Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e104591
Plamen Glogov, Simeon Bogdanov, Stela Gyudorova
The aim of the present study is to track changes in the canopy (cover-abundance of the tree layer) of vegetation and cover of the forest litter, and the relationship between them and the dynamics of soil parameters in Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) plantations. The objects of study are 50-80-year-old artificial plantations of Austrian pine located in the xerothermic oak belt of five mountains in the area of Sofia. In each mountain, three test plots (SPs) were laid out, each measuring 400 m2 (Table 1). The main reason for choosing PP is the cover abundance of the first layer. Within each SP, the following metrics are measured: cover-abundance (%) of vegetation in each layer; the cover of plant litter (%). From all SPs, soil samples were taken from three depths: 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20 -30 cm. An analysis of the content of soil organic matter was carried out, including: total nitrogen (N), the C/N ratio – calculation method, the reaction of the soil solution (pH) in the aqueous extract and the mechanical composition of the soil. The results show that the properties of the studied soils change to a significant extent in accordance with the cover abundance, especially in the first floor of the vegetation. Soil organic matter content, C/N ratio and mechanical composition are the indicators that most clearly reflect the relationship between the canopy and the cover of plant litter on the one hand, and soil properties. The proven, statistically significant differences in the values of these indicators emphasize the role of vegetation in soil-forming processes, the formation and change of soil fertility.
{"title":"Canopy influence on soil properties in Austrian pine artificial stands","authors":"Plamen Glogov, Simeon Bogdanov, Stela Gyudorova","doi":"10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e104591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e104591","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study is to track changes in the canopy (cover-abundance of the tree layer) of vegetation and cover of the forest litter, and the relationship between them and the dynamics of soil parameters in Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) plantations. The objects of study are 50-80-year-old artificial plantations of Austrian pine located in the xerothermic oak belt of five mountains in the area of Sofia. In each mountain, three test plots (SPs) were laid out, each measuring 400 m2 (Table 1). The main reason for choosing PP is the cover abundance of the first layer. Within each SP, the following metrics are measured: cover-abundance (%) of vegetation in each layer; the cover of plant litter (%). From all SPs, soil samples were taken from three depths: 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20 -30 cm. An analysis of the content of soil organic matter was carried out, including: total nitrogen (N), the C/N ratio – calculation method, the reaction of the soil solution (pH) in the aqueous extract and the mechanical composition of the soil. The results show that the properties of the studied soils change to a significant extent in accordance with the cover abundance, especially in the first floor of the vegetation. Soil organic matter content, C/N ratio and mechanical composition are the indicators that most clearly reflect the relationship between the canopy and the cover of plant litter on the one hand, and soil properties. The proven, statistically significant differences in the values of these indicators emphasize the role of vegetation in soil-forming processes, the formation and change of soil fertility.","PeriodicalId":52662,"journal":{"name":"Silva Balcanica","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139252357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e109161
Konstantin Marinov, Konstantin Kostov, Dimitar Peev
Experimental studies were conducted with forestry mulchers in field protection forest belts and clearings in the North-Eastern region of Bulgaria . Regression models were elaborated to determine the operating performance and fuel consumption of forestry mulchers with a rated power of 70 kW to 245 kW for site preparation of clearings with the amount of wood residues, shoots and bushes from 15 t/ha to 48 t/ha. The mode of influence of the mulcher rotor speed , the concentration of comminuted biomass and the mulching unit power on the performance and fuel consumption were established. When treating clearings with small biomass concentration of 15 t/ha, the productivity of the mulching units with a greater power of 245 kW is 0.392 ha/h, and of those with a smaller power of 70 kW it is 0.086 ha/h. This difference is even greater in clearings with a biomass concentration of 48 t/ha, where the operating productivity of 245 kW mulchers is 0.304 ha/h and that of 70 kW mulchers is 0.021 ha/h. Mulching units with greater power also have a lower relative fuel consumption per unit area. This fact is more pronounced in clearings with a larger amount of wood residues of 48 t/ha, where the fuel consumption of bigger units with a power of 245 kW is 155 l/ha, of units with a medium power of 160 kW it is 217 l /ha, and of units with a smaller power of 70 kW it is 335 l/ha. For treating clearings with relatively less wood residues and shrubs of 15 t/ha, depending on the rated power of mulching units, these fuel costs are respectively 86 l/ha, 122 l/ha and 214 l/ha. The optimal power and rotor revolutions of forestry mulchers when processing cuttings with different concentrations of woody biomass were determined.
{"title":"Operational properties of forestry mulchers for cleaning field protection forest belts after sanitary cuttings","authors":"Konstantin Marinov, Konstantin Kostov, Dimitar Peev","doi":"10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e109161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e109161","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental studies were conducted with forestry mulchers in field protection forest belts and clearings in the North-Eastern region of Bulgaria . Regression models were elaborated to determine the operating performance and fuel consumption of forestry mulchers with a rated power of 70 kW to 245 kW for site preparation of clearings with the amount of wood residues, shoots and bushes from 15 t/ha to 48 t/ha. The mode of influence of the mulcher rotor speed , the concentration of comminuted biomass and the mulching unit power on the performance and fuel consumption were established. When treating clearings with small biomass concentration of 15 t/ha, the productivity of the mulching units with a greater power of 245 kW is 0.392 ha/h, and of those with a smaller power of 70 kW it is 0.086 ha/h. This difference is even greater in clearings with a biomass concentration of 48 t/ha, where the operating productivity of 245 kW mulchers is 0.304 ha/h and that of 70 kW mulchers is 0.021 ha/h. Mulching units with greater power also have a lower relative fuel consumption per unit area. This fact is more pronounced in clearings with a larger amount of wood residues of 48 t/ha, where the fuel consumption of bigger units with a power of 245 kW is 155 l/ha, of units with a medium power of 160 kW it is 217 l /ha, and of units with a smaller power of 70 kW it is 335 l/ha. For treating clearings with relatively less wood residues and shrubs of 15 t/ha, depending on the rated power of mulching units, these fuel costs are respectively 86 l/ha, 122 l/ha and 214 l/ha. The optimal power and rotor revolutions of forestry mulchers when processing cuttings with different concentrations of woody biomass were determined. ","PeriodicalId":52662,"journal":{"name":"Silva Balcanica","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135091705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e103325
Plamen Glogov, Despina Poupaki
The present study aims to analyze and determine to what extent spring and autumn frosts affect the population size and life cycle of this invasive alien species (IAS). The study area is located in the immediate vicinity of the capital Sofia and covers the Iskar River stream and its tributaries in the gorge between Plana and Lozenska Mountains (Southwestern Bulgaria). The study was carried out in the period 2020-2022. Six permanent sample plots (PSP), each measuring 10 m 2 , were established in characteristic localities of I. glandulifera populations along the Iskar River and its tributaries (Table 1). Each year, during the spring and autumn frosts, the percentage of dead individuals of I. glandulifera relative to the total number of individuals of this species in the PSP was recorded. During the autumn frosts, the number of alive individuals in the following phenological stages was also recorded: flowering; fruiting; dispersal of fruits and seeds; end of growing season. The results show that frosts in the study area did not significantly affect the population size and life cycle of I. glandulifera . The death of the whole population оccurs only in permanent periods of negative daytime temperatures, however a significant part of the individuals at that time are in a generative stage of development. The temperature conditions in the area favor the invasiveness of I. glandulifera , extending the vegetation period of this species and the possibilities for its reproduction and spread.
{"title":"Influence of spring and autumn frosts on Impatiens glandulifera populations in the Sofia region (Bulgaria)","authors":"Plamen Glogov, Despina Poupaki","doi":"10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e103325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e103325","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims to analyze and determine to what extent spring and autumn frosts affect the population size and life cycle of this invasive alien species (IAS). The study area is located in the immediate vicinity of the capital Sofia and covers the  Iskar River stream and its tributaries in the gorge between Plana and Lozenska Mountains (Southwestern Bulgaria). The study was carried out in the period 2020-2022. Six permanent sample plots (PSP), each measuring 10 m 2 , were established in characteristic localities of I. glandulifera populations along the Iskar River and its tributaries (Table 1). Each year, during the spring and autumn frosts, the percentage of dead individuals of I. glandulifera relative to the total number of individuals of this species in the PSP was recorded. During the autumn frosts, the number of alive individuals in the following phenological stages was also recorded: flowering; fruiting; dispersal of fruits and seeds; end of growing season. The results show that frosts in the study area did not significantly affect the population size and life cycle of I. glandulifera . The death of the whole population оccurs only in permanent periods of negative daytime temperatures, however a significant part of the individuals at that time are in a generative stage of development. The temperature conditions in the area favor the invasiveness of I. glandulifera , extending the vegetation period of this species and the possibilities for its reproduction and spread.  ","PeriodicalId":52662,"journal":{"name":"Silva Balcanica","volume":"26 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135091704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e106658
M. Glushkova, M. Zhiyanski, R. Yaneva
The assessment and mapping of ecosystems and their services is considered an important action that effectively contributes to proper understanding of how ecosystems support human well-being, and furthermore – to promote the sustainable use of natural resources. The diversity of cultural landscapes, especially in mountain areas, is a significant prerequisite for a variety of cultural ecosystem services that are valuable for the society. This evaluation is the basis for environmental management practices and policymaking. The study presents an approach for assessment and mapping of cultural ecosystem service (CES) “Cultural heritage” that is recognised as important and is provided by mountain protected areas (PAs) in “Pirin” National Park. The data from the Management Plan of “Pirin” NP were used for characterization and biophysical assessment of the condition of forest ecosystems and their potential to provide CESs. The analysis of the results revealed that the conservation regime allowed the territories to preserve a high degree of naturalness and a very good ecological condition as 94.80% of forest ecosystems are assessed with score 4 –“good” condition and 0.44% are with “very good” condition – score 5. The majority of forest ecosystems with “very good” ecological condition are Pinus peuce forests, located mainly on the territory of the reserves “Bayuvi Dupki- Dzhindzhiritsa” and “Yulen”, proving the importance of the protective regime of the territories. Forest ecosystems with average and high capacity to provide ES "Cultural heritage" prevailed, which is consistent with well-preserved and unique nature, the diversity of landscapes, and species richness. Considerable areas were assessed with score 5 – very high capacity, mostly on the territory of the reserves “Bayuvi Dupki- Dzhindzhiritsa” and “Yulen”, and at the foothill of the huts.
{"title":"Assessment and cultural ecosystem service mapping in mountain protected areas – “Pirin” National park","authors":"M. Glushkova, M. Zhiyanski, R. Yaneva","doi":"10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e106658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e106658","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment and mapping of ecosystems and their services is considered an important action that effectively contributes to proper understanding of how ecosystems support human well-being, and furthermore – to promote the sustainable use of natural resources. The diversity of cultural landscapes, especially in mountain areas, is a significant prerequisite for a variety of cultural ecosystem services that are valuable for the society. This evaluation is the basis for environmental management practices and policymaking. The study presents an approach for assessment and mapping of cultural ecosystem service (CES) “Cultural heritage” that is recognised as important and is provided by mountain protected areas (PAs) in “Pirin” National Park. The data from the Management Plan of “Pirin” NP were used for characterization and biophysical assessment of the condition of forest ecosystems and their potential to provide CESs. The analysis of the results revealed that the conservation regime allowed the territories to preserve a high degree of naturalness and a very good ecological condition as 94.80% of forest ecosystems are assessed with score 4 –“good” condition and 0.44% are with “very good” condition – score 5. The majority of forest ecosystems with “very good” ecological condition are Pinus peuce forests, located mainly on the territory of the reserves “Bayuvi Dupki- Dzhindzhiritsa” and “Yulen”, proving the importance of the protective regime of the territories. Forest ecosystems with average and high capacity to provide ES \"Cultural heritage\" prevailed, which is consistent with well-preserved and unique nature, the diversity of landscapes, and species richness. Considerable areas were assessed with score 5 – very high capacity, mostly on the territory of the reserves “Bayuvi Dupki- Dzhindzhiritsa” and “Yulen”, and at the foothill of the huts.","PeriodicalId":52662,"journal":{"name":"Silva Balcanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43545414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e104499
D. Dinkov
The mapping and three-dimensional modeling of mountain areas and the study of land cover change dynamics are current tasks in preserving and maintaining protected natural parks and forests. In this context, recent developments in digital photogrammetry using the SfM-MVS method to process captured imagery and the development of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) allow for reducing the costs, time, and the use of human resources and obtaining and repeatable 3D topographic data for moun-tainous regions. We will call this acquired 3D high-resolution topographic data (HRTD) 4D data in the context of an additional temporal component. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the applicability of PPK (Post-Processing Kinematic) direct georeferencing of images captured by UAVs and processed through the SfM-MVS method to obtain HRTDs for 4D land cover analysis. We analyze a 3D HRTD with an acquisition interval of two years for a mountain test area in Plana Mountain near Sofia. The test area has a diverse vegetation cover, including coniferous forest, grassland, hay meadows, shrubs, and single deciduous trees. We conducted multiple surveys of the test area with a budget PPK-UAV configuration (DJI Phantom 4 Pro with a single-frequency PPK-GNSS kit installed) from March 2020 to October 2022. Two autumn surveys from September 2020 and October 2022 were se-lected, which possess the most-good performance on numerical data accuracy. We performed 3D data analysis on 1) Assessment of the accuracy of PPK-SfM-MVS photogrammetry generated topographic data (3D clouds and DSM); 2) Investigation of the errors in the individual specific surfaces (for the individual isolated sections) using the M3C2 tool for comparing and evaluating dense point clouds; 3) Determining land cover changes in the demarcated areas using a surface of differences (DoD). Accuracy analysis showed that the PPK solution provides comparable accuracy (about RMSE3D = 0.067 m for the 2020 data, georeferencing (PPK+1GCP) and RMSE3D about 0.13 m for the 2022 data, georeferencing (PPK only)) like the GCP method. The multi-temporal topographic reconstructions based on UAV- PPK-SfM allowed us to quantify and qualitatively determine the land cover changes that occurred. The UAV-PPK-SfM workflow in the context of 4D land surface monitoring and the results suggested that even low-cost UAV-PPK systems can provide data suitable for measuring geomorphic change at the scale of the acquired data. The multi-temporal topographic reconstructions based on UAV- PPK-SfM allowed us to quantify and qualitatively determine the land cover changes that occurred. The UAV-PPK-SfM workflow in the context of 4D land surface monitoring and the results suggested that even low-cost UAV-PPK systems can provide data suitable for measuring geomorphic change at the scale of the acquired data.
{"title":"4D monitoring of mountain areas using the UAV-PPK workflow","authors":"D. Dinkov","doi":"10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e104499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e104499","url":null,"abstract":"The mapping and three-dimensional modeling of mountain areas and the study of land cover change dynamics are current tasks in preserving and maintaining protected natural parks and forests. In this context, recent developments in digital photogrammetry using the SfM-MVS method to process captured imagery and the development of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) allow for reducing the costs, time, and the use of human resources and obtaining and repeatable 3D topographic data for moun-tainous regions. We will call this acquired 3D high-resolution topographic data (HRTD) 4D data in the context of an additional temporal component. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the applicability of PPK (Post-Processing Kinematic) direct georeferencing of images captured by UAVs and processed through the SfM-MVS method to obtain HRTDs for 4D land cover analysis. We analyze a 3D HRTD with an acquisition interval of two years for a mountain test area in Plana Mountain near Sofia. The test area has a diverse vegetation cover, including coniferous forest, grassland, hay meadows, shrubs, and single deciduous trees. We conducted multiple surveys of the test area with a budget PPK-UAV configuration (DJI Phantom 4 Pro with a single-frequency PPK-GNSS kit installed) from March 2020 to October 2022. Two autumn surveys from September 2020 and October 2022 were se-lected, which possess the most-good performance on numerical data accuracy. We performed 3D data analysis on 1) Assessment of the accuracy of PPK-SfM-MVS photogrammetry generated topographic data (3D clouds and DSM); 2) Investigation of the errors in the individual specific surfaces (for the individual isolated sections) using the M3C2 tool for comparing and evaluating dense point clouds; 3) Determining land cover changes in the demarcated areas using a surface of differences (DoD).\u0000 Accuracy analysis showed that the PPK solution provides comparable accuracy (about RMSE3D = 0.067 m for the 2020 data, georeferencing (PPK+1GCP) and RMSE3D about 0.13 m for the 2022 data, georeferencing (PPK only)) like the GCP method.\u0000 The multi-temporal topographic reconstructions based on UAV- PPK-SfM allowed us to quantify and qualitatively determine the land cover changes that occurred. The UAV-PPK-SfM workflow in the context of 4D land surface monitoring and the results suggested that even low-cost UAV-PPK systems can provide data suitable for measuring geomorphic change at the scale of the acquired data. The multi-temporal topographic reconstructions based on UAV- PPK-SfM allowed us to quantify and qualitatively determine the land cover changes that occurred. The UAV-PPK-SfM workflow in the context of 4D land surface monitoring and the results suggested that even low-cost UAV-PPK systems can provide data suitable for measuring geomorphic change at the scale of the acquired data.","PeriodicalId":52662,"journal":{"name":"Silva Balcanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42426631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e103848
Filip Ustabashiev
Unlike the heavily deforested Eastern or Low Rhodopes, the Western or High Rhodopes are one of Bulgaria’s main forestry areas, where black pine is widespread and economically important. Based on stem analyzes, an average taper curve for black pine stems in the Northwestern Rhodopes was determined. The method of relative taper curves (echte Ausbauchungsreihen) was used. Taper models based on spline functions and power functions were fitted. A comparison with the official assortment table of Nedyalkov was made. The systematic deviation of the sample stems from the long-used assortment table justifies the development of a local black pine table.
{"title":"Local taper functions for natural black pine forests in the Northwestern Rhodopes in Bulgaria Local taper functions for black pine","authors":"Filip Ustabashiev","doi":"10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e103848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e103848","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike the heavily deforested Eastern or Low Rhodopes, the Western or High Rhodopes are one of Bulgaria’s main forestry areas, where black pine is widespread and economically important. Based on stem analyzes, an average taper curve for black pine stems in the Northwestern Rhodopes was determined. The method of relative taper curves (echte Ausbauchungsreihen) was used. Taper models based on spline functions and power functions were fitted. A comparison with the official assortment table of Nedyalkov was made. The systematic deviation of the sample stems from the long-used assortment table justifies the development of a local black pine table. ","PeriodicalId":52662,"journal":{"name":"Silva Balcanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46426358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e108600
G. Georgiev, M. Georgieva, P. Mirchev, Sevdalin Belilov, M. Matova, V. Ivanov, R. Radev, Maria Kirilova
Biological control of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) was carried out in 2021 in the field protective forest belts at the territory of the State Hunting Enterprise Balchik by introducing the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae). In the same year a mortality rate of 26.1% of the pest population was registered. In 2022 E. maimaiga and multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus of L dispar (LdMNPV) caused a population collapse of the pest in the region. Azygospores of E. maimaiga were reported in the cadavers of about 5% of middle- and late-instar dead host larvae with LdMNPV polyhedra, which is an indirect indication of initial infection by the fungal pathogen. The epizootic of gypsy moth in the Balchik region is the first recorded case of coinfection by E. maimaiga and LdMNPV in Bulgaria.
{"title":"Epizootic in gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) population in the field protective forest belts of State Hunting Enterprise Balchik in 2022","authors":"G. Georgiev, M. Georgieva, P. Mirchev, Sevdalin Belilov, M. Matova, V. Ivanov, R. Radev, Maria Kirilova","doi":"10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e108600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e108600","url":null,"abstract":"Biological control of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) was carried out in 2021 in the field protective forest belts at the territory of the State Hunting Enterprise Balchik by introducing the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae). In the same year a mortality rate of 26.1% of the pest population was registered. In 2022 E. maimaiga and multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus of L dispar (LdMNPV) caused a population collapse of the pest in the region. Azygospores of E. maimaiga were reported in the cadavers of about 5% of middle- and late-instar dead host larvae with LdMNPV polyhedra, which is an indirect indication of initial infection by the fungal pathogen. The epizootic of gypsy moth in the Balchik region is the first recorded case of coinfection by E. maimaiga and LdMNPV in Bulgaria. ","PeriodicalId":52662,"journal":{"name":"Silva Balcanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43029999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-23DOI: 10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e101911
Elena Todorova
Green spaces in urban ecosystems is the main provider of a variety of ecosystem services. It is important for a city that undergoes dynamic changes in size, structure and number of inhabitants to manage bal-anced urban green spaces. Using the geographical information systems, this research investigates the green spaces within the building boundary of Sofia by administrative regions and confirms and demon-strates the spatial deficiencies in their distribution. The proportion of parks and gardens and open green spaces by region is taken into consideration and supplemented with analysis of the density of the tree coverage in the park. The green area per capita is calculated to demonstrate how the coverage with green spaces relates to the population. The results outline some main issues that urban development is facing towards sustainability. If considered by the planning and management of the city this could help respond to the contemporary challenges and adopt policies for a vital, healthy, and attractive environment for the capital’s residents.
{"title":"Green spaces in Sofia – analyses of spatial distribution","authors":"Elena Todorova","doi":"10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e101911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.22.e101911","url":null,"abstract":"Green spaces in urban ecosystems is the main provider of a variety of ecosystem services. It is important for a city that undergoes dynamic changes in size, structure and number of inhabitants to manage bal-anced urban green spaces. Using the geographical information systems, this research investigates the green spaces within the building boundary of Sofia by administrative regions and confirms and demon-strates the spatial deficiencies in their distribution. The proportion of parks and gardens and open green spaces by region is taken into consideration and supplemented with analysis of the density of the tree coverage in the park. The green area per capita is calculated to demonstrate how the coverage with green spaces relates to the population. The results outline some main issues that urban development is facing towards sustainability. If considered by the planning and management of the city this could help respond to the contemporary challenges and adopt policies for a vital, healthy, and attractive environment for the capital’s residents.","PeriodicalId":52662,"journal":{"name":"Silva Balcanica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41464654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-22DOI: 10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e97620
M. Ghaffariyan
Tree felling and processing can create harvesting residues including leaves and twigs (needles), cones, barks, and branches. Collecting forest harvesting residues requires application of suitable machines and working methods. This article is aimed at reviewing the published reports to identify new harvesting machines and working methods for recovering harvesting residues and the current gaps. The scope of review included published research reports/articles from 2017 to 2022 (last five years). This global review results showed that popular methods for residue collection are chipping residues at roadside/landing and integrated biomass recovery. Forwarder, cable yarder and in-field chipper are predominantly applied within various recovery methods depending on ground and stand conditions. Harvesting residues are one of the promising sources for bioenergy production which requires developing efficient and low-cost harvesting systems. Latest research findings indicate that piling harvesting residues by a harvester-pro-cessor can improve the collecting productivity by the forwarder within cut-to-length harvesting opera-tions. Integrating residue biomass recovery with conventional timber supply can reduce the total supply chain cost by 2%. Researchers also recommend applying more climate-friendly technologies and focus-ing on developing new machines with lower fuel consumption and subsequent emissions. Future studies can focus on the following subjects; a) to determine the productivity and cost rates of various residue recovery systems, b) to develop and test technologies with lower fuel consumption rates and c) to find in-novative solutions to utilize thinning materials and best practices to store and process biomass materials.
{"title":"Short review of collecting technologies and methods in forest harvesting residues recovery","authors":"M. Ghaffariyan","doi":"10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e97620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e97620","url":null,"abstract":"Tree felling and processing can create harvesting residues including leaves and twigs (needles), cones, barks, and branches. Collecting forest harvesting residues requires application of suitable machines and working methods. This article is aimed at reviewing the published reports to identify new harvesting machines and working methods for recovering harvesting residues and the current gaps. The scope of review included published research reports/articles from 2017 to 2022 (last five years). This global review results showed that popular methods for residue collection are chipping residues at roadside/landing and integrated biomass recovery. Forwarder, cable yarder and in-field chipper are predominantly applied within various recovery methods depending on ground and stand conditions. Harvesting residues are one of the promising sources for bioenergy production which requires developing efficient and low-cost harvesting systems. Latest research findings indicate that piling harvesting residues by a harvester-pro-cessor can improve the collecting productivity by the forwarder within cut-to-length harvesting opera-tions. Integrating residue biomass recovery with conventional timber supply can reduce the total supply chain cost by 2%. Researchers also recommend applying more climate-friendly technologies and focus-ing on developing new machines with lower fuel consumption and subsequent emissions. Future studies can focus on the following subjects; a) to determine the productivity and cost rates of various residue recovery systems, b) to develop and test technologies with lower fuel consumption rates and c) to find in-novative solutions to utilize thinning materials and best practices to store and process biomass materials.","PeriodicalId":52662,"journal":{"name":"Silva Balcanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45686477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e101459
Stela Gyudorova
The purpose of this publication is to review and analyze the main studies of Manna ash in Bulgaria in or-der to present summarized information and acquire an objective view of the possibilities for proper per-ception of the importance of this local tree species and its use in various aspects of science and practice in our country. The study covers the period from the second half of the 1940s, when the first specialized journals in the field of forest science were published, until 2022. The focus of the study is on publications related directly or indirectly to various aspects of research on manna ash. The tracking of the chronology of forestry studies in Bulgaria shows trends towards a change in the perception of Manna ash as an inferior species and the search for its benefits for forestry practice, including rethinking its role from one of a weed species into an adjustable competitor, stimulating the regeneration of oaks and others indigenous species in plantations. The role of phytocoenological studies, which in relation to the Manna ash communities, both in nat-ural and artificial forest plantations, with its participation have increased in recent years. With their help, it is possible to trace the stages of successions and fluctuations and behavior of Manna ash in xerothermic oak forests and austian pine crops – its ecological-coenotic strategy towards the main tree species. The studies of Manna ash in Bulgaria in the field of special uses are close to their European ana-logues and in a number of cases overtake them with new data and discoveries, mostly in terms of bio-logically active products and antiallergic agents obtained from this plant species, among which we have world patents.
{"title":"Studies on Manna ash (Fraxinus ornus L.) In Bulgaria","authors":"Stela Gyudorova","doi":"10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e101459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e101459","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this publication is to review and analyze the main studies of Manna ash in Bulgaria in or-der to present summarized information and acquire an objective view of the possibilities for proper per-ception of the importance of this local tree species and its use in various aspects of science and practice in our country. The study covers the period from the second half of the 1940s, when the first specialized journals in the field of forest science were published, until 2022. The focus of the study is on publications related directly or indirectly to various aspects of research on manna ash. \u0000 The tracking of the chronology of forestry studies in Bulgaria shows trends towards a change in the perception of Manna ash as an inferior species and the search for its benefits for forestry practice, including rethinking its role from one of a weed species into an adjustable competitor, stimulating the regeneration of oaks and others indigenous species in plantations.\u0000 The role of phytocoenological studies, which in relation to the Manna ash communities, both in nat-ural and artificial forest plantations, with its participation have increased in recent years. With their help, it is possible to trace the stages of successions and fluctuations and behavior of Manna ash in xerothermic oak forests and austian pine crops – its ecological-coenotic strategy towards the main tree species.\u0000 The studies of Manna ash in Bulgaria in the field of special uses are close to their European ana-logues and in a number of cases overtake them with new data and discoveries, mostly in terms of bio-logically active products and antiallergic agents obtained from this plant species, among which we have world patents. ","PeriodicalId":52662,"journal":{"name":"Silva Balcanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48442588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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