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Should negatory action against immissions be reformed in the light of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the right to live in a healthy environment? 是否应参照《欧洲保护人权和基本自由公约》以及在健康环境中生活的权利,改革反对排放的消极行动?
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/gakv94-38979
Gabrijela Mihelčić, Maša Marochini-Zrinski
In this paper, the authors rely on the results of scientific research based on which they concluded that although there are notable differences between the Croatian national regulation of immission protection and the one provided by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and taking into account the role of the Convention (the principle of subsidiarity), it is not inconceivable that protecting this right (which all states are obligated to protect) strengthens the position of the authorized national representative for negatory protection (e.g., the possibility of determining the basis relevant for negatory action in a less complex way; removing discrepancies, such as, for example, the requirement that proprietary legal protection of ownership and other proprietary rights against immissions is preceded by protections pursuant to special regulations, etc.). In this light, the authors analyse recent Convention case-law and compare the regulation of negatory action (protection of property from harassment) with the protection of a specific right established by the Convention - the right to live in a healthy environment based on Article 8 of the Conventionthe right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence. Exhaustively analysing the right to live in a healthy environment, they explain the interpretative methods and principles used by the European Court in detail, continuing their research concerning this issue. The main focus is on exploring the features of previously postulated rights: the requirement that the human rights protected by the Convention are violated by adverse environmental factors (that is, the existence of a specific Convention causal link); the category of a minimum level of severity; oscillation of this "quantum" of the minimum level of severity within Convention "fluctuations" and the scope (and type) of protection of the right to live in a healthy environment through the paradigm of the positive/negative obligations of the contracting states; naturally, bearing in mind the more recent cases brought before the Court. In conclusion, the authors answer the question postulated in the title of the paper.
在本文中,作者根据科学研究的结果得出结论,虽然克罗地亚国家排放保护条例与《欧洲保护人权和基本自由公约》规定的条例之间存在显著差异,并考虑到《公约》的作用(辅助原则),保护这一权利(所有国家都有义务保护)加强了被授权的国家代表在否定保护方面的地位(例如,以较不复杂的方式确定否定行动相关依据的可能性;消除差异,例如,要求所有权和其他专有权利对排放的专有法律保护必须先根据特殊条例提供保护,等等)。有鉴于此,提交人分析了最近的《公约》判例法,并比较了对否定行动(保护财产不受骚扰)的管制与对《公约》规定的一项具体权利的保护,即根据《公约》第8条关于尊重私人和家庭生活、住宅和通信的权利在健康环境中生活的权利。他们详尽地分析了在健康环境中生活的权利,详细解释了欧洲法院使用的解释方法和原则,继续对这一问题进行研究。主要重点是探讨以前假定的权利的特点:《公约》所保护的人权受到不利环境因素侵犯的要求(即存在特定的《公约》因果关系);最低严重程度的类别;这一《公约》"波动"范围内最低严重程度"量值"的波动,以及通过缔约国积极/消极义务范式保护在健康环境中生活的权利的范围(和类型)的波动;当然,考虑到最近提交法院审理的案件。总之,作者回答了论文标题中提出的问题。
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引用次数: 0
The use of software for monitoring employees' work performance and the termination of employment 使用软件监控员工的工作表现和终止雇佣关系
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/gakv94-35415
Darko Božičić
The widespread use of information technologies has significantly changed how people live and work. Modern production links cannot be imagined without the presence of various IT solutions in the work process. Their main feature is that they speed up and facilitate the work process itself, making it more productive. However, the use of such technology also raises various legal issues. One of them concerns the application of various software solutions for monitoring employees' work. The data obtained by the employer using such software solutions can lead to termination. This paper attempts to point out the key labour law issues in the termination of employment contracts due to the use of various software for monitoring the performance of employees, as well as to offer answers to overcome them.
信息技术的广泛使用极大地改变了人们的生活和工作方式。如果在工作过程中没有各种IT解决方案的存在,现代生产环节是无法想象的。它们的主要特点是加快和便利工作过程本身,使其更富有成效。然而,这种技术的使用也引发了各种法律问题。其中之一是各种软件解决方案的应用,用于监控员工的工作。雇主使用此类软件解决方案获得的数据可能导致解雇。本文试图指出由于使用各种监控员工绩效的软件而导致劳动合同终止的关键劳动法问题,并提供解决这些问题的答案。
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引用次数: 0
Criminal offenses against the environment: Criminal legislation of Serbia and international legal standards: In compliance or not? 对环境的刑事犯罪:塞尔维亚的刑事立法和国际法律标准:是否符合?
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/gakv94-41055
M. Alimpić
The issue of criminal offenses against the environment from the aspect of the criminal legislation of the Republic of Serbia and international legal standards - in this paper, their mutual compliance is expertly and critically analyzed through seven groups of questions, introductory considerations, and concluding remarks given at the end of the text. There are four groups of issues that the paper focuses on in terms of topicality and scope of research. These are issues concerning: Ecology and environmental protection in general (its importance, universality, and reasons for the necessity of protection; International legal standards of environmental protection; The legal framework for environmental protection in the Republic of Serbia - its constitutional and criminal law aspect; The analysis of the application of criminal law provisions on environmental protection in the practice of detecting and proving these criminal offenses within the territorial jurisdiction of the Appellate Court in Novi Sad. The professional and critical analysis of the issue in question has yielded three key results. Firstly, the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia recognizes the right to a healthy environment as one of the basic human rights and provides a good legal framework for the detailed regulation of this important issue. Secondly, the criminal legislation of the Republic of Serbia is largely aligned with international legal standards related to environmental crimes and provides an excellent basis for improved environmental protection. Thirdly, as with many other legally regulated spheres of life, the application of regulations in practice lags behind legal regulation. Finally, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary in resolving criminal cases of environmental crime, and specialized teams composed of judges, prosecutors, and police officers should be formed at higher courts and trained to handle such cases more adequately.
从塞尔维亚共和国的刑事立法和国际法律标准的角度来看,危害环境的刑事犯罪问题-在本文中,通过七组问题,介绍性考虑和文本末尾的结束语,专业和批判性地分析了它们的相互遵从性。从选题的时效性和研究的范围来看,本文主要关注四组问题。这些问题涉及:一般生态和环境保护(其重要性、普遍性和保护必要性的原因);环境保护的国际法律标准;塞尔维亚共和国环境保护的法律框架- -其宪法和刑法方面;分析在诺维萨德上诉法院的领土管辖范围内侦查和证明这些刑事犯罪的实践中适用环境保护刑法规定的情况。对有关问题的专业和批判性分析产生了三个关键结果。首先,《塞尔维亚共和国宪法》承认享有健康环境的权利是一项基本人权,并为详细管理这一重要问题提供了良好的法律框架。第二,塞尔维亚共和国的刑事立法在很大程度上符合有关环境犯罪的国际法律标准,并为改善环境保护提供了良好的基础。第三,与许多其他受法律规制的生活领域一样,规章在实践中的适用落后于法律规制。最后,在解决环境犯罪的刑事案件方面必须采取多学科办法,高等法院应组成由法官、检察官和警官组成的专门小组,并训练他们更充分地处理这类案件。
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引用次数: 0
Green criminology 绿色的犯罪学
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/gakv94-41053
Máté Sivadó
As a science, criminology initially studied actions which violated the rules imposed by the criminal code, the perpetrators, and the victims of such acts. During its development, the subject of criminology was later expanded to include illegal acts not prescribed by the criminal code and the "perpetrators" of such acts, who, for whatever reason, cannot be held criminally responsible. In the 1980s, under the influence of environmental associations, the question of whether environmental protection could be an area of interest for criminology arose. Initial research into this subject encountered a problem related to the fact that environmental endangerment is most often caused by the actions of states and large companies, which are usually not sanctioned in any way. This worsens the quality of life and, in the worst-case scenario, makes a country unfit for life. As a result of contemplating this topic, green criminology was born, whose most important views I would like to present to you in this paper.
作为一门科学,犯罪学最初研究的是违反刑法规定的行为、肇事者和这种行为的受害者。在其发展过程中,犯罪学的主题后来扩大到包括刑法未规定的非法行为和这种行为的“肇事者”,他们无论出于何种原因都不能被追究刑事责任。20世纪80年代,在环境协会的影响下,出现了环境保护是否可以成为犯罪学感兴趣的领域的问题。对这一主题的初步研究遇到了一个问题,即环境危害通常是由国家和大公司的行为造成的,而这些行为通常没有得到任何形式的制裁。这使生活质量恶化,在最坏的情况下,使一个国家不适合生活。由于对这个话题的思考,绿色犯罪学诞生了,我想在本文中向你们介绍其最重要的观点。
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引用次数: 0
Criminal law instruments of environmental protection: Norms and practice of Montenegro 环境保护刑法文书:黑山的规范与实践
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/gakv94-41381
Jelena Đurišić
Montenegro is constitutionally declared as an ecological country, and it is committed to sustainable development with the preservation of a healthy environment, biodiversity, preservation and improvement of the quality of water, sea, air, soil, space, and other natural resources for generations to come. Today, the field related to the environment and its protection is regulated by a series of sector-specific laws. However, in accordance with the principle that criminal law is the ultima ratio for the protection of certain social values, and with its fragmentary character, protecting the environment through criminal law represents the last line of defense. In this sense, this paper pays special attention to the protection of the environment through criminal law in accordance with the legal solutions in the criminal legislation of Montenegro. Criminal acts that belong to the chapter on criminal offenses against the environment and spatial planning provide protection to the environment, that is, the right to a healthy environment. In this sense, through the provisions of the general and special parts of the Criminal Code of Montenegro, a critical analysis of certain criminal offenses that belong to the chapter on criminal offenses against the environment and spatial planning was conducted. In the paper, other important issues regarding the protection and preservation of the environment were addressed and critically analyzed, as well as the importance of the criminal law instruments of protection in this regard. At the very end, it is noted that although Montenegro harmonized its national criminal legislation in this field to the greatest extent in 2010 with European and international standards and practice, certain problems in the field of practical application still exist, while the expected results are absent.
黑山在宪法上被宣布为一个生态国家,它致力于可持续发展,为子孙后代维护健康的环境、生物多样性,维护和改善水、海洋、空气、土壤、空间和其他自然资源的质量。今天,与环境及其保护有关的领域受到一系列特定部门法律的管制。然而,根据刑法是保护某些社会价值的最后手段的原则,以及刑法的残缺不全的特点,通过刑法保护环境是最后一道防线。在这个意义上,本文特别关注通过刑法保护环境,并根据黑山刑事立法中的法律解决方案。属于危害环境和空间规划刑事犯罪一章的犯罪行为为环境提供了保护,即享有健康环境的权利。在这个意义上,通过黑山刑法的一般部分和特别部分的规定,对属于危害环境和空间规划的刑事犯罪一章的某些刑事犯罪进行了批判性分析。在该文件中,讨论并批判性地分析了有关保护和保存环境的其他重要问题,以及在这方面保护环境的刑法文书的重要性。最后指出,尽管黑山在2010年最大程度地使其在这一领域的国家刑事立法与欧洲和国际标准和实践协调一致,但在实际应用领域仍然存在某些问题,而预期的结果却没有出现。
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引用次数: 0
Uzajamna administrativna pomoć u poreskim pitanjima 税务方面所需的行政协助
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/gakv94-35216
A. Šumić
Predmet analize u radu jeste međudržavna administrativna saradnja u poreskim stvarima u cilju brže i efikasnije kooperacije u pogledu razmene dokumentacije, poreskih kontrola, naplate poreskih potraživanja, dostavljanja dokumentacije i unificiranog obima prava poreskih obveznika u državama potpisnicama u smislu Konvencije o uzajamnoj administrativnoj pomoći u poreskim stvarima. U fokusu rada jeste razrada odredbi, standard razmene podataka na zahtev i razmatranje okvira automatske razmene podataka u oblasti poreske međudržavne saradnje, koji je u razvijenijim državama već implementiran u nacionalno poresko zakonodavstvo i u faktičkoj upotrebi.
对这项工作进行分析的主题是税务事项的相互行政合作,以便在交换文件、税务控制、税务收费、文件以及根据《税务事项相互行政协助公约》签署国纳税人权利的统一范围方面进行更快、更有效的合作。工作重点是制定条款、按需标准数据交换以及审查税务合作领域的自动数据交换,这些条款已在发展中国家的国家税务立法和实际使用中实施。
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引用次数: 0
Citizens' awareness of the importance of environmental protection and prevention of environmental crime 公民对环境保护重要性的认识和环境犯罪的预防
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/gakv94-41382
Z. Pavlović
Ensuring the right to live in a healthy environment is not solely the explicit responsibility of the state and public authorities. It is also the individual responsibility of citizens who are holders of this right. Raising awareness about all aspects of environmental protection is the responsibility of each individual It is not just the responsibility of professionals and institutions to provide this right to current and future generations in equal measure. Legislation on environmental protection is harmonized to the greatest extent with international standards and represents a comprehensive system of protection that is constantly being improved upon, especially through instruments of criminal law and special and general prevention of environmental crimes.
确保在健康环境中生活的权利不仅仅是国家和公共当局的明确责任。这也是享有这项权利的公民的个人责任。提高对环境保护各方面的认识是每个人的责任,将这一权利平等地提供给当代人和子孙后代不仅仅是专业人员和机构的责任。环境保护立法在最大程度上与国际标准相协调,是一个全面的保护体系,特别是通过刑法文书以及环境犯罪的特殊和一般预防,这一体系正在不断得到完善。
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引用次数: 0
Protection of the environment against noise through misdemeanor law 通过轻罪法保护环境免受噪音侵害
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/gakv94-41383
M. Martić
Misdemeanors are often said to represent the gateway to criminal liability. From that point of view, the purpose of punishing someone for a misdemeanor becomes especially important in fields such as environmental protection, bearing in mind the irreversible, sometimes incalculable damage that can occur as a consequence of a criminal offense. By imposing liability for misdemeanors, further illegal activity and possibly more serious damage can be prevented. Environmental protection is regulated through a large number of laws and bylaws, with special emphasis on the implementation of the Law on Environmental Protection as a systemic law in this field. On the other hand, the analysis of the application of sector-specific laws, which regulate specific approaches to environmental protection in more detail, deserves attention precisely because of its specificity and a particular focus on certain forms of violations. Therefore, the focus of this paper is sector-specific protection of the environment against noise and research on how to apply regulations in practice.
轻罪通常被认为是刑事责任的开端。从这个角度来看,在环境保护等领域,考虑到刑事犯罪可能造成不可逆转的、有时是无法估量的损害,对轻罪进行惩罚的目的变得尤为重要。通过规定对轻罪的责任,可以防止进一步的非法活动和可能更严重的损害。环境保护通过大量的法律和规章制度进行规范,特别强调环境保护法作为该领域的系统法律的实施。另一方面,对具体部门法律适用情况的分析值得注意,因为这些法律更详细地规定了具体的环境保护办法,而且特别侧重于某些形式的违法行为。因此,本文的重点是针对特定行业的环境噪声保护,以及如何在实践中应用法规的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Značaj pravilne primene poreza na dodatu vrednost s aspekta poreskog dužnika za promet iz oblasti građevinarstva 建设领域税收主体增值税合理适用的意义
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/gakv94-35217
Tanja Djelkapić
U današnjem obliku društvenog i ekonomskog uređenja porezi su temelj javnih prihoda u svim državama i dominantan instrument za pokrivanje budžetskih rashoda. Od svih poreza u Republici Srbiji, najveći budžetski davalac je porez na dodatu vrednost. Cilj rada je da se prikaže značaj pravilne primene poreza na dodatu vrednost u strukturi javnih prihoda, odnosno važnost njegovog pravilnog obračuna s aspekta poreskog dužnika, kao i kakve sve posledice proizilaze iz nepravilne primene predmetnog poreza. S tim u vezi, na primeru obveznika PDV - poreskog dužnika, u okviru građevinske delatnosti, biće prikazan pravilan i nepravilan obračun poreza na dodatu vrednost i analizirane posledice po republički budžet i obveznike koji u tom prometu učestvuju.
今天的社会和经济税收管理是所有国家公共收入的基础,也是占主导地位的预算覆盖工具。Srbiji共和国,najveći budžetski davalac je porez na dodatu vrednost。这项工作的目的是展示在公共收入结构中正确应用增值税的重要性,正确的税收处理的重要性,以及在主题上不正常应用税收的所有后果。例如,在这方面,在建筑活动的框架内,增值税义务将显示对增加值的定期和不定期税收计算,并分析对公共预算和参与交通的委员会的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Criminal law instruments of the adequacy of environmental protection: The norm and praxis of Republika Srpska 环境保护适足性的刑法文书:斯普斯卡共和国的规范和实践
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5937/gakv94-41428
Milimir Govedarica
The questions that constitute the subject matter of this article are analyzed through three groups of questions and concluding remarks in which the basic findings reached in the professional-critical analysis of these questions are presented in the form of a summary. The first group of questions deals with general remarks about the environment and its adequate protection, specifically from two aspects (international law aspects and normative-practical aspects in Republika Srpska). The basic conclusion of the analysis of this group of questions is the necessity of ensuring (normative and practical) preconditions for the most adequate protection of the environment possible, and the instruments of criminal law (criminal legislature and its application) are among the crucial ones. The second group of questions is dedicated to the assumptions about the desired degree of adequacy of environmental protection (their notion and types). The basic conclusion of the analysis of this group of questions is that there are numerous assumptions about the desired degree of ensuring the adequacy of state reaction to ecological and other types of crime, whereby those that have the characteristics of criminal law deserve a special status. Bearing in mind precisely this significance of the norms of criminal law as instruments of environmental protection, the third group of questions is dedicated to the analysis (normative and practical) of the preconditions which determine the degree of adequacy of the instruments of criminal law for the protection of the environment. Viewed in isolation, these are the norm of criminal law; the adequacy of the application of the norms of criminal law; the efficiency of the procedure for discovering and demonstrating that ecological crimes were committed (the efficiency of the criminal procedure); efficient forfeiture of assets obtained through criminal activities belonging to this group of crimes. The basic conclusion of the analysis of this class of questions is that despite their diversity, these assumptions must be viewed through their shared properties. Only in cases when they are met simultaneously, both from the normative and from the practical aspect, is it possible to say that they are a function of the desired degree of adequacy of environmental protection, which is not yet the case with Republika Srpska, especially when it comes to their practical aspects.
构成本文主题的问题通过三组问题和结束语进行分析,其中对这些问题的专业批判性分析得出的基本发现以摘要的形式呈现。第一组问题涉及关于环境及其适当保护的一般性评论,特别是从两个方面(国际法方面和斯普斯卡共和国的规范-实际方面)。对这组问题的分析的基本结论是必须确保(规范和实际的)尽可能充分保护环境的先决条件,而刑法文书(刑事立法及其适用)是至关重要的文书之一。第二组问题是关于期望的环境保护适当程度的假设(它们的概念和类型)。对这组问题进行分析的基本结论是,关于确保国家对生态犯罪和其他类型犯罪作出适当反应的期望程度有许多假设,因此那些具有刑法特征的犯罪应享有特殊地位。正是考虑到作为环境保护工具的刑法规范的这种意义,第三组问题致力于分析(规范的和实际的)决定刑法文书在保护环境方面的适当程度的先决条件。孤立地看,这些都是刑法的规范;刑法规范适用的充分性;发现和证明生态犯罪的程序效率(刑事程序效率);有效没收通过属于这一类犯罪的犯罪活动获得的资产。分析这类问题的基本结论是,尽管这些假设各不相同,但必须通过它们的共同属性来看待它们。只有在从规范方面和从实际方面同时满足这些要求的情况下,才有可能说这些要求是环境保护适当程度的理想结果,而斯普斯卡共和国的情况还不是这样,特别是在实际方面。
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引用次数: 0
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Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine
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