Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-3-489-503
Victoriya V. Koshelenko, Dmitriy N. Krivorotov
The relevance of the chosen topic of the study is justified by a number of developments in the modern world economy: the rapid development of the global blue economy amid growing demand for products sourced from ocean resources; increasing attention to international environmental sustainability, especially at a time of transformation of traditional ocean industries; and underutilization of the potential of blue economy development in a number of regions, including Africa. The study aims to analyse the current state and prospects of the “blue economy” globally and in Africa, while also developing a stimulus plan for the most promising sectors of the blue economy on the continent. Despite progress between 2010 and 2022 in exploring the blue economy concept, there is a lack of scientific research on its development in specific regions and under international cooperation. This study addresses this research gap by analysing the global and African development of the blue economy. Barriers and challenges hindering the sustainable development of the blue economy have been identified, both globally and in Africa. The study identifies prospects and directions for sustainable development, which will depend on the dynamics of technology costs, particularly in Africa where timely resolution of issues is crucial. The author questions not only achieving sustainable growth but also expanding Africa’s role and significance in the global blue economy, and optimally harnessing the continent’s vast developmental potential, including its neighbouring islands. Research outcomes include a project for constructing offshore wind farms (OWFs) and recommendations to foster the blue economy in Africa. The analysis highlights the need for decisive political measures, cooperation, effective coordination, and the ratification of international documents to achieve sustainable development goals in Africa. The combination of these factors with technological advancements in the blue economy sectors presents an opportunity to alleviate national differences and contradictions.
{"title":"Global development of the “Blue Economy” and Africa’s place in it","authors":"Victoriya V. Koshelenko, Dmitriy N. Krivorotov","doi":"10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-3-489-503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-3-489-503","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of the chosen topic of the study is justified by a number of developments in the modern world economy: the rapid development of the global blue economy amid growing demand for products sourced from ocean resources; increasing attention to international environmental sustainability, especially at a time of transformation of traditional ocean industries; and underutilization of the potential of blue economy development in a number of regions, including Africa. The study aims to analyse the current state and prospects of the “blue economy” globally and in Africa, while also developing a stimulus plan for the most promising sectors of the blue economy on the continent. Despite progress between 2010 and 2022 in exploring the blue economy concept, there is a lack of scientific research on its development in specific regions and under international cooperation. This study addresses this research gap by analysing the global and African development of the blue economy. Barriers and challenges hindering the sustainable development of the blue economy have been identified, both globally and in Africa. The study identifies prospects and directions for sustainable development, which will depend on the dynamics of technology costs, particularly in Africa where timely resolution of issues is crucial. The author questions not only achieving sustainable growth but also expanding Africa’s role and significance in the global blue economy, and optimally harnessing the continent’s vast developmental potential, including its neighbouring islands. Research outcomes include a project for constructing offshore wind farms (OWFs) and recommendations to foster the blue economy in Africa. The analysis highlights the need for decisive political measures, cooperation, effective coordination, and the ratification of international documents to achieve sustainable development goals in Africa. The combination of these factors with technological advancements in the blue economy sectors presents an opportunity to alleviate national differences and contradictions.","PeriodicalId":53005,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Economics","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136345925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-3-460-475
Elena A. Yakimovich
Against the background of a global decline in food security over the past three to four years, China, remaining the world’s largest food importer, has made notable progress in improving its food security. China’s food security transformation has greatly improved not only the availability but also the affordability of food, as well as the sustainability of the Chinese food system. The increase in agricultural production, including grain production in China, indicates a transition from an extensive development model with high resource dependence to a sustainable intensification model. As a result of rapid economic and social development, the food pattern has changed based on high value foods such as meat, dairy products, fish and fish products. However, there are a number of serious problems in China’s food system. China has insufficient self-sufficiency and high import dependence on a number of food products. New to China’s nutritional challenges are the overweight part of the population and the resulting increasing burden on the health care system. In addition, China’s food losses exceed those of developed countries. The changes that the world economy is undergoing, the influence of non-market factors such as ideology, geopolitics and challenges to the multilateral trade and investment system, can seriously disrupt the global agricultural market and reduce the food security of China, which is heavily dependent on foreign food trade. The transformation of China’s food system is aimed at preventing and eliminating the risks of disruption of food imports, diversifying import sources, reducing the cost of agricultural products through scientific and technological progress and increasing investment in infrastructure, the transition of Chinese agriculture from a strategy of increasing production to improving the quality of products and its security.
{"title":"China’s food problem: Issues of system transformation and security in a crisis","authors":"Elena A. Yakimovich","doi":"10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-3-460-475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-3-460-475","url":null,"abstract":"Against the background of a global decline in food security over the past three to four years, China, remaining the world’s largest food importer, has made notable progress in improving its food security. China’s food security transformation has greatly improved not only the availability but also the affordability of food, as well as the sustainability of the Chinese food system. The increase in agricultural production, including grain production in China, indicates a transition from an extensive development model with high resource dependence to a sustainable intensification model. As a result of rapid economic and social development, the food pattern has changed based on high value foods such as meat, dairy products, fish and fish products. However, there are a number of serious problems in China’s food system. China has insufficient self-sufficiency and high import dependence on a number of food products. New to China’s nutritional challenges are the overweight part of the population and the resulting increasing burden on the health care system. In addition, China’s food losses exceed those of developed countries. The changes that the world economy is undergoing, the influence of non-market factors such as ideology, geopolitics and challenges to the multilateral trade and investment system, can seriously disrupt the global agricultural market and reduce the food security of China, which is heavily dependent on foreign food trade. The transformation of China’s food system is aimed at preventing and eliminating the risks of disruption of food imports, diversifying import sources, reducing the cost of agricultural products through scientific and technological progress and increasing investment in infrastructure, the transition of Chinese agriculture from a strategy of increasing production to improving the quality of products and its security.","PeriodicalId":53005,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Economics","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136345926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-1-91-106
E. Yakimovich
The research shows the change in the concept of food security from the Malthusian approach to its modern interpretation, based on four aspects of food security - availability, access, use and stability. It is shown that the growing problems with all forms of food security in the world are due not only to the growing number of conflicts, extreme weather events and economic shocks, but also to the increasing spread of inequality, which reduces the chances of achieving food security in the long term. It is substantiated that the four-component approach to the interpretation of food security does not cover the entire range of aspects that are important for its provision. The concept of freedom of action for food security, or the concept of food sovereignty, which emphasizes the right of peoples to determine their own food systems to secure their own livelihoods and access to culturally acceptable food, is a necessary condition for food security. It is concluded that the inclusion in the concept of a wider number of aspects, including subjectivity, such as independence in decision-making regarding one’s own food security or food sovereignty and sustainability of food security in the long term will contribute to rethinking current strategies and practices in the field of food security.
{"title":"Transforming interpretations of food security","authors":"E. Yakimovich","doi":"10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-1-91-106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-1-91-106","url":null,"abstract":"The research shows the change in the concept of food security from the Malthusian approach to its modern interpretation, based on four aspects of food security - availability, access, use and stability. It is shown that the growing problems with all forms of food security in the world are due not only to the growing number of conflicts, extreme weather events and economic shocks, but also to the increasing spread of inequality, which reduces the chances of achieving food security in the long term. It is substantiated that the four-component approach to the interpretation of food security does not cover the entire range of aspects that are important for its provision. The concept of freedom of action for food security, or the concept of food sovereignty, which emphasizes the right of peoples to determine their own food systems to secure their own livelihoods and access to culturally acceptable food, is a necessary condition for food security. It is concluded that the inclusion in the concept of a wider number of aspects, including subjectivity, such as independence in decision-making regarding one’s own food security or food sovereignty and sustainability of food security in the long term will contribute to rethinking current strategies and practices in the field of food security.","PeriodicalId":53005,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68280946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-1-159-169
A. Artemyev, E. Sidorova, N. Lasloom
Modern tax systems are characterized with the need for an economically justified and legally correct determination of the tax consequences of operations carried out in the context of the use of complex ambiguous models of contractual relations (business models). Taxation when using such models, as a rule, is accompanied by the need to conduct an analysis aimed at clarifying the essential economically justified reason of either the business model as a whole, or individual elements of the operations carried out, for example, the essence of certain payments made by the taxpayer or in his favor. The results of the preliminary analysis showed that one of the most relevant areas of research in this area is a set of issues related to the methodology for determining the customs value of goods as a basis for calculating customs duties. In some countries, it is one of the components of the tax base for value added tax and excise taxes paid as part of customs payments. At the same time, the study of both Russian and international experience shows the special significance of the scientific development of two directions in this area, namely: formation of methodological approaches to the concept of an actual buyer of goods, the customs value of which is determined; qualification based on the actual economically justified reason of individual payments, including those that are not formally included in the customs value of goods based on the principles formulated by the World Trade Organization. As part of the scientific development of the above questions, the results of which are presented in the article, the following research methods were used: analytical, graphic, generalization and economic modeling.
{"title":"Methodological problems of determining the customs value based on the real economic meaning of transnational companies’ operations","authors":"A. Artemyev, E. Sidorova, N. Lasloom","doi":"10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-1-159-169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-1-159-169","url":null,"abstract":"Modern tax systems are characterized with the need for an economically justified and legally correct determination of the tax consequences of operations carried out in the context of the use of complex ambiguous models of contractual relations (business models). Taxation when using such models, as a rule, is accompanied by the need to conduct an analysis aimed at clarifying the essential economically justified reason of either the business model as a whole, or individual elements of the operations carried out, for example, the essence of certain payments made by the taxpayer or in his favor. The results of the preliminary analysis showed that one of the most relevant areas of research in this area is a set of issues related to the methodology for determining the customs value of goods as a basis for calculating customs duties. In some countries, it is one of the components of the tax base for value added tax and excise taxes paid as part of customs payments. At the same time, the study of both Russian and international experience shows the special significance of the scientific development of two directions in this area, namely: formation of methodological approaches to the concept of an actual buyer of goods, the customs value of which is determined; qualification based on the actual economically justified reason of individual payments, including those that are not formally included in the customs value of goods based on the principles formulated by the World Trade Organization. As part of the scientific development of the above questions, the results of which are presented in the article, the following research methods were used: analytical, graphic, generalization and economic modeling.","PeriodicalId":53005,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68280500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-1-74-90
Contract manufacturing is gaining momentum in the pharmaceutical industry. Many pharmaceutical companies that do not have enough time and financial resources to build a fullfledged drug development chain transfer some or all phases of development and production to outsourcing. Today, many even large pharmaceutical companies transfer production to developing countries on a contract basis in order to reduce costs. However, despite a number of advantages of outsourcing, it is worth considering the rather significant barriers to the organization of contract manufacturing of medicines in developing countries. The article discusses the main difficulties in organizing contract manufacturing, primarily on examples from other science-intensive and capital-intensive industries. The study shows the similarity of the difficulties that arise when transferring this practice to the pharmaceutical industry. It is also emphasized that in the world of pharmaceuticals there is a growing trend towards the use of generic drugs. One of the undeniable advantages of their production is their economic availability compared to the originals, however, it imposes increased requirements on the contract manufacturer due to the importance of not deviating too far from the original recipe. The research revealed that countries such as China, India and Japan occupy significant shares of the pharmaceutical contract manufacturing market, including generics - primarily due to various combinations of low labor costs, capital and overhead costs (compared to the United States and Europe), tax incentives and, as a result, underestimated production costs. This circumstance is extremely important for the current situation in the pharmaceutical industry in Russia, which must simultaneously make up for the dropped import volumes of finished drugs, and at the same time speed up the stalled import substitution of a number of the most critical products. As a result and purpose of the study, it is possible to identify the identified barriers to speeding up the organization of pharmaceutical contract manufacturing of drugs necessary for the domestic market, to take them into account in the process of developing appropriate government measures.
{"title":"Key problems of the foreign medicines contract production organization in developing countries","authors":"","doi":"10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-1-74-90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-1-74-90","url":null,"abstract":"Contract manufacturing is gaining momentum in the pharmaceutical industry. Many pharmaceutical companies that do not have enough time and financial resources to build a fullfledged drug development chain transfer some or all phases of development and production to outsourcing. Today, many even large pharmaceutical companies transfer production to developing countries on a contract basis in order to reduce costs. However, despite a number of advantages of outsourcing, it is worth considering the rather significant barriers to the organization of contract manufacturing of medicines in developing countries. The article discusses the main difficulties in organizing contract manufacturing, primarily on examples from other science-intensive and capital-intensive industries. The study shows the similarity of the difficulties that arise when transferring this practice to the pharmaceutical industry. It is also emphasized that in the world of pharmaceuticals there is a growing trend towards the use of generic drugs. One of the undeniable advantages of their production is their economic availability compared to the originals, however, it imposes increased requirements on the contract manufacturer due to the importance of not deviating too far from the original recipe. The research revealed that countries such as China, India and Japan occupy significant shares of the pharmaceutical contract manufacturing market, including generics - primarily due to various combinations of low labor costs, capital and overhead costs (compared to the United States and Europe), tax incentives and, as a result, underestimated production costs. This circumstance is extremely important for the current situation in the pharmaceutical industry in Russia, which must simultaneously make up for the dropped import volumes of finished drugs, and at the same time speed up the stalled import substitution of a number of the most critical products. As a result and purpose of the study, it is possible to identify the identified barriers to speeding up the organization of pharmaceutical contract manufacturing of drugs necessary for the domestic market, to take them into account in the process of developing appropriate government measures.","PeriodicalId":53005,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68280890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-2-211-220
Y. Kostyukhin, E. Sidorova, D. Lebedeva
Transitioning to a new model of economic growth during economic transformation and sanctions risks is challenging. Such change requires effective decisionmaking and management of strategic business zone portfolios and evaluating proposed organizational pivots. This article discusses the internal and external impacts of possible risks on metallurgical enterprise activities. Based on the data obtained, we identify possible threats that need to be integrated into new enterprise strategy. Drawing upon this data, this study proposes a strategic organizational pyramid that divides the company’s development strategy into four levels of impact: corporate, financial, functional and operational. These levels emphasize the degree of risk impact and aim to improve the strategy at all levels. The study assesses the potential of the phases of the life cycles of the enterprise. Finally, we compile the design indicators of the economic efficiency of the proposed strategies to increase the value of the company in the face of new risks.
{"title":"A model of economic stability for metallurgical companies under conditions of economic transformation and sanction risk","authors":"Y. Kostyukhin, E. Sidorova, D. Lebedeva","doi":"10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-2-211-220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-2-211-220","url":null,"abstract":"Transitioning to a new model of economic growth during economic transformation and sanctions risks is challenging. Such change requires effective decisionmaking and management of strategic business zone portfolios and evaluating proposed organizational pivots. This article discusses the internal and external impacts of possible risks on metallurgical enterprise activities. Based on the data obtained, we identify possible threats that need to be integrated into new enterprise strategy. Drawing upon this data, this study proposes a strategic organizational pyramid that divides the company’s development strategy into four levels of impact: corporate, financial, functional and operational. These levels emphasize the degree of risk impact and aim to improve the strategy at all levels. The study assesses the potential of the phases of the life cycles of the enterprise. Finally, we compile the design indicators of the economic efficiency of the proposed strategies to increase the value of the company in the face of new risks.","PeriodicalId":53005,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68281128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-2-350-369
V. Naumov, E. Zhiryaeva
The purpose of the study is to assess the risks of economic modernization caused by technological sanctions. Hypothesis: the imposed sanctions had little effect on actual imports of computer hardware components to Russia. Since the sanctions under consideration have been tightened since 2014, it was assumed that there were no fundamental changes in the structure and volume of imports. Analysis of the US export control system showed that there are four reasons for controlling the export to the Russian Federation of a number of computers and their components. For export to the Russian Federation and Belarus all applications for licenses are considered with a presumption of denial. The embargo policy provides for the restriction of exports to Russia of goods of headings 8541 (semiconductor devices) and 8542 (electronic integrated circuits). Enterprises that are considered military end users are restricted from exporting to them chips with high processing speed. The embargo covers quantum computers that are believed not to be manufactured in Russia. The dominant subheadings in the import structure are 8542 31 (microprocessors) and 8542 39 (other integrated circuits). Clusters of exporting countries have been constructed using the methods of principal components and multidimensional scaling. It is established that the main ones are China, Taiwan, Vietnam and Malaysia. Next, an analysis of the dynamics of imports was performed to test the hypothesis. Graphical, quantitative methods of the theory of time series, methods of mathematical statistics and regression analysis are used. For countries without export controls the increase in imports to Russia over 15 years, both in terms of processors (160 %) and integrated circuits (224 %), was an order of magnitude greater than for countries with export controls. As the share of imports from countries without export controls increases, the significance of sanctions decreases, which confirms the formulated hypothesis. At the same time, the “foreign direct product” rule, which allows the US to control exports from Taiwan, could negatively affect this dynamic.
{"title":"Assessing the impact of technological sanctions on computer equipment imports","authors":"V. Naumov, E. Zhiryaeva","doi":"10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-2-350-369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-2-350-369","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study is to assess the risks of economic modernization caused by technological sanctions. Hypothesis: the imposed sanctions had little effect on actual imports of computer hardware components to Russia. Since the sanctions under consideration have been tightened since 2014, it was assumed that there were no fundamental changes in the structure and volume of imports. Analysis of the US export control system showed that there are four reasons for controlling the export to the Russian Federation of a number of computers and their components. For export to the Russian Federation and Belarus all applications for licenses are considered with a presumption of denial. The embargo policy provides for the restriction of exports to Russia of goods of headings 8541 (semiconductor devices) and 8542 (electronic integrated circuits). Enterprises that are considered military end users are restricted from exporting to them chips with high processing speed. The embargo covers quantum computers that are believed not to be manufactured in Russia. The dominant subheadings in the import structure are 8542 31 (microprocessors) and 8542 39 (other integrated circuits). Clusters of exporting countries have been constructed using the methods of principal components and multidimensional scaling. It is established that the main ones are China, Taiwan, Vietnam and Malaysia. Next, an analysis of the dynamics of imports was performed to test the hypothesis. Graphical, quantitative methods of the theory of time series, methods of mathematical statistics and regression analysis are used. For countries without export controls the increase in imports to Russia over 15 years, both in terms of processors (160 %) and integrated circuits (224 %), was an order of magnitude greater than for countries with export controls. As the share of imports from countries without export controls increases, the significance of sanctions decreases, which confirms the formulated hypothesis. At the same time, the “foreign direct product” rule, which allows the US to control exports from Taiwan, could negatively affect this dynamic.","PeriodicalId":53005,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68281377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-1-30-48
N. Allayarova, B. I. Ketsba
The new “driving force” of the liberalization of the conditions for the functioning of the gas sector associated with demonopolization and the formation of an effective structure of the domestic gas market with a high level of competition and fair principles of the organization of natural gas trade for Russian consumers are the ongoing changes in the economic situation in the global energy market. Against the background of the expected decline in pipeline gas exports to Europe (the volume of decline may amount to 100 billion cubic meters in the medium term) it is important to focus efforts on the development of the domestic gas market, since the task in these conditions is more urgent than ever. First of all, to accelerate the transition to market pricing mechanisms (except for the population) using indicative prices on the stock exchange and within the framework of inter-fuel competition. Currently, gas prices in the domestic market are subsidized by exports, which, as mentioned above, is going to decrease, which in turn will lead to a decrease in such subsidies, and accordingly, there will be a need for higher rates of price growth in the domestic market. The importance of further development of gas exchange trading in Russia is emphasized on various government platforms. The main guidelines for improving the exchange mechanisms for the sale of natural gas are contained in the “National Plan (Roadmap) for the development of competition in the Russian Federation for 2021-2025”. It should be noted that the development of gas exchange trading should take place by increasing the economic attractiveness for participants, creating favorable economically conditioned prerequisites for an equal supply of gas to the exchange for all sellers, as well as developing an appropriate regulatory framework.
{"title":"Defining trends in the evolution of the Russian gas market","authors":"N. Allayarova, B. I. Ketsba","doi":"10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-1-30-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-1-30-48","url":null,"abstract":"The new “driving force” of the liberalization of the conditions for the functioning of the gas sector associated with demonopolization and the formation of an effective structure of the domestic gas market with a high level of competition and fair principles of the organization of natural gas trade for Russian consumers are the ongoing changes in the economic situation in the global energy market. Against the background of the expected decline in pipeline gas exports to Europe (the volume of decline may amount to 100 billion cubic meters in the medium term) it is important to focus efforts on the development of the domestic gas market, since the task in these conditions is more urgent than ever. First of all, to accelerate the transition to market pricing mechanisms (except for the population) using indicative prices on the stock exchange and within the framework of inter-fuel competition. Currently, gas prices in the domestic market are subsidized by exports, which, as mentioned above, is going to decrease, which in turn will lead to a decrease in such subsidies, and accordingly, there will be a need for higher rates of price growth in the domestic market. The importance of further development of gas exchange trading in Russia is emphasized on various government platforms. The main guidelines for improving the exchange mechanisms for the sale of natural gas are contained in the “National Plan (Roadmap) for the development of competition in the Russian Federation for 2021-2025”. It should be noted that the development of gas exchange trading should take place by increasing the economic attractiveness for participants, creating favorable economically conditioned prerequisites for an equal supply of gas to the exchange for all sellers, as well as developing an appropriate regulatory framework.","PeriodicalId":53005,"journal":{"name":"RUDN Journal of Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68280245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-2-253-267
A. Tinkova, O. Digilina, Yamen Alkanj Alabseh
The issues of the relevance of foreign trade cooperation between Russia and Syria, including the opportunities and risks of the Syrian economy for partners; the current state of bilateral trade between Russia and Syria; Syria as a promising direction for the Russian export business and the need for its development are considered. The authors analyzed the foreign trade potential of the dynamics and structure of foreign trade relations, identified comparative advantages in the world commodity markets, determined the place and role of bilateral foreign trade partnership. Russia is one of the key export markets for Syrian agricultural products, whose price competitiveness is supported by zero preferential duties within the framework of the unified system of preferences of the Eurasian Economic Union. In the course of the study, the authors identified the volume of unrealized export potential of Syria to the EAEU countries and vice versa, including in the structure of goods. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop trade relations on a bilateral basis with the help of instruments aimed at raising awareness of consumer demand and supply of national producers, as well as through “soft power” instruments in the field of education. It seems that Syria’s obtaining observer status in the EAEU will become an incentive to strengthen trust relations and investment attractiveness, which, in turn, will become the basis for joint work on infrastructure cross-border logistics projects in Syria (the Five Seas Strategy) and will reduce costs for increasing mutually beneficial bilateral trade. The study contains theoretical and statistical justification, as well as practical proposals for the development of friendly relations and strategic partnership with the Syrian Arab Republic in the context of the development of integration processes of the Eurasian Economic Union.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-2-330-349
Viktor V. Kovelsky, E. P. Rostova
The research is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of public funding of innovative universities of the Russian Federation that participated in the 5-100 project and have the status of national research universities. Analysis of the spending of taxpayers’ money has always been one of the important elements of federal accounting and control of any state. The 5-100 project itself was an important milestone in the development of Russian universities and in increasing their competitiveness in the international market. Of course, like any significant project with significant funding, “5-100” in all the years of its existence caused a variety of emotions, from complete delight to complete rejection. One of the elements of negative rhetoric was the investment of federal funds for the development of the scientific research of universities. However, during numerous inspections, no significant violations were identified, and the results of the project were found to be satisfactory. At the same time, the authors of this article were interested in exploring the deeper layers of the 5-100 project the relationship between the territorial components and a number of important indicators, such as, for example, publication activity, income from scientific research and a number of others. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the heterogeneity of the ratio of RD results and the volume of budget financing of universities was revealed, and the influence of the territorial factor on the studied indicators was shown. Based on the analysis of eight indicators characterizing the publication activity of university employees and the volume of RD funding, the universities considered in the study are divided into three clusters without considering the territorial feature. The analysis made it possible, among other things, to identify the uneven distribution of budgetary funding for RD. The authors explain this effect by the territorial features of universities, when regional universities receive less funding compared to universities in the Central Federal District and the North-West Federal District. At the same time, not all universities of the Central Federal District and the North-West Federal District are distinguished by a high number of publications in domestic and foreign information and analytical systems of scientific citation. Yet, even with the distribution of funds, which could be more efficient, the significance of the 5-100 project for the development of the higher education system is still great and the current most important projects of the Ministry of Education and Science, such as Priority 2030, continue the best that was in project “5-100”.
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