The Tricolored Blackbird has been in a severe population decline due to habitat loss and other factors. It is now heavily dependent on agricultural landscapes such as hay fields for foraging and grain fields for nesting. Dairies are known to provide a concentrated food source throughout the year in the form of grain gleaned from cattle feed. For nesting, however, Tricolored Blackbirds require large quantities of insects for their young. A colony of Tricolored Blackbirds in the San Jacinto Valley, Riverside County, in southern California, fed their young large numbers of house flies from nearby dairy-cattle yards, as well as drone fly larvae from dairy-effluent ponds. At this colony, 67% of the nestlings’ food came from the dairy and another 13% from the adjacent hay fields. Most other insects came from irrigated weedy growth adjacent to wetlands. Such an intense reliance on dairies is risky for the blackbirds as urbanization is displacing the dairy industry in the San Jacinto Valley and many other areas of California. Another potential risk to the blackbirds is the use of pesticides at dairies for fly control. Further research is recommended to determine if this utilization of flies from dairies is widespread in California. Research is also needed to quantify the decrease of insects in drought-stricken landscapes and how this may affect the Tricolored Blackbird’s reproductive success.
{"title":"Tricolored Blackbirds’ Reliance on Insects from Dairies","authors":"David M. Goodward, Rudy A. Diaz","doi":"10.21199/wb54.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb54.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"The Tricolored Blackbird has been in a severe population decline due to habitat loss and other factors. It is now heavily dependent on agricultural landscapes such as hay fields for foraging and grain fields for nesting. Dairies are known to provide a concentrated food source throughout the year in the form of grain gleaned from cattle feed. For nesting, however, Tricolored Blackbirds require large quantities of insects for their young. A colony of Tricolored Blackbirds in the San Jacinto Valley, Riverside County, in southern California, fed their young large numbers of house flies from nearby dairy-cattle yards, as well as drone fly larvae from dairy-effluent ponds. At this colony, 67% of the nestlings’ food came from the dairy and another 13% from the adjacent hay fields. Most other insects came from irrigated weedy growth adjacent to wetlands. Such an intense reliance on dairies is risky for the blackbirds as urbanization is displacing the dairy industry in the San Jacinto Valley and many other areas of California. Another potential risk to the blackbirds is the use of pesticides at dairies for fly control. Further research is recommended to determine if this utilization of flies from dairies is widespread in California. Research is also needed to quantify the decrease of insects in drought-stricken landscapes and how this may affect the Tricolored Blackbird’s reproductive success.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85192506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Hargrove, P. Unitt, G. Marrón, Tonatiuh Gaona-Melo, G. Ruiz-Campos
Most of the breeding range of the Gray Vireo (Vireo vicinior) lies within the southwestern United States, where the population is sparse, patchy, and declining. But the species also breeds in Baja California, Mexico, where its status has not been assessed. To rectify this, in 2021 and 2022 we surveyed four mountain ranges where the Gray Vireo is known or might be expected. In the northernmost, the Sierra Juárez, we located 43 territories—an abundance strikingly greater than just across the border in Upper California. Territories were in both treeless chaparral dominated by chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) and redshank (A. sparsifolium), and in the extensive pinyon woodland. In the Sierra San Pedro Mártir, all 71 territories located were in Adenostoma-dominated chaparral. Extrapolation of the densities observed in these two ranges over the extent of suitable habitat implies the population of the Gray Vireo in Baja California should be over 10,000 individuals. Confirmed by audio recording, one sighting from the Sierra de Ulloa overlooking Ensenada suggests a still wider distribution in Baja California. Isolated stands of chaparral grow south of the Gray Vireo’s previously reported breeding range, on the Sierra La Asamblea. But our reconnaissance of it revealed no Gray Vireos. Survey of the Sierra San Francisco in the center of the peninsula, 3–9 April, revealed only 3 Gray Vireos, all in winter habitat containing Bursera microphylla. Therefore two molting specimens collected in the Sierra San Francisco in October 1997 imply that some individuals molt in the winter range, not a southward extension of the breeding range. Despite Baja California representing only a small part of the Gray Vireo’s breeding range spatially, it contributes disproportionately to the species’ population and therefore conservation.
大多数育种范围的灰绿鹃(绿鹃vicinior)位于美国西南部,人口稀疏,参差不齐,下降。但该物种也在墨西哥下加利福尼亚州繁殖，其状况尚未得到评估。为了纠正这一点，在2021年和2022年，我们调查了四个已知或可能会有Gray Vireo的山脉。在最北端的塞拉Juárez，我们发现了43个领土——数量远远超过了上加利福尼亚州的边界。领地分布在以田鼠(Adenostoma fasciculatum)和红脚(a.s parsifolium)为主的无树灌木林和广阔的小林林地。在Sierra San Pedro Mártir，所有71个领地都位于腺瘤为主的灌木林中。在这两个范围内观察到的密度在合适栖息地范围内的外推表明，下加利福尼亚州的灰色维里奥的种群数量应该超过10,000只。经录音证实，从乌洛亚山脉俯瞰恩塞纳达的景象表明，下加利福尼亚的分布范围更广。在以前报道过的灰树的繁殖范围以南，在塞拉拉阿萨姆布里亚，生长着孤立的灌木林。但我们的侦察没有发现Gray Vireos。在4月3日至9日对半岛中部的旧金山山脉进行的调查中，仅发现了3只灰色病毒，均位于含有小叶Bursera的冬季栖息地。因此，1997年10月在旧金山山脉采集的两个换毛标本表明，一些个体在冬季范围内换毛，而不是向南扩展繁殖范围。尽管下加利福尼亚只占灰灰灰熊繁殖范围的一小部分，但它对灰灰灰熊的种群数量和保护做出了不成比例的贡献。
{"title":"Breeding Status of the Gray Vireo on the Baja California Peninsula","authors":"L. Hargrove, P. Unitt, G. Marrón, Tonatiuh Gaona-Melo, G. Ruiz-Campos","doi":"10.21199/wb54.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb54.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the breeding range of the Gray Vireo (Vireo vicinior) lies within the southwestern United States, where the population is sparse, patchy, and declining. But the species also breeds in Baja California, Mexico, where its status has not been assessed. To rectify this, in 2021 and 2022 we surveyed four mountain ranges where the Gray Vireo is known or might be expected. In the northernmost, the Sierra Juárez, we located 43 territories—an abundance strikingly greater than just across the border in Upper California. Territories were in both treeless chaparral dominated by chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) and redshank (A. sparsifolium), and in the extensive pinyon woodland. In the Sierra San Pedro Mártir, all 71 territories located were in Adenostoma-dominated chaparral. Extrapolation of the densities observed in these two ranges over the extent of suitable habitat implies the population of the Gray Vireo in Baja California should be over 10,000 individuals. Confirmed by audio recording, one sighting from the Sierra de Ulloa overlooking Ensenada suggests a still wider distribution in Baja California. Isolated stands of chaparral grow south of the Gray Vireo’s previously reported breeding range, on the Sierra La Asamblea. But our reconnaissance of it revealed no Gray Vireos. Survey of the Sierra San Francisco in the center of the peninsula, 3–9 April, revealed only 3 Gray Vireos, all in winter habitat containing Bursera microphylla. Therefore two molting specimens collected in the Sierra San Francisco in October 1997 imply that some individuals molt in the winter range, not a southward extension of the breeding range. Despite Baja California representing only a small part of the Gray Vireo’s breeding range spatially, it contributes disproportionately to the species’ population and therefore conservation.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78486661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Birds breeding in grassland have declined steeply over the last 50 years, and green-space systems in Colorado’s urbanizing Front Range have not maintained all grassland bird species the area originally supported. Patch area affects the species richness of urban green spaces, and researchers have suggested that protecting or enlarging green spaces should be effective ways to maximize richness and mitigate species loss. In the Front Range, protection of urban green space is expensive, conservation budgets are limited, and tools are needed to guide strategic protection decisions. Front Range planners use patch area as a criterion to prioritize grassland conservation, but the explanatory and predictive powers of patch area have not been comprehensively assessed. Using eBird community science data, I found that log-transformed grassland patch area was positively associated with the species richness of grassland birds and explained a large portion of its variance. However, 95% simultaneous prediction intervals for species richness were wide, and those of the smallest and largest patches examined overlapped. Thus the model cannot precisely predict a number of species, and it should not be used to quantitatively evaluate the expected return on investment from financial allocations to protect or enlarge grassland patches. Nonetheless, the model’s explanatory power supports the use of grassland patch area as a general principle guiding conservation of grassland birds. Planners should consider it among a suite of other habitat characteristics and prioritize large, regularly shaped grassland patches situated close to other grassland patches and with limited nearby forest cover and urban development.
{"title":"Patch Area Cannot Predict Species Richness of Grassland Birds in Colorado’s Front Range","authors":"Brian G. Tavernia","doi":"10.21199/wb54.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb54.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Birds breeding in grassland have declined steeply over the last 50 years, and green-space systems in Colorado’s urbanizing Front Range have not maintained all grassland bird species the area originally supported. Patch area affects the species richness of urban green spaces, and researchers have suggested that protecting or enlarging green spaces should be effective ways to maximize richness and mitigate species loss. In the Front Range, protection of urban green space is expensive, conservation budgets are limited, and tools are needed to guide strategic protection decisions. Front Range planners use patch area as a criterion to prioritize grassland conservation, but the explanatory and predictive powers of patch area have not been comprehensively assessed. Using eBird community science data, I found that log-transformed grassland patch area was positively associated with the species richness of grassland birds and explained a large portion of its variance. However, 95% simultaneous prediction intervals for species richness were wide, and those of the smallest and largest patches examined overlapped. Thus the model cannot precisely predict a number of species, and it should not be used to quantitatively evaluate the expected return on investment from financial allocations to protect or enlarge grassland patches. Nonetheless, the model’s explanatory power supports the use of grassland patch area as a general principle guiding conservation of grassland birds. Planners should consider it among a suite of other habitat characteristics and prioritize large, regularly shaped grassland patches situated close to other grassland patches and with limited nearby forest cover and urban development.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81000258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Billions of birds migrate under the cover of darkness, making them difficult to detect except by calls given in flight. Recording and identifying these calls can document the species of birds passing overhead and provide an index to their numbers. However, flight calls of some species are quite similar and difficult to tell apart. We investigated a method of identifying calls of several species whose calls are difficult to distinguish: the Solitary (Tringa solitaria) versus Spotted (Actitis macularius) Sandpipers and the White-crowned (Zonotrichia leucophrys) versus Brewer’s (Spizella breweri) and Clay-colored (S. pallida) Sparrows. We generated audiospectrograms of diurnal flight calls of known identity and inspected these for qualitative criteria by which the calls could be distinguished without the need for measurements or statistical software. We then tested the efficacy of these criteria on a new set of previously identified flight calls. Consideration of multiple criteria allowed identification of ~50% of one of the two types of sandpiper calls analyzed and ~60% of the sparrow calls, so a significant fraction remained unidentifiable by this method. Nevertheless, we hope researchers and sound recordists will apply this guide to improve our understanding of migration throughout western North America. We also encourage recordists to contribute additional visually verified recordings to allow us or others to perform similar tests on other species and species groups.
{"title":"A Method for Distinguishing Flight Calls of Several Western Birds","authors":"C. Mathers-Winn, D. Leick, Kate Stone","doi":"10.21199/wb54.3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb54.3.5","url":null,"abstract":"Billions of birds migrate under the cover of darkness, making them difficult to detect except by calls given in flight. Recording and identifying these calls can document the species of birds passing overhead and provide an index to their numbers. However, flight calls of some species are quite similar and difficult to tell apart. We investigated a method of identifying calls of several species whose calls are difficult to distinguish: the Solitary (Tringa solitaria) versus Spotted (Actitis macularius) Sandpipers and the White-crowned (Zonotrichia leucophrys) versus Brewer’s (Spizella breweri) and Clay-colored (S. pallida) Sparrows. We generated audiospectrograms of diurnal flight calls of known identity and inspected these for qualitative criteria by which the calls could be distinguished without the need for measurements or statistical software. We then tested the efficacy of these criteria on a new set of previously identified flight calls. Consideration of multiple criteria allowed identification of ~50% of one of the two types of sandpiper calls analyzed and ~60% of the sparrow calls, so a significant fraction remained unidentifiable by this method. Nevertheless, we hope researchers and sound recordists will apply this guide to improve our understanding of migration throughout western North America. We also encourage recordists to contribute additional visually verified recordings to allow us or others to perform similar tests on other species and species groups.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87378891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Though the Dark-eyed Junco has not been reported to replace any juvenile primaries during its preformative molt, one first-cycle bird captured at Stanford, California, in November 2022 had replaced all its remiges but the three innermost primaries. Thus it followed the eccentric pattern more frequently seen in other sparrows, wrens, and some tyrant flycatchers. This novel pattern may be an adaptation to the urban habitats that the junco has recently colonized.
{"title":"An Eccentric Preformative Molt with Incomplete Replacement of Primary Coverts in a Dark-eyed Junco","authors":"D. J. Tattoni","doi":"10.21199/wb54.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb54.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Though the Dark-eyed Junco has not been reported to replace any juvenile primaries during its preformative molt, one first-cycle bird captured at Stanford, California, in November 2022 had replaced all its remiges but the three innermost primaries. Thus it followed the eccentric pattern more frequently seen in other sparrows, wrens, and some tyrant flycatchers. This novel pattern may be an adaptation to the urban habitats that the junco has recently colonized.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80038027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Small-billed Elaenia (Elaenia parvirostris) is a small flycatcher common on the Atlantic slope of South America. The species breeds below 1000 m elevation in open woodlands, gardens, and forest edges from southern Brazil to northeastern Argentina and migrates north to spend the nonbreeding season in the northern Amazon Basin. Since 2012, it has been documented as a vagrant to North America, with four records from the United States and Canada to date. On the basis of one photographed on Southeast Farallon Island on 4 September 2022, we record a fifth Small-billed Elaenia in North America, a first for California and the Pacific coast. Its novelty notwithstanding, it represents an outlier of an established pattern of vagrancy of tyrant flycatchers from South America reaching North America via overshooting or reverse migration.
{"title":"First Record of the Small-billed Elaenia (Elaenia parvirostris) for Western North America","authors":"Nolan M Clements, James R. Tietz","doi":"10.21199/wb54.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21199/wb54.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"The Small-billed Elaenia (Elaenia parvirostris) is a small flycatcher common on the Atlantic slope of South America. The species breeds below 1000 m elevation in open woodlands, gardens, and forest edges from southern Brazil to northeastern Argentina and migrates north to spend the nonbreeding season in the northern Amazon Basin. Since 2012, it has been documented as a vagrant to North America, with four records from the United States and Canada to date. On the basis of one photographed on Southeast Farallon Island on 4 September 2022, we record a fifth Small-billed Elaenia in North America, a first for California and the Pacific coast. Its novelty notwithstanding, it represents an outlier of an established pattern of vagrancy of tyrant flycatchers from South America reaching North America via overshooting or reverse migration.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89724676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Skye C. Barnett, W. F. V. van Dongen, Roan D. Plotz, M. Weston
Controversy exists around owned dogs’ impacts in public open spaces, with concerns about dogs’ impact on wildlife, including birds. Leashing dogs in public open spaces offers a tractable way of reducing dogs’ deleterious impacts on birds. Although dogs in public spaces are often unleashed, some dogs roam freely, whilst other unleashed dogs remain close to their owners. It is currently unknown whether birds can perceive and incorporate subtle differences in the leash status of approaching, but non-roaming, dogs into their escape decisions. We compare escape responses of a common urban bird, the magpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca, in parks in Melbourne, Australia, to standardized approaches by a walker and a dog, which was either leashed or not leashed (but with the dog at the same distance from the walker). Flight-initiation distances, the distance between the lark and dog when escape commenced, did not vary between treatments. However, the unleashed dog evoked more intense responses (mostly flying away) than the leashed dog (mostly walking away). Thus, this species appears to perceive unleashed dogs as especially threatening, independent of their roaming behavior. Our findings suggest that leashing may be an effective way to reduce dog disturbance to wildlife, even for non-roaming dogs.
{"title":"Leash Status of Approaching Dogs Mediates Escape Modality but Not Flight-Initiation Distance in a Common Urban Bird","authors":"Skye C. Barnett, W. F. V. van Dongen, Roan D. Plotz, M. Weston","doi":"10.3390/birds4030023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/birds4030023","url":null,"abstract":"Controversy exists around owned dogs’ impacts in public open spaces, with concerns about dogs’ impact on wildlife, including birds. Leashing dogs in public open spaces offers a tractable way of reducing dogs’ deleterious impacts on birds. Although dogs in public spaces are often unleashed, some dogs roam freely, whilst other unleashed dogs remain close to their owners. It is currently unknown whether birds can perceive and incorporate subtle differences in the leash status of approaching, but non-roaming, dogs into their escape decisions. We compare escape responses of a common urban bird, the magpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca, in parks in Melbourne, Australia, to standardized approaches by a walker and a dog, which was either leashed or not leashed (but with the dog at the same distance from the walker). Flight-initiation distances, the distance between the lark and dog when escape commenced, did not vary between treatments. However, the unleashed dog evoked more intense responses (mostly flying away) than the leashed dog (mostly walking away). Thus, this species appears to perceive unleashed dogs as especially threatening, independent of their roaming behavior. Our findings suggest that leashing may be an effective way to reduce dog disturbance to wildlife, even for non-roaming dogs.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79601981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brendan S. Champness, J. Fitzsimons, D. Kendal, G. Palmer
Given the prevalence of common and threatened bird species within cities, more research is necessary to determine human attitudes to urban birds and how this may affect conservation in urban areas In Australia, few studies have considered the impact of human attitudes on birds; those that have focused primarily on particular species. In this study, we aim to understand the perceptions of urban residents of an Australian city (Ballarat) by examining the ways they categorise birds (using the multiple sorting technique). We found that people were particularly enamored by large, exotic species, but if familiar to them, native species were positively perceived by people. People tended to view aggressive species negatively, but only where this aggression was directed at humans. This approach gained important insight into the attitudes of these urban residents to local birds and their conservation. We used this insight to suggest how attitudes to avian species conservation may inform conservation initiatives and methods for maintaining biological diversity in urban areas.
{"title":"Perceptions of Birds by Urban Residents in an Australian Regional City and Implications for Conservation","authors":"Brendan S. Champness, J. Fitzsimons, D. Kendal, G. Palmer","doi":"10.3390/birds4030022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/birds4030022","url":null,"abstract":"Given the prevalence of common and threatened bird species within cities, more research is necessary to determine human attitudes to urban birds and how this may affect conservation in urban areas In Australia, few studies have considered the impact of human attitudes on birds; those that have focused primarily on particular species. In this study, we aim to understand the perceptions of urban residents of an Australian city (Ballarat) by examining the ways they categorise birds (using the multiple sorting technique). We found that people were particularly enamored by large, exotic species, but if familiar to them, native species were positively perceived by people. People tended to view aggressive species negatively, but only where this aggression was directed at humans. This approach gained important insight into the attitudes of these urban residents to local birds and their conservation. We used this insight to suggest how attitudes to avian species conservation may inform conservation initiatives and methods for maintaining biological diversity in urban areas.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75217453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. S. de Souza, S. A. Barcellos, Victoria Tura, V. L. Bobrowski, A. D. Garnero, R. J. Gunski, D. Griffin, Rafael Kretschmer
Passeriformes birds are widely recognized for their remarkable diversity, with over 5700 species described so far. Like most bird species, they possess a karyotype characteristic of modern birds, which includes a bimodal karyotype consisting of a few pairs of macrochromosomes and many pairs of microchromosomes. Although the karyotype is typically 2n = 80, the diploid number can atypically vary greatly, ranging from 56 to approximately 100 chromosomes. In this study, we aimed to understand the extent of conservation of the karyotype’s organizational structure within four species of this group using Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes via Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (BAC-FISH) with microchromosome probes from Chicken (Gallus gallus) or Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata) per microchromosomes (GGA10-28, except GGA16). By examining the chromosome complement of four passerine species—the Streaked Flycatcher (Myiodynastes maculatus), Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis), Southern House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), and Double-collared Seedeater (Sporophila caerulescens)—we discovered a new chromosome number for Southern House Wren. Through FISH experiments, we were able to observe the same pattern of microchromosome organization as in the common ancestor of birds. As a result, we propose a new diploid number for Southern House Wren and confirm the conservation status of microchromosome organization, which may confer evolutionary advantages to this group.
{"title":"Highly Conserved Microchromosomal Organization in Passeriformes Birds Revealed via BAC-FISH Analysis","authors":"M. S. de Souza, S. A. Barcellos, Victoria Tura, V. L. Bobrowski, A. D. Garnero, R. J. Gunski, D. Griffin, Rafael Kretschmer","doi":"10.3390/birds4020020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/birds4020020","url":null,"abstract":"Passeriformes birds are widely recognized for their remarkable diversity, with over 5700 species described so far. Like most bird species, they possess a karyotype characteristic of modern birds, which includes a bimodal karyotype consisting of a few pairs of macrochromosomes and many pairs of microchromosomes. Although the karyotype is typically 2n = 80, the diploid number can atypically vary greatly, ranging from 56 to approximately 100 chromosomes. In this study, we aimed to understand the extent of conservation of the karyotype’s organizational structure within four species of this group using Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes via Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (BAC-FISH) with microchromosome probes from Chicken (Gallus gallus) or Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata) per microchromosomes (GGA10-28, except GGA16). By examining the chromosome complement of four passerine species—the Streaked Flycatcher (Myiodynastes maculatus), Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis), Southern House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), and Double-collared Seedeater (Sporophila caerulescens)—we discovered a new chromosome number for Southern House Wren. Through FISH experiments, we were able to observe the same pattern of microchromosome organization as in the common ancestor of birds. As a result, we propose a new diploid number for Southern House Wren and confirm the conservation status of microchromosome organization, which may confer evolutionary advantages to this group.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87337327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bird–forestry relationships have been the subject of research and conservation initiatives for decades, but there are few reviews of resulting recommendations for use by forest managers. We define “bird-friendly forestry” as forest management that applies recommendations from research seeking to reconcile logging with bird conservation in natural forests used for timber production. We reviewed relevant studies to synthesize 10 principles of bird-friendly forestry: (1) protect and enhance vertical structure through uneven-aged silviculture; (2) leave abundant dead wood in different decay stages; (3) maintain residual large green trees; (4) create and maintain sufficient amounts of uncut reserves and corridors; (5) maximize forest interior by retaining large contiguous forest tracts in landscapes with sufficient functional connectivity; (6) maintain buffers along streams, rivers, and wetlands cultural and urban landscapes; (7) maintain horizontal stand structure and enhance vegetation diversity by creating canopy gaps; (8) extend the temporal scale of logging cycles; (9) minimize post-logging disturbance to forests, particularly during the bird breeding season; and (10) manage for focal species and guilds. These principles may serve as guidelines in developing bird-friendly management plans customized for regional priority species, with a clearly articulated vision and quantitative objectives through which success can be measured.
{"title":"Ten Principles for Bird-Friendly Forestry: Conservation Approaches in Natural Forests Used for Timber Production","authors":"N. Arcilla, M. Strazds","doi":"10.3390/birds4020021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/birds4020021","url":null,"abstract":"Bird–forestry relationships have been the subject of research and conservation initiatives for decades, but there are few reviews of resulting recommendations for use by forest managers. We define “bird-friendly forestry” as forest management that applies recommendations from research seeking to reconcile logging with bird conservation in natural forests used for timber production. We reviewed relevant studies to synthesize 10 principles of bird-friendly forestry: (1) protect and enhance vertical structure through uneven-aged silviculture; (2) leave abundant dead wood in different decay stages; (3) maintain residual large green trees; (4) create and maintain sufficient amounts of uncut reserves and corridors; (5) maximize forest interior by retaining large contiguous forest tracts in landscapes with sufficient functional connectivity; (6) maintain buffers along streams, rivers, and wetlands cultural and urban landscapes; (7) maintain horizontal stand structure and enhance vegetation diversity by creating canopy gaps; (8) extend the temporal scale of logging cycles; (9) minimize post-logging disturbance to forests, particularly during the bird breeding season; and (10) manage for focal species and guilds. These principles may serve as guidelines in developing bird-friendly management plans customized for regional priority species, with a clearly articulated vision and quantitative objectives through which success can be measured.","PeriodicalId":52426,"journal":{"name":"Western Birds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88286619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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