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Tricolored Blackbirds’ Reliance on Insects from Dairies 三色黑鸟对奶牛场昆虫的依赖
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.21199/wb54.3.2
David M. Goodward, Rudy A. Diaz
The Tricolored Blackbird has been in a severe population decline due to habitat loss and other factors. It is now heavily dependent on agricultural landscapes such as hay fields for foraging and grain fields for nesting. Dairies are known to provide a concentrated food source throughout the year in the form of grain gleaned from cattle feed. For nesting, however, Tricolored Blackbirds require large quantities of insects for their young. A colony of Tricolored Blackbirds in the San Jacinto Valley, Riverside County, in southern California, fed their young large numbers of house flies from nearby dairy-cattle yards, as well as drone fly larvae from dairy-effluent ponds. At this colony, 67% of the nestlings’ food came from the dairy and another 13% from the adjacent hay fields. Most other insects came from irrigated weedy growth adjacent to wetlands. Such an intense reliance on dairies is risky for the blackbirds as urbanization is displacing the dairy industry in the San Jacinto Valley and many other areas of California. Another potential risk to the blackbirds is the use of pesticides at dairies for fly control. Further research is recommended to determine if this utilization of flies from dairies is widespread in California. Research is also needed to quantify the decrease of insects in drought-stricken landscapes and how this may affect the Tricolored Blackbird’s reproductive success.
由于栖息地丧失和其他因素,三色黑鸟的数量已经严重下降。它现在严重依赖于农业景观,比如觅食的干草地和筑巢的谷物地。众所周知,奶牛场全年以从牛饲料中收集的谷物的形式提供集中的食物来源。然而,为了筑巢,三色黑鸟需要大量的昆虫来喂养它们的幼鸟。在南加州河滨县的圣哈辛托山谷,一群三色黑鸟用附近奶牛场的大量家蝇和奶牛排出的池塘里的雄蜂幼虫喂养它们的后代。在这个群体中,67%的雏鸟食物来自奶牛场,另外13%来自邻近的干草田。大多数其他昆虫来自湿地附近的灌溉杂草生长。由于城市化正在取代圣哈辛托山谷和加州许多其他地区的乳制品工业,对黑鹂来说,如此强烈地依赖乳制品是有风险的。黑鹂面临的另一个潜在风险是在奶牛场使用杀虫剂来控制苍蝇。建议进一步研究,以确定这种利用来自奶牛场的苍蝇在加州是否普遍。研究还需要量化干旱地区昆虫数量的减少,以及这可能如何影响三色黑鸟的繁殖成功。
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引用次数: 0
Breeding Status of the Gray Vireo on the Baja California Peninsula 下加利福尼亚半岛灰鲤的繁殖状况
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.21199/wb54.3.1
L. Hargrove, P. Unitt, G. Marrón, Tonatiuh Gaona-Melo, G. Ruiz-Campos
Most of the breeding range of the Gray Vireo (Vireo vicinior) lies within the southwestern United States, where the population is sparse, patchy, and declining. But the species also breeds in Baja California, Mexico, where its status has not been assessed. To rectify this, in 2021 and 2022 we surveyed four mountain ranges where the Gray Vireo is known or might be expected. In the northernmost, the Sierra Juárez, we located 43 territories—an abundance strikingly greater than just across the border in Upper California. Territories were in both treeless chaparral dominated by chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) and redshank (A. sparsifolium), and in the extensive pinyon woodland. In the Sierra San Pedro Mártir, all 71 territories located were in Adenostoma-dominated chaparral. Extrapolation of the densities observed in these two ranges over the extent of suitable habitat implies the population of the Gray Vireo in Baja California should be over 10,000 individuals. Confirmed by audio recording, one sighting from the Sierra de Ulloa overlooking Ensenada suggests a still wider distribution in Baja California. Isolated stands of chaparral grow south of the Gray Vireo’s previously reported breeding range, on the Sierra La Asamblea. But our reconnaissance of it revealed no Gray Vireos. Survey of the Sierra San Francisco in the center of the peninsula, 3–9 April, revealed only 3 Gray Vireos, all in winter habitat containing Bursera microphylla. Therefore two molting specimens collected in the Sierra San Francisco in October 1997 imply that some individuals molt in the winter range, not a southward extension of the breeding range. Despite Baja California representing only a small part of the Gray Vireo’s breeding range spatially, it contributes disproportionately to the species’ population and therefore conservation.
大多数育种范围的灰绿鹃(绿鹃vicinior)位于美国西南部,人口稀疏,参差不齐,下降。但该物种也在墨西哥下加利福尼亚州繁殖,其状况尚未得到评估。为了纠正这一点,在2021年和2022年,我们调查了四个已知或可能会有Gray Vireo的山脉。在最北端的塞拉Juárez,我们发现了43个领土——数量远远超过了上加利福尼亚州的边界。领地分布在以田鼠(Adenostoma fasciculatum)和红脚(a.s parsifolium)为主的无树灌木林和广阔的小林林地。在Sierra San Pedro Mártir,所有71个领地都位于腺瘤为主的灌木林中。在这两个范围内观察到的密度在合适栖息地范围内的外推表明,下加利福尼亚州的灰色维里奥的种群数量应该超过10,000只。经录音证实,从乌洛亚山脉俯瞰恩塞纳达的景象表明,下加利福尼亚的分布范围更广。在以前报道过的灰树的繁殖范围以南,在塞拉拉阿萨姆布里亚,生长着孤立的灌木林。但我们的侦察没有发现Gray Vireos。在4月3日至9日对半岛中部的旧金山山脉进行的调查中,仅发现了3只灰色病毒,均位于含有小叶Bursera的冬季栖息地。因此,1997年10月在旧金山山脉采集的两个换毛标本表明,一些个体在冬季范围内换毛,而不是向南扩展繁殖范围。尽管下加利福尼亚只占灰灰灰熊繁殖范围的一小部分,但它对灰灰灰熊的种群数量和保护做出了不成比例的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Patch Area Cannot Predict Species Richness of Grassland Birds in Colorado’s Front Range 斑块面积不能预测科罗拉多州前山脉草原鸟类的物种丰富度
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.21199/wb54.3.3
Brian G. Tavernia
Birds breeding in grassland have declined steeply over the last 50 years, and green-space systems in Colorado’s urbanizing Front Range have not maintained all grassland bird species the area originally supported. Patch area affects the species richness of urban green spaces, and researchers have suggested that protecting or enlarging green spaces should be effective ways to maximize richness and mitigate species loss. In the Front Range, protection of urban green space is expensive, conservation budgets are limited, and tools are needed to guide strategic protection decisions. Front Range planners use patch area as a criterion to prioritize grassland conservation, but the explanatory and predictive powers of patch area have not been comprehensively assessed. Using eBird community science data, I found that log-transformed grassland patch area was positively associated with the species richness of grassland birds and explained a large portion of its variance. However, 95% simultaneous prediction intervals for species richness were wide, and those of the smallest and largest patches examined overlapped. Thus the model cannot precisely predict a number of species, and it should not be used to quantitatively evaluate the expected return on investment from financial allocations to protect or enlarge grassland patches. Nonetheless, the model’s explanatory power supports the use of grassland patch area as a general principle guiding conservation of grassland birds. Planners should consider it among a suite of other habitat characteristics and prioritize large, regularly shaped grassland patches situated close to other grassland patches and with limited nearby forest cover and urban development.
在过去的50年里,草原上的鸟类繁殖急剧减少,科罗拉多州正在城市化的前山脉的绿地系统并没有维持该地区最初支持的所有草原鸟类物种。斑块面积影响着城市绿地的物种丰富度,保护或扩大绿地面积是实现城市绿地物种丰富度最大化和物种减少的有效途径。在Front Range,城市绿地的保护成本高昂,保护预算有限,需要工具来指导战略保护决策。前山岭规划者将斑块面积作为优先保护草地的标准,但斑块面积的解释和预测能力尚未得到全面评估。利用eBird社区科学数据,我发现对数变换后的草地斑块面积与草原鸟类物种丰富度呈正相关,并解释了其很大一部分方差。然而,95%的物种丰富度同时预测区间较宽,最小斑块和最大斑块的预测区间重叠。因此,该模型不能精确预测物种数量,也不能定量评价财政拨款保护或扩大草地斑块的预期投资回报。尽管如此,该模型的解释力支持将草地斑块面积作为指导草原鸟类保护的一般原则。规划者应该在一系列其他栖息地特征中考虑它,优先考虑靠近其他草原斑块、附近森林覆盖和城市发展有限的大型、有规则形状的草地斑块。
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引用次数: 0
A Method for Distinguishing Flight Calls of Several Western Birds 几种西方鸟类飞行叫声的鉴别方法
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.21199/wb54.3.5
C. Mathers-Winn, D. Leick, Kate Stone
Billions of birds migrate under the cover of darkness, making them difficult to detect except by calls given in flight. Recording and identifying these calls can document the species of birds passing overhead and provide an index to their numbers. However, flight calls of some species are quite similar and difficult to tell apart. We investigated a method of identifying calls of several species whose calls are difficult to distinguish: the Solitary (Tringa solitaria) versus Spotted (Actitis macularius) Sandpipers and the White-crowned (Zonotrichia leucophrys) versus Brewer’s (Spizella breweri) and Clay-colored (S. pallida) Sparrows. We generated audiospectrograms of diurnal flight calls of known identity and inspected these for qualitative criteria by which the calls could be distinguished without the need for measurements or statistical software. We then tested the efficacy of these criteria on a new set of previously identified flight calls. Consideration of multiple criteria allowed identification of ~50% of one of the two types of sandpiper calls analyzed and ~60% of the sparrow calls, so a significant fraction remained unidentifiable by this method. Nevertheless, we hope researchers and sound recordists will apply this guide to improve our understanding of migration throughout western North America. We also encourage recordists to contribute additional visually verified recordings to allow us or others to perform similar tests on other species and species groups.
数十亿只鸟在黑暗的掩护下迁徙,这使得它们除了在飞行中发出的叫声外很难被发现。记录和识别这些叫声可以记录飞过头顶的鸟类的种类,并提供它们数量的索引。然而,一些物种的飞行叫声非常相似,很难区分。我们研究了一种识别几种难以区分的物种的叫声的方法:孤鹬(Tringa solitaria)与斑点鹬(Actitis macularius),白冠雀(Zonotrichia leucophrys)与布鲁尔麻雀(Spizella breweri)和泥色麻雀(S. pallida)。我们生成了已知身份的每日飞行呼叫的声谱图,并检查了这些定性标准,通过这些标准可以在不需要测量或统计软件的情况下区分呼叫。然后,我们在一组新的先前确定的飞行呼叫上测试了这些标准的有效性。考虑到多种标准,在分析的两种矶鹬叫声中,有50%被识别出来,有60%的麻雀叫声被识别出来,因此有很大一部分无法通过这种方法识别出来。尽管如此,我们希望研究人员和录音师将应用这一指南来提高我们对整个北美西部移民的理解。我们还鼓励记录员提供额外的视觉验证记录,以便我们或其他人对其他物种和物种组进行类似的测试。
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引用次数: 0
An Eccentric Preformative Molt with Incomplete Replacement of Primary Coverts in a Dark-eyed Junco 在黑眼的Junco中,一个不完全替换原始蜕皮的古怪的预成型蜕皮
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.21199/wb54.3.7
D. J. Tattoni
Though the Dark-eyed Junco has not been reported to replace any juvenile primaries during its preformative molt, one first-cycle bird captured at Stanford, California, in November 2022 had replaced all its remiges but the three innermost primaries. Thus it followed the eccentric pattern more frequently seen in other sparrows, wrens, and some tyrant flycatchers. This novel pattern may be an adaptation to the urban habitats that the junco has recently colonized.
虽然据报道,黑眼Junco在预蜕皮期间没有更换任何幼鸟的初级,但2022年11月在加利福尼亚州斯坦福捕获的一只第一周期鸟已经更换了除了最里面的三个初级之外的所有初级。因此,它遵循了在其他麻雀、鹪鹩和一些暴君捕蝇鸟身上更常见的古怪模式。这种新颖的模式可能是对junco最近殖民的城市栖息地的适应。
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引用次数: 0
First Record of the Small-billed Elaenia (Elaenia parvirostris) for Western North America 北美西部小喙Elaenia parvirostris的首次记录
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.21199/wb54.3.4
Nolan M Clements, James R. Tietz
The Small-billed Elaenia (Elaenia parvirostris) is a small flycatcher common on the Atlantic slope of South America. The species breeds below 1000 m elevation in open woodlands, gardens, and forest edges from southern Brazil to northeastern Argentina and migrates north to spend the nonbreeding season in the northern Amazon Basin. Since 2012, it has been documented as a vagrant to North America, with four records from the United States and Canada to date. On the basis of one photographed on Southeast Farallon Island on 4 September 2022, we record a fifth Small-billed Elaenia in North America, a first for California and the Pacific coast. Its novelty notwithstanding, it represents an outlier of an established pattern of vagrancy of tyrant flycatchers from South America reaching North America via overshooting or reverse migration.
小嘴捕蝇虫(Elaenia parvirostris)是南美洲大西洋斜坡上常见的小型捕蝇虫。该物种在海拔1000米以下的开阔林地、花园和森林边缘从巴西南部到阿根廷东北部繁殖,并向北迁移,在亚马逊盆地北部度过非繁殖季节。自2012年以来,它一直被记录为北美的流浪者,迄今为止在美国和加拿大有四次记录。以2022年9月4日在法拉隆岛东南部拍摄的一张照片为基础,我们在北美记录了第五只小嘴埃莱尼亚,这是加利福尼亚和太平洋沿岸的第一次。尽管它很新奇,但它代表了从南美到北美的暴虐捕蝇鸟通过过度迁徙或反向迁徙的既定流浪模式的一个例外。
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引用次数: 0
Leash Status of Approaching Dogs Mediates Escape Modality but Not Flight-Initiation Distance in a Common Urban Bird 在一个常见的城市鸟类中,接近犬的牵引状态调节了逃离方式而不是飞行起始距离
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.3390/birds4030023
Skye C. Barnett, W. F. V. van Dongen, Roan D. Plotz, M. Weston
Controversy exists around owned dogs’ impacts in public open spaces, with concerns about dogs’ impact on wildlife, including birds. Leashing dogs in public open spaces offers a tractable way of reducing dogs’ deleterious impacts on birds. Although dogs in public spaces are often unleashed, some dogs roam freely, whilst other unleashed dogs remain close to their owners. It is currently unknown whether birds can perceive and incorporate subtle differences in the leash status of approaching, but non-roaming, dogs into their escape decisions. We compare escape responses of a common urban bird, the magpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca, in parks in Melbourne, Australia, to standardized approaches by a walker and a dog, which was either leashed or not leashed (but with the dog at the same distance from the walker). Flight-initiation distances, the distance between the lark and dog when escape commenced, did not vary between treatments. However, the unleashed dog evoked more intense responses (mostly flying away) than the leashed dog (mostly walking away). Thus, this species appears to perceive unleashed dogs as especially threatening, independent of their roaming behavior. Our findings suggest that leashing may be an effective way to reduce dog disturbance to wildlife, even for non-roaming dogs.
关于养狗对公共开放空间的影响存在争议,人们担心狗会对包括鸟类在内的野生动物产生影响。把狗拴在公共空间是减少狗对鸟类有害影响的一种容易处理的方法。虽然狗在公共场所通常是不拴狗的,但有些狗可以自由漫步,而另一些没有拴狗的狗则留在主人身边。目前尚不清楚鸟类是否能够感知并将接近但非漫游的狗的牵引绳状态的细微差异纳入它们的逃跑决策中。在澳大利亚墨尔本的公园里,我们比较了一种常见的城市鸟类——喜鹊云雀(Grallina cyanoleuca)的逃跑反应,以及遛狗者和狗的标准化方法,遛狗者要么被拴着,要么不被拴着(但狗与遛狗者的距离相同)。飞行起始距离,即云雀和狗开始逃跑时的距离,在不同处理之间没有变化。然而,没有拴住的狗引起的反应更强烈(大多是飞走),而没有拴住的狗(大多是走开)。因此,这个物种似乎认为未被释放的狗特别具有威胁性,与它们的漫游行为无关。我们的研究结果表明,拴狗绳可能是减少狗对野生动物干扰的有效方法,即使对非流浪狗也是如此。
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引用次数: 0
Perceptions of Birds by Urban Residents in an Australian Regional City and Implications for Conservation 澳大利亚区域城市居民对鸟类的感知及其保护意义
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.3390/birds4030022
Brendan S. Champness, J. Fitzsimons, D. Kendal, G. Palmer
Given the prevalence of common and threatened bird species within cities, more research is necessary to determine human attitudes to urban birds and how this may affect conservation in urban areas In Australia, few studies have considered the impact of human attitudes on birds; those that have focused primarily on particular species. In this study, we aim to understand the perceptions of urban residents of an Australian city (Ballarat) by examining the ways they categorise birds (using the multiple sorting technique). We found that people were particularly enamored by large, exotic species, but if familiar to them, native species were positively perceived by people. People tended to view aggressive species negatively, but only where this aggression was directed at humans. This approach gained important insight into the attitudes of these urban residents to local birds and their conservation. We used this insight to suggest how attitudes to avian species conservation may inform conservation initiatives and methods for maintaining biological diversity in urban areas.
考虑到城市中常见和受威胁的鸟类物种的普遍存在,需要更多的研究来确定人类对城市鸟类的态度以及这种态度如何影响城市地区的保护。那些主要关注特定物种的物种。在这项研究中,我们的目标是通过研究澳大利亚城市居民对鸟类的分类方式(使用多重分类技术)来了解他们的看法。我们发现人们特别喜欢大型的外来物种,但如果他们熟悉,本地物种会被人们积极地感知。人们倾向于消极地看待侵略性物种,但只有当这种侵略是针对人类的时候。这种方法对这些城市居民对当地鸟类及其保护的态度有了重要的了解。我们利用这一见解提出了对鸟类物种保护的态度如何影响保护措施和保持城市地区生物多样性的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Highly Conserved Microchromosomal Organization in Passeriformes Birds Revealed via BAC-FISH Analysis 通过BAC-FISH分析揭示了雀形目鸟类高度保守的微染色体组织
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/birds4020020
M. S. de Souza, S. A. Barcellos, Victoria Tura, V. L. Bobrowski, A. D. Garnero, R. J. Gunski, D. Griffin, Rafael Kretschmer
Passeriformes birds are widely recognized for their remarkable diversity, with over 5700 species described so far. Like most bird species, they possess a karyotype characteristic of modern birds, which includes a bimodal karyotype consisting of a few pairs of macrochromosomes and many pairs of microchromosomes. Although the karyotype is typically 2n = 80, the diploid number can atypically vary greatly, ranging from 56 to approximately 100 chromosomes. In this study, we aimed to understand the extent of conservation of the karyotype’s organizational structure within four species of this group using Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes via Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (BAC-FISH) with microchromosome probes from Chicken (Gallus gallus) or Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata) per microchromosomes (GGA10-28, except GGA16). By examining the chromosome complement of four passerine species—the Streaked Flycatcher (Myiodynastes maculatus), Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis), Southern House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), and Double-collared Seedeater (Sporophila caerulescens)—we discovered a new chromosome number for Southern House Wren. Through FISH experiments, we were able to observe the same pattern of microchromosome organization as in the common ancestor of birds. As a result, we propose a new diploid number for Southern House Wren and confirm the conservation status of microchromosome organization, which may confer evolutionary advantages to this group.
雀形目鸟类因其显著的多样性而被广泛认可,迄今已描述的物种超过5700种。像大多数鸟类一样,它们具有现代鸟类的核型特征,包括由几对大染色体和许多对微染色体组成的双峰核型。虽然典型的核型是2n = 80,但二倍体的数目在非典型情况下变化很大,从56到大约100条染色体不等。在本研究中,我们旨在利用细菌人工染色体,通过荧光原位杂交(bacfish)技术,利用鸡(Gallus Gallus)或斑胸草雀(Taeniopygia guttata)每条微染色体(GGA10-28,除GGA16外)的微染色体探针,了解该群体中4个物种核型组织结构的保守程度。通过对四种雀形目——纹捕蝇(Myiodynastes maculatus)、闪亮牛鹂(Molothrus bonariensis)、南方鹪鹩(Troglodytes aedon)和双领种子(Sporophila caerulescens)的染色体补体进行研究,发现了南方鹪鹩的一个新的染色体数目。通过FISH实验,我们能够观察到与鸟类共同祖先相同的微染色体组织模式。因此,我们提出了一个新的二倍体数目,并确认了微染色体组织的保存状态,这可能赋予该群体进化优势。
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引用次数: 0
Ten Principles for Bird-Friendly Forestry: Conservation Approaches in Natural Forests Used for Timber Production 保护鸟类林业的十项原则:用于木材生产的天然林的保护方法
Q4 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/birds4020021
N. Arcilla, M. Strazds
Bird–forestry relationships have been the subject of research and conservation initiatives for decades, but there are few reviews of resulting recommendations for use by forest managers. We define “bird-friendly forestry” as forest management that applies recommendations from research seeking to reconcile logging with bird conservation in natural forests used for timber production. We reviewed relevant studies to synthesize 10 principles of bird-friendly forestry: (1) protect and enhance vertical structure through uneven-aged silviculture; (2) leave abundant dead wood in different decay stages; (3) maintain residual large green trees; (4) create and maintain sufficient amounts of uncut reserves and corridors; (5) maximize forest interior by retaining large contiguous forest tracts in landscapes with sufficient functional connectivity; (6) maintain buffers along streams, rivers, and wetlands cultural and urban landscapes; (7) maintain horizontal stand structure and enhance vegetation diversity by creating canopy gaps; (8) extend the temporal scale of logging cycles; (9) minimize post-logging disturbance to forests, particularly during the bird breeding season; and (10) manage for focal species and guilds. These principles may serve as guidelines in developing bird-friendly management plans customized for regional priority species, with a clearly articulated vision and quantitative objectives through which success can be measured.
几十年来,鸟类与森林的关系一直是研究和保护倡议的主题,但很少有人对结果提出的供森林管理者使用的建议进行审查。我们将“鸟类友好型林业”定义为采用研究建议的森林管理,寻求在用于木材生产的天然林中协调伐木和鸟类保护。本文通过对相关研究的回顾,综合了鸟类友好林业的10条原则:(1)通过不均匀树龄的造林来保护和增强垂直结构;(2)在不同的腐烂阶段留下大量的枯木;(3)维护剩余大型绿树;(4)建立和维持足够数量的未砍伐保护区和走廊;(5)通过保留具有足够功能连通性的大片连片林地,最大限度地扩大森林内部;(6)保持溪流、河流和湿地的缓冲地带,文化和城市景观;(7)通过创造林隙维持水平林分结构,增强植被多样性;(8)扩展了测井周期的时间尺度;(9)尽量减少砍伐后对森林的干扰,特别是在鸟类繁殖季节;(10)重点物种和行会管理。这些原则可作为制定针对区域优先物种的鸟类友好管理计划的指导方针,并具有明确的愿景和量化目标,通过这些目标可以衡量成功与否。
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引用次数: 1
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Western Birds
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