In essays about the theory of epidemiologic transition, Abdel Omran has argued that demographic change in the last century occurred in stages that can be characterized by their leading causes of death. The transition consists of a change in leading causes from infectious to degenerative and man-made diseases. In that version of the theory, the death rate is held to approximate the sickness rate. This essay identifies an epidemiologic transition in morbidity, using insurance records and health surveys to assess the morbidity trend. Two morbidity rates -incidence and prevalence- are distinguished. Each describes a trend independent from the mortality trend. While the risk of death declined sharply after 1870 in Britain, the age-specific incidence of disease and injury remained approximately level and the age-specific of duration increased. These independent trends are explained in part by ways the mortality decline affected the composition of the population. And they in turn affect interpretation of the mortality decline and the epidemiologic transition by suggesting that a key change occurred in the outeome of maladies. Sicknesses were more prolonged, but more people recovered.
{"title":"The epidemiologic transition and morbidity.","authors":"J. Riley, G. Alter","doi":"10.3406/ADH.1989.1740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/ADH.1989.1740","url":null,"abstract":"In essays about the theory of epidemiologic transition, Abdel Omran has argued that demographic change in the last century occurred in stages that can be characterized by their leading causes of death. The transition consists of a change in leading causes from infectious to degenerative and man-made diseases. In that version of the theory, the death rate is held to approximate the sickness rate. This essay identifies an epidemiologic transition in morbidity, using insurance records and health surveys to assess the morbidity trend. Two morbidity rates -incidence and prevalence- are distinguished. Each describes a trend independent from the mortality trend. While the risk of death declined sharply after 1870 in Britain, the age-specific incidence of disease and injury remained approximately level and the age-specific of duration increased. These independent trends are explained in part by ways the mortality decline affected the composition of the population. And they in turn affect interpretation of the mortality decline and the epidemiologic transition by suggesting that a key change occurred in the outeome of maladies. Sicknesses were more prolonged, but more people recovered.","PeriodicalId":52444,"journal":{"name":"Annales de Demographie Historique","volume":"23 1","pages":"199-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90351727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le mariage dans le passe de l'Amerique latine apparait souvent dans l'historiographie comme une formalite juridique sans grande consequence demographique tandis que la fecondite elevee se presente comme une realite constante. Ni l'une ni l'autre de ces conditions ne predominaient dans la region miniere de Parrai au Nord du Mexique de 1777 a 1930. De l'analyse des recensements manuscrits a travers cent cinquante ans il ressort que, des le milieu du XIXe siecle, la proportion de femmes celibataires s'eleva rapidement ainsi que les taux d'illegitimite et le pourcentage de femmes et d'enfants sans soutien familial. Bien que la fecondite reste la meme, les taux de fecondite baissent jusqu'a 20 ou 30 % en raison de changements survenus dans les modeles de formation familiale. Les etudes sur l'histoire de la population de l'Amerique latine devraient a l'avenir examiner la fecondite illegitime autant que legitime en tenant compte dans l'un et l'autre cas des erreurs et des omissions de la source.
{"title":"Women's position, family and fertility decline in Parral (Mexico) 1777-1930.","authors":"R. McCaa","doi":"10.3406/adh.1989.1743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/adh.1989.1743","url":null,"abstract":"Le mariage dans le passe de l'Amerique latine apparait souvent dans l'historiographie comme une formalite juridique sans grande consequence demographique tandis que la fecondite elevee se presente comme une realite constante. Ni l'une ni l'autre de ces conditions ne predominaient dans la region miniere de Parrai au Nord du Mexique de 1777 a 1930. De l'analyse des recensements manuscrits a travers cent cinquante ans il ressort que, des le milieu du XIXe siecle, la proportion de femmes celibataires s'eleva rapidement ainsi que les taux d'illegitimite et le pourcentage de femmes et d'enfants sans soutien familial. Bien que la fecondite reste la meme, les taux de fecondite baissent jusqu'a 20 ou 30 % en raison de changements survenus dans les modeles de formation familiale. Les etudes sur l'histoire de la population de l'Amerique latine devraient a l'avenir examiner la fecondite illegitime autant que legitime en tenant compte dans l'un et l'autre cas des erreurs et des omissions de la source.","PeriodicalId":52444,"journal":{"name":"Annales de Demographie Historique","volume":"90 1","pages":"233-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78407614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A historian asserted in 1986 that couples in medieval Norway had to practice sexual abstinence for 22.5-34.5 months postpartum during lactation. This excused lactating women from fasting during 2 Lents. Fasting constituted no consumption of meat and medieval Norwegians protein sources were cereals milk products and fish therefore fasting could not adversely effect the nurslings. She also claimed that Christianity introduced this taboo to Norway and that it was reinforced in the Borgarthing Law (primarily the 11th century) of southeastern Norway. An opposing historical researcher purported that no data exists to support her claim. For example she said that sexual abstinence during lactation can be traced to the Old Testament yet he claimed that the Bible does not address it anywhere. She then provided the biblical origins (Leviticus 12:1-5 and Maccabees 7:27). Further she reported that this law came about because mens sexual drive is stronger than that of women and men would not allow for a longer period of abstinence. He countered by saying that the law existed because men were the legal guardians of their wives and it forced them to take responsibility for the actions of their wives. She answered this agrument by claiming her personal opinion was irrelevant. He demonstrated that a taboo on sexual abstinence during lactation is more likely to occur in tropical and subtropical climates where protein food sources are limited and carbohydrates dominate. In these societies to protect a breast feeding child from developing kwashiorkor or other forms of malnutrition mothers choose not to have sexual intercourse. Yet medieval Norwegians practiced animal husbandry thereby providing animal proteins in the diet of children.
{"title":"Breast feeding and sexual intercourse in medieval Norway.","authors":"O. Benedictow, S. Sogner","doi":"10.3406/ADH.1989.1744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/ADH.1989.1744","url":null,"abstract":"A historian asserted in 1986 that couples in medieval Norway had to practice sexual abstinence for 22.5-34.5 months postpartum during lactation. This excused lactating women from fasting during 2 Lents. Fasting constituted no consumption of meat and medieval Norwegians protein sources were cereals milk products and fish therefore fasting could not adversely effect the nurslings. She also claimed that Christianity introduced this taboo to Norway and that it was reinforced in the Borgarthing Law (primarily the 11th century) of southeastern Norway. An opposing historical researcher purported that no data exists to support her claim. For example she said that sexual abstinence during lactation can be traced to the Old Testament yet he claimed that the Bible does not address it anywhere. She then provided the biblical origins (Leviticus 12:1-5 and Maccabees 7:27). Further she reported that this law came about because mens sexual drive is stronger than that of women and men would not allow for a longer period of abstinence. He countered by saying that the law existed because men were the legal guardians of their wives and it forced them to take responsibility for the actions of their wives. She answered this agrument by claiming her personal opinion was irrelevant. He demonstrated that a taboo on sexual abstinence during lactation is more likely to occur in tropical and subtropical climates where protein food sources are limited and carbohydrates dominate. In these societies to protect a breast feeding child from developing kwashiorkor or other forms of malnutrition mothers choose not to have sexual intercourse. Yet medieval Norwegians practiced animal husbandry thereby providing animal proteins in the diet of children.","PeriodicalId":52444,"journal":{"name":"Annales de Demographie Historique","volume":"13 1","pages":"245-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86797499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the relationship between nuptiality and industrial development in five parishes in eastern Belgium between the mid-seventeenth century and 1790. The first sections discuss the protoindustrialization hypothesis as established by Mendels and others and relate the industrial development of the Verviers region. The main sections of the article compare a series of mean marriage ages for women to various measures of economic conditions. The results show no significant relationship contradicting some parts of the hypothesis. Then the article attempts to replicate Mendelss analysis more closely by using annual changes in the number of marriages as a proxy for the crude marriage rate. While there were some relationships they were not as expected. The conclusions to the article call for reexamination of the protoindustrialization hypothesis because of the difficulty we have had replicating some parts of it. (SUMMARY IN FRE) (EXCERPT)
{"title":"Protoindustrialization and marriage ages in eastern Belgium.","authors":"M. Gutmann","doi":"10.3406/ADH.1988.1687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/ADH.1988.1687","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the relationship between nuptiality and industrial development in five parishes in eastern Belgium between the mid-seventeenth century and 1790. The first sections discuss the protoindustrialization hypothesis as established by Mendels and others and relate the industrial development of the Verviers region. The main sections of the article compare a series of mean marriage ages for women to various measures of economic conditions. The results show no significant relationship contradicting some parts of the hypothesis. Then the article attempts to replicate Mendelss analysis more closely by using annual changes in the number of marriages as a proxy for the crude marriage rate. While there were some relationships they were not as expected. The conclusions to the article call for reexamination of the protoindustrialization hypothesis because of the difficulty we have had replicating some parts of it. (SUMMARY IN FRE) (EXCERPT)","PeriodicalId":52444,"journal":{"name":"Annales de Demographie Historique","volume":"19 1","pages":"143-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75492293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La baisse de la mortalite observee en Occident a la fin du XIXe et au debut du XXe siecles est-elle le resultat d'actions deliberees menees par des medecins, des responsables de services de sante publique et des individus, ou tout simplement le corollaire de l'industrialisation et de l'accroissement du revenu moyen par tete ? Voila l'un des sujets les plus controverses en demographie historique. L'etude comparative de l'evolution des taux de mortalite par âge et cause pour un certain nombre de villes, entre les sous- populations de ces villes, et entre regions rurales et urbaines, amene l'auteur a conclure que les interventions directes ont joue un role majeur dans la baisse de la mortalite pour certaines causes. Il etablit une relation entre les services municipaux crees au cours de cette periode, en particulier pour l'approvisionnement des villes en eau potable et la distribution de lait propre, et l'evolution des taux de mortalite par âge et cause.
{"title":"Declining mortality in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.","authors":"G. A. Gondran","doi":"10.3406/ADH.1988.1686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/ADH.1988.1686","url":null,"abstract":"La baisse de la mortalite observee en Occident a la fin du XIXe et au debut du XXe siecles est-elle le resultat d'actions deliberees menees par des medecins, des responsables de services de sante publique et des individus, ou tout simplement le corollaire de l'industrialisation et de l'accroissement du revenu moyen par tete ? Voila l'un des sujets les plus controverses en demographie historique. L'etude comparative de l'evolution des taux de mortalite par âge et cause pour un certain nombre de villes, entre les sous- populations de ces villes, et entre regions rurales et urbaines, amene l'auteur a conclure que les interventions directes ont joue un role majeur dans la baisse de la mortalite pour certaines causes. Il etablit une relation entre les services municipaux crees au cours de cette periode, en particulier pour l'approvisionnement des villes en eau potable et la distribution de lait propre, et l'evolution des taux de mortalite par âge et cause.","PeriodicalId":52444,"journal":{"name":"Annales de Demographie Historique","volume":"87 8 1","pages":"119-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84029788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bilan de la recherche en démographie historique dans les pays scandinaves.","authors":"S. Sogner","doi":"10.3406/ADH.1987.1665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/ADH.1987.1665","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52444,"journal":{"name":"Annales de Demographie Historique","volume":"37 1","pages":"275-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78350351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cet article se propose d'analyser une crise demographique limitee dans une region des Philippines : un declin apparemment rapide de la population de la province de Batangas entre 1887 et 1903. De plus, il etudie deux des principales sources de la demographie historique des Philippines — les registres paroissiaux et le recensement de 1903. ; La conclusion est que les registres paroissiaux et le recensement sont, tous deux, gravement defectueux. Le principal defaut des premiers est le sous-enregistrement des sepultures ; en une seule annee, il manque au moins 31 % des deces. Quant ?.u second, qui a ete souvent utilise par les demographes comme base des projections demographiques, il sous-estime la population de Batangas d'au moins 10 000 personnes soit a peu pres 4 %. ; Tenant compte des defauts des sources, l'auteur de cet article ne peut pas expliquer avec precision la chute de la population au Batangas, mais il peut, quand meme suggerer quelques hypotheses sur les tendances demographique de la periode. Entre 1887 et 1898, le taux de croissance naturelle semble tres faible en raison d'un niveau anormalement eleve de la mortalite du a une epidemie. La situation semble s'ameliorer entre 1899 et 1901 , et le niveau de mortalite diminue. Enfin, en 1902, il y a eu deux epidemies successives — malaria et cholera — essentiellement responsables de la diminution de la population de Batangas ; pendant cette seule annee, le bilan naturel de la province marque un deficit de 34 000 personnes environ.
{"title":"150.000 missing Filipinos: a demographic crisis in Batangas, 1887-1903.","authors":"G. May","doi":"10.3406/ADH.1986.1634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3406/ADH.1986.1634","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article se propose d'analyser une crise demographique limitee dans une region des Philippines : un declin apparemment rapide de la population de la province de Batangas entre 1887 et 1903. De plus, il etudie deux des principales sources de la demographie historique des Philippines — les registres paroissiaux et le recensement de 1903. ; La conclusion est que les registres paroissiaux et le recensement sont, tous deux, gravement defectueux. Le principal defaut des premiers est le sous-enregistrement des sepultures ; en une seule annee, il manque au moins 31 % des deces. Quant ?.u second, qui a ete souvent utilise par les demographes comme base des projections demographiques, il sous-estime la population de Batangas d'au moins 10 000 personnes soit a peu pres 4 %. ; Tenant compte des defauts des sources, l'auteur de cet article ne peut pas expliquer avec precision la chute de la population au Batangas, mais il peut, quand meme suggerer quelques hypotheses sur les tendances demographique de la periode. Entre 1887 et 1898, le taux de croissance naturelle semble tres faible en raison d'un niveau anormalement eleve de la mortalite du a une epidemie. La situation semble s'ameliorer entre 1899 et 1901 , et le niveau de mortalite diminue. Enfin, en 1902, il y a eu deux epidemies successives — malaria et cholera — essentiellement responsables de la diminution de la population de Batangas ; pendant cette seule annee, le bilan naturel de la province marque un deficit de 34 000 personnes environ.","PeriodicalId":52444,"journal":{"name":"Annales de Demographie Historique","volume":"23 1","pages":"215-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82813768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1001/archopht.117.3.370
M. Skolnick, L. Bean, G. P. Mineau, L. B. Jorde
{"title":"[Not Available].","authors":"M. Skolnick, L. Bean, G. P. Mineau, L. B. Jorde","doi":"10.1001/archopht.117.3.370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.117.3.370","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52444,"journal":{"name":"Annales de Demographie Historique","volume":"15 1","pages":"103-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85006155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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