍然可以支持果食性鸟类的物种,正如高水果捕食率所表明的那样,特别是那些可以渗透到农业生态系统不同层的鸟类。研究结果对农业生态系统的生境质量管理具有重要意义。用具有深色肉质果实的先锋树丰富农业生态系统是一种可持续的绿化策略,这将有利于该系统中的食果动物和生产者。
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引用次数: 0
Arabian Partridge Abundance and Limiting Factors at the Northern Boundary of Its Range 阿拉伯鹧鸪分布范围北部边界的丰度及其限制因素
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-20 DOI: 10.3390/birds4020015
A. Soultan, Moayyed Sher Shah, A. M. Almalki, S. Browne, N. Arcilla
The Arabian Partridge (Alectoris melanocephala), is an endemic bird species of the Arabian Desert that lives in groups and inhabits rocky hillsides with patchy vegetation. Throughout their range, Arabian Partridges contend with hunting and habitat destruction, factors that may limit their distribution and abundance. Although the abundance of this species has been assumed to be stable, no actual estimate of its population size has been undertaken. We assessed the distribution and estimated the abundance of the Arabian Partridge at the northern boundary of its range in Saudi Arabia. The estimated density and abundance of the Arabian Partridge in Harrat Uwayrid Biosphere Reserve was 25.6 (6.16 SE) birds/km2 and ~118 individuals, respectively, with higher numbers of individuals in less disturbed sites and near rocky outcrops and hillsides. In sites where hunting occurred, as indicated by the presence of hunting shelters, partridge numbers were extremely low or absent. Our study provides the first quantitative assessment of the Arabian Partridge at the northern limit of its range and highlights the need to reduce threats from hunting, livestock grazing, and feral donkeys and to undertake conservation measures to mitigate factors associated with partridge decline.
阿拉伯鹧鸪(Alectoris melanocephala),是阿拉伯沙漠特有的鸟类,群居,栖息在有斑驳植被的岩石山坡上。在整个活动范围内,阿拉伯鹧鸪与狩猎和栖息地破坏作斗争,这些因素可能会限制它们的分布和数量。虽然这个物种的丰度被认为是稳定的,但没有对其种群规模进行实际估计。我们评估了阿拉伯鹧鸪在沙特阿拉伯北部边界的分布和丰度。在Harrat Uwayrid生物圈保护区,阿拉伯鹧鸪的密度和丰度分别为25.6 (6.16 SE)只/km2和~118只/km2,在受干扰较少的地点和靠近岩石露头和山坡的地方个体数量较多。在有狩猎活动的地方,如有狩猎庇护所所示,鹧鸪的数量极低或根本没有。我们的研究首次对阿拉伯鹧鸪在其活动范围的北部极限进行了定量评估,并强调了减少狩猎、放牧和野驴威胁的必要性,并采取保护措施以减轻与鹧鸪数量减少相关的因素。
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引用次数: 1
Power Laws Govern the Abundance Distribution of Birds by Rank 幂律支配着鸟类按等级的丰度分布
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-07 DOI: 10.3390/birds4020014
Sergio Da Silva, Raul Matsushita
Only a few bird species are abundant. Understanding the abundance distribution of bird species is critical for conservation efforts because rare species may be more vulnerable to habitat loss, climate change, and other threats. According to new data, a log left-skewed distribution, rather than a lognormal distribution, better adjusts to the abundance distribution of bird species. We look at the rank abundance distribution rather than the species abundance distribution that use the same data and find three power laws: for the top four species; for the abundant species minus the top four; and for the rare species.
只有少数几种鸟类数量丰富。了解鸟类的丰富分布对保护工作至关重要,因为稀有物种可能更容易受到栖息地丧失、气候变化和其他威胁的影响。根据新的数据,对数左偏分布比对数正态分布更能适应鸟类的丰度分布。我们看的是等级丰度分布,而不是使用相同数据的物种丰度分布,发现了三个幂律:前四个物种;对于最丰富的物种减去前四个;对于稀有物种。
{"title":"Power Laws Govern the Abundance Distribution of Birds by Rank","authors":"Sergio Da Silva, Raul Matsushita","doi":"10.3390/birds4020014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/birds4020014","url":null,"abstract":"Only a few bird species are abundant. Understanding the abundance distribution of bird species is critical for conservation efforts because rare species may be more vulnerable to habitat loss, climate change, and other threats. According to new data, a log left-skewed distribution, rather than a lognormal distribution, better adjusts to the abundance distribution of bird species. We look at the rank abundance distribution rather than the species abundance distribution that use the same data and find three power laws: for the top four species; for the abundant species minus the top four; and for the rare species.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135792219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Long-Term Population Trends of House Sparrow and Eurasian Tree Sparrow in Spain 西班牙家雀和欧亚树雀种群的长期趋势
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-25 DOI: 10.3390/birds4020013
Elena Ramos-Elvira, E. Banda, J. Arizaga, David Martín, J. I. Aguirre
Urban areas are constantly increasing, which can cause an effect in bird populations since human activities lead to nature alterations. Populations of House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) have been decreasing in Spain according to the latest national censuses in Spain. In this study, we tried to assess the population trend over more than two decades using ringing data from Spanish constant effort sites, as well as to determine the population and breeding success proxy in relation to habitat composition at landscape level. We analysed the data and confirmed the decreasing trend in the two species. However, Eurasian Tree Sparrow showed signs of increasing presence in urban areas. Furthermore, the productivity remained stable over sampling sites and years, meaning that the causes of the decreasing populations are affecting both adult and juvenile individuals.
城市面积不断增加,由于人类活动导致自然变化,这可能会对鸟类种群造成影响。根据西班牙最新的全国人口普查,西班牙家麻雀(Passer domesticus)和欧亚树麻雀(Passer montanus)的种群数量一直在减少。在这项研究中,我们试图利用西班牙恒定努力点的环形数据来评估20多年来的种群趋势,并在景观水平上确定与栖息地组成相关的种群和繁殖成功代理。我们对数据进行了分析,证实了这两个物种的下降趋势。然而,欧亚树雀在城市地区出现了增加的迹象。此外,在采样地点和年份中,生产力保持稳定,这意味着种群减少的原因同时影响到成年和幼年个体。
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引用次数: 0
Concentrations of Manganese in Tufted Titmouse Feathers near Metal Processing Plants 金属加工厂附近山雀羽毛中锰的含量
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.3390/birds4010012
Rachael Sarnowski, James S. Kellam
Human industry and land use has led to the anthropogenic release of manganese (Mn) into the air and soil near manufacturing centers. Overexposure to Mn can cause considerable health problems in birds. We studied whether the concentration of Mn in bird feathers correlates with the distance to point sources of Mn air emissions. Feathers were collected from Tufted Titmice (Baeolophus bicolor) at two sites in western Pennsylvania, USA. One site was in proximity (0.3 km) to a steel plant with documented Mn releases, and the other site was in a different town about 4.0 km away from other steel plants with documented Mn releases. Using the microwave plasma–atomic emission spectrometer (MP–AES), we found that tail feathers collected from nearest to a steel plant had a significantly higher concentration of Mn compared to the samples from the site further from the emission source. A body mass index was calculated for each set of birds; however, the indices did not vary significantly. This is the first published study of Mn sequestration in Tufted Titmouse feathers. This study develops our general understanding of the potential use of bird feathers as non-invasive bioindicators of environmental metal exposure.
人类工业和土地利用导致锰(Mn)人为释放到制造业中心附近的空气和土壤中。过量接触锰会对鸟类造成相当大的健康问题。我们研究了鸟类羽毛中Mn的浓度是否与空气中Mn排放点源的距离有关。在美国宾夕法尼亚州西部的两个地点采集了丛山雀(Baeolophus bicolor)的羽毛。其中一个地点靠近一家有Mn排放记录的钢铁厂(0.3公里),另一个地点位于另一个城镇,距离其他有Mn排放记录的钢铁厂约4.0公里。利用微波等离子体原子发射光谱仪(MP-AES),研究人员发现,与远离发射源的尾羽相比,从离钢铁厂最近的地方收集的尾羽中锰的浓度明显更高。计算了每组鸟类的体重指数;但各指标间差异不显著。这是首次发表的关于山雀羽毛中锰的固存研究。这项研究发展了我们对鸟类羽毛作为环境金属暴露的非侵入性生物指标的潜在用途的一般理解。
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引用次数: 0
Acoustic Classification of Bird Species Using an Early Fusion of Deep Features 基于早期深度特征融合的鸟类声学分类
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.3390/birds4010011
Jie Xie, Mingying Zhu
Bird sound classification plays an important role in large-scale temporal and spatial environmental monitoring. In this paper, we investigate both transfer learning and training from scratch for bird sound classification, where pre-trained models are used as feature extractors. Specifically, deep cascade features are extracted from various layers of different pre-trained models, which are then fused to classify bird sounds. A multi-view spectrogram is constructed to characterize bird sounds by simply repeating the spectrogram to make it suitable for pre-trained models. Furthermore, both mixup and pitch shift are applied for augmenting bird sounds to improve the classification performance. Experimental classification on 43 bird species using linear SVM indicates that deep cascade features can achieve the highest balanced accuracy of 90.94% ± 1.53%. To further improve the classification performance, an early fusion method is used by combining deep cascaded features extracted from different pre-trained models. The final best classification balanced accuracy is 94.89% ± 1.35%.
鸟声分类在大尺度时空环境监测中具有重要作用。在本文中,我们研究了迁移学习和从头开始训练用于鸟类声音分类,其中使用预训练模型作为特征提取器。具体来说,从不同预训练模型的各个层中提取深度级联特征,然后将其融合到鸟类声音分类中。通过简单地重复声谱图,构建了一个多视图声谱图来表征鸟类的声音,使其适合于预训练的模型。在此基础上,利用混频和移频两种方法增强了鸟类的叫声,提高了分类性能。利用线性支持向量机对43种鸟类进行分类的实验表明,深度级联特征可以达到最高的平衡准确率(90.94%±1.53%)。为了进一步提高分类性能,采用一种早期融合方法,将从不同预训练模型中提取的深度级联特征组合在一起。最终的最佳分类平衡准确率为94.89%±1.35%。
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引用次数: 1
Activity Patterns, Sex Ratio, and Social Organization of the Bare-Faced Curassow (Crax fasciolata) in the Northern Pantanal, Brazil 巴西潘塔纳尔北部裸面龟的活动模式、性别比例和社会组织
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-20 DOI: 10.3390/birds4010010
Martin Senič, K. Schuchmann, Kathrin Burs, Ana Silvia de Oliveira Tissiani, F. D. de Deus, M. I. Marques
Among Neotropical cracids (Galliformes), many taxa are declining rapidly in population size and facing local extinction. However, in the Brazilian Pantanal, several species occur sympatrically and in abundant numbers to allow for long-term studies. Therefore, the study was intended to collect data and statistically evaluate the life history patterns of Bare-faced Curassow (Crax fasciolata), a high-conservation-priority species. Additionally, the effect of applying commonly used independence filters on camera trap data was evaluated. The study was conducted in the SESC Pantanal, Baía das Pedras, Mato Grosso, Brazil, a private protected area of approximately 4200 ha. Between July 2015 and December 2017 (4768 sampling days), 37 sampling locations were monitored with camera traps placed in a regular grid with a spacing of 1 km. Crax fasciolata was detected at 26 (70.27%) of them, with 357 independent captures (554 individuals). Capture success differed among the four seasonal periods, being highest during the receding and lowest during the high-water period. The seasonal difference was more pronounced in the savanna, with significantly lower activity during the rising period and higher activity during the receding period, while it was more uniform in forest-dominated areas. Groups with offspring were more active during the period of receding water, indicating the peak of reproductive activity in the months before. The daily activity of the species followed a bimodal pattern, with peaks between 06:00 and 07:00 and 16:00 and 17:00. Daily activity rhythms were similar when compared between seasonal periods, sexes, and adults with or without offspring and differed between two habitats (more homogeneous in the forest). The mean detected group size was 1.55 ± 0.81 SD, with four animals exhibiting the largest observed aggregation. Larger unisexual aggregations of adults were not observed. The offspring sex ratio was significantly female-skewed at 0.51:1.00, while the adult sex ratio was considered equal at 1.05:1.00 (male:female). The use of different independence filters did not alter the BFC general activity pattern estimates. Cracids can be considered important bioindicators of habitat quality. The results of this study outline the importance of the Pantanal as a stronghold for this species and the privately protected areas with low anthropogenic activity as highly beneficial to its populations.
在新热带珊瑚科中,许多分类群的种群规模正在迅速下降,面临局部灭绝的危险。然而,在巴西潘塔纳尔,有几个物种是对称分布的,而且数量丰富,可以进行长期研究。因此,本研究旨在收集资料并统计评估作为重点保护物种的裸面龟(Crax fasciolata)的生活史模式。此外,还对常用的独立滤波器对相机陷阱数据的处理效果进行了评价。这项研究是在巴西马托格罗索州的SESC Pantanal, Baía das Pedras,一个大约4200公顷的私人保护区进行的。在2015年7月至2017年12月(4768个采样日)期间,在间隔1公里的规则网格中放置了相机陷阱,对37个采样点进行了监测。检出片形吸虫26只(70.27%),独立捕获357只(554只)。捕获成功率在四个季节期间有所不同,在退潮期间最高,在高潮期间最低。热带稀树草原的季节差异更为明显,在上升期活动明显降低,在消退期活动明显增加,而在森林占主导地位的地区则较为均匀。有后代的群体在退潮期间更活跃,表明在退潮前几个月是繁殖活动的高峰期。日活动呈双峰型,高峰在06:00 ~ 07:00和16:00 ~ 17:00之间。当比较季节、性别和有无后代的成虫时,它们的日常活动节律相似,而在两种栖息地之间则不同(在森林中更为均匀)。检测到的平均组大小为1.55±0.81 SD,其中4只动物的聚集性最大。未观察到较大的单性成虫聚集。后代性别比为0.51:1.00,呈明显的雌性偏斜,而成年性别比为1.05:1.00(男:女)。使用不同的独立过滤器不会改变BFC一般活动模式估计。珊瑚是生境质量的重要生物指标。这项研究的结果概述了潘塔纳尔作为该物种的据点的重要性,以及人为活动较少的私人保护区对其种群非常有益。
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引用次数: 1
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Western Birds
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