Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esmy.01.2022.32.39
M. C. Wilson, Theophilus Amo Asumah, Joshua Tetteh Emmaham, Kingsley Kwame Asante
This study petrologically and mechanically assesses and compares five of the seven stratigraphic units of the Sekondi Group comprising Elmina sandstone from Central region; Ajoa, Takoradi, Takoradi Harbour and Essipong shales from the Western region in Ghana. All the studied shales were detrital clastic sedimentary rocks observed to have angular, near rounded and elongated crystal habits which are randomly distributed within fine-grained clay minerals as cementing matrix. These characters were clearly observed in the Ajua shales than the others. Unlike the shales, no chlorite, organic materials or foliations were observed in the Elmina sandstone. Also, the most consisted minerals in the shales were the feldspars (K- and plagioclase) and quartz, whereby the K-feldspar dominated the other crystals in the sandstone. The finer texture of the shales may be inferred that the shales have undergone longer times and distances of transportation process. The UCS test carried out on the Elmina sandstone reveals it to be a weak rock with a strength value of 37.3 MPa whilst the Schmidt Hammer test carried out on the four shale rock samples define the shales to be delaminated with the average rebound value of zero (0) each. Both results confirm the megascopic and microscopic petrological results, since both revealed the occurrences of laminated sections within the rocks, and the fissile property of all the shales. It also proves megascopic observation of Elmina sandstone being the hardest of the rocks observed, although the sandstone is still relatively weak from the rock hardness classification.
{"title":"COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF SOME OF THE ROCKS IN THE SEKONDIAN SERIES – IMPLICATIONS FOR PETRO-MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF THE ROCKS","authors":"M. C. Wilson, Theophilus Amo Asumah, Joshua Tetteh Emmaham, Kingsley Kwame Asante","doi":"10.26480/esmy.01.2022.32.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esmy.01.2022.32.39","url":null,"abstract":"This study petrologically and mechanically assesses and compares five of the seven stratigraphic units of the Sekondi Group comprising Elmina sandstone from Central region; Ajoa, Takoradi, Takoradi Harbour and Essipong shales from the Western region in Ghana. All the studied shales were detrital clastic sedimentary rocks observed to have angular, near rounded and elongated crystal habits which are randomly distributed within fine-grained clay minerals as cementing matrix. These characters were clearly observed in the Ajua shales than the others. Unlike the shales, no chlorite, organic materials or foliations were observed in the Elmina sandstone. Also, the most consisted minerals in the shales were the feldspars (K- and plagioclase) and quartz, whereby the K-feldspar dominated the other crystals in the sandstone. The finer texture of the shales may be inferred that the shales have undergone longer times and distances of transportation process. The UCS test carried out on the Elmina sandstone reveals it to be a weak rock with a strength value of 37.3 MPa whilst the Schmidt Hammer test carried out on the four shale rock samples define the shales to be delaminated with the average rebound value of zero (0) each. Both results confirm the megascopic and microscopic petrological results, since both revealed the occurrences of laminated sections within the rocks, and the fissile property of all the shales. It also proves megascopic observation of Elmina sandstone being the hardest of the rocks observed, although the sandstone is still relatively weak from the rock hardness classification.","PeriodicalId":53062,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esmy.01.2022.66.75
Ilugbo Stephen Olubusola, Bawallah Musa Adesola, C. A. Oyelami, Adedapo Johnson Olumide, A. Babatunde A., Raji Idowu
A statistic is found useful in many applications of science where data and analysis are used for illustration and description for better understanding and justification of the data sets. Therefore in an attempt to achieve a better understanding and illustration of the dynamics of foundation integrity and vulnerability of failure, which often remain a major challenge to mankind, especially in Nigeria where foundation failures remain a major concern to both the Government and citizen. In this present study, a statistical approach was carried out on the Geophysical parameters in Issele-Mkitim area, South South Nigeria, to evaluate the dynamic factors that affect foundation integrity and vulnerability of subsurface lithologies. Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM), Magnetic, and Electrical Resistivity Methods were used in this study. The Electrical Resistivity Method involved Lateral Horizontal Profiling (LRP) utilizing Wenner configuration. The three (3) methods correlated in terms of statistical prediction and understanding of the geologic dynamics natured associated with foundation failure and integrity. It was deduced that profiles one to six has high tendency of weak geological material which can easily lead to subsidence if any engineering construction is erected on it. However, proper consideration must be put in place to avoid future differential settlements. All the methods give useful information about the dynamics of the geological trends from the preliminary data analysis and interpretations, and a better understanding of the geodynamics nature of the soil as well as the region of a weak and competent zone in terms of engineering constructions.
{"title":"APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE DYNAMICS OF FOUNDATION STUDIES USING GEOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS IN A TYPICAL SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT, SOUTH SOUTH NIGERIA","authors":"Ilugbo Stephen Olubusola, Bawallah Musa Adesola, C. A. Oyelami, Adedapo Johnson Olumide, A. Babatunde A., Raji Idowu","doi":"10.26480/esmy.01.2022.66.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esmy.01.2022.66.75","url":null,"abstract":"A statistic is found useful in many applications of science where data and analysis are used for illustration and description for better understanding and justification of the data sets. Therefore in an attempt to achieve a better understanding and illustration of the dynamics of foundation integrity and vulnerability of failure, which often remain a major challenge to mankind, especially in Nigeria where foundation failures remain a major concern to both the Government and citizen. In this present study, a statistical approach was carried out on the Geophysical parameters in Issele-Mkitim area, South South Nigeria, to evaluate the dynamic factors that affect foundation integrity and vulnerability of subsurface lithologies. Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM), Magnetic, and Electrical Resistivity Methods were used in this study. The Electrical Resistivity Method involved Lateral Horizontal Profiling (LRP) utilizing Wenner configuration. The three (3) methods correlated in terms of statistical prediction and understanding of the geologic dynamics natured associated with foundation failure and integrity. It was deduced that profiles one to six has high tendency of weak geological material which can easily lead to subsidence if any engineering construction is erected on it. However, proper consideration must be put in place to avoid future differential settlements. All the methods give useful information about the dynamics of the geological trends from the preliminary data analysis and interpretations, and a better understanding of the geodynamics nature of the soil as well as the region of a weak and competent zone in terms of engineering constructions.","PeriodicalId":53062,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esmy.01.2022.56.65
Benjamin S Udota, B. Amechi, O. Horsfall
The study was aimed to investigate the intrusion of saline water in some selected areas of Rivers State Nigeria. The objectives of the present study were summarized by the use of electrical resistivity signatures of the area’s subsurface to study the occurrence of Saltwater-freshwater interface, determining the depth and thickness of different subsurface layers for groundwater exploitation and delineate saline-water intruded sands in the study area using the borehole geophysical logging tool. The study scoped at producing geologic maps of the study area to gather information concerning the geomorphologic features, application of the electrical resistivity method (VES) to obtain necessary data to investigate the occurrence of seawater intrusion by determining the resistivity, depth and thickness of the various lithologic layers and delineating saline-water intruded sands in the study area by exploring the potential of borehole geophysical logging tool. A total of 11 geoelectric (VES) surveys and four (4) downhole logging was carried out in selected locations within the River State Metropolis to investigate the saline water intrusion in the area. The obtained results reveal that from the Electrical resistivity sounding, the predominant lithologies in the area includes clay, clayey sand, coarse sand, consolidated sand, gravelly sand, consolidated gravel sand, gravelly sand, silty sand, freshwater bearing sand and saltwater bearing sand. Geoelectric layers identified across the area ranged from 3 to 6 layers. Resistivity ranged from 29.60 to 364058.00 Ohm.m for lithologic units, 113 to 181 Ohm.m for freshwater sands and 0.11 to 28.50 Ohm.m for saline water sands. Resistivity field type curves recognized included; H, QQ, AA, KHA, QH, HKH, QQHK, A, HK, KHK and KQH depicting the heterogenous nature of soils in the area. Six of eleven VES points encountered salt water at varying depths and include; Ogonokom, Eagle Island, Okirika, Assarama, Ikuru and Opobo sounding points. Thickness of the saline sandy layers ranged 3.10 m to 71.48 m. Downhole logging (SP and Resistivity) conducted in four coastal communities of the study area revealed four lithologic units which includes clay, clayey sand, coarse sand and saline water bearing sand. Saline zones were identified as having negative SP values and low resistivities. Clay were mapped as areas having positive SP values and low resistivities. The thickness of the saline zones ranged from 16 to 74 m. The largest saline layer thickness was obtained at Bonny. This study has shown that boreholes in Bille and Bonny communities exceeding depths of 15 m are likely to encounter salt water. The saltwater intrusion is predominantly concentrated around the southern part of the study area around Bonny and Opobo communities. The presence of Opobo River, Bonny River and a suite of creeks which are open to the Atlantic Ocean area responsible for the salt intrusion into these coastal boreholes. The outcome of the study yielded
这项研究的目的是调查尼日利亚河流州一些选定地区的盐水入侵情况。利用该区地下电阻率特征研究咸水-淡水界面产状，确定地下水开采不同地下层的深度和厚度，利用井眼物探测井工具圈定研究区内咸水侵入砂体，总结了本研究的目的。研究范围包括:制作研究区地质图，收集研究区地貌特征信息;应用电阻率法(VES)，通过测定各岩性层的电阻率、深度和厚度，获得研究区海水侵入发生的必要数据;利用井眼物探仪器勘探潜力，圈定研究区盐水侵入砂体。在River State Metropolis的选定地点，共进行了11次地电(VES)调查和4次井下测井，以调查该地区的盐水入侵情况。电阻率测深结果表明，本区主要岩性为粘土、黏性砂、粗砂、固结砂、砾石砂、固结砾石砂、砾石砂、粉砂、淡水砂和咸水砂。整个地区确定的地电层从3层到6层不等。电阻率范围为29.60至364058.00欧姆。m为岩性单位，113 ~ 181欧姆。m为淡水砂，0.11至28.50欧姆。M代表咸水砂。包括已识别的电阻率场型曲线;H, QQ, AA, KHA, QH, HKH, QQHK, A, HK, KHK和KQH描述了该地区土壤的异质性。11个测点中有6个在不同深度遇到了盐水，包括;Ogonokom, Eagle Island, Okirika, Assarama, Ikuru和Opobo测深点。盐砂层厚度为3.10 ~ 71.48 m。通过对研究区4个沿海群落的SP和电阻率测井，发现了粘土、粘土砂、粗砂和含盐含水砂4种岩性单元。盐渍带被确定为具有负SP值和低电阻率。粘土被标为具有正SP值和低电阻率的区域。盐渍带的厚度在16 ~ 74 m之间。在Bonny获得了最大的盐层厚度。这项研究表明，Bille和Bonny社区的钻孔深度超过15米，很可能会遇到盐水。盐水入侵主要集中在研究区南部Bonny和Opobo社区附近。Opobo河、Bonny河和一组向大西洋地区开放的小溪的存在导致了盐侵入这些沿海钻孔。研究结果表明，邦尼、奥波波和比尔社区遇到盐水的钻孔在进行盐水入侵处理之前，应阻止其进一步使用，政府应制定水资源开发计划，并强制布古马、德格马、Abonnema和NLNG来防止盐水入侵，因为这些社区最容易受到该地区淡水过度开采造成的盐水入侵的影响。
{"title":"NVESTIGATION OF SALINE WATER INTRUSION IN SELECTED COASTAL AREA OF RIVERS STATE, SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA","authors":"Benjamin S Udota, B. Amechi, O. Horsfall","doi":"10.26480/esmy.01.2022.56.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esmy.01.2022.56.65","url":null,"abstract":"The study was aimed to investigate the intrusion of saline water in some selected areas of Rivers State Nigeria. The objectives of the present study were summarized by the use of electrical resistivity signatures of the area’s subsurface to study the occurrence of Saltwater-freshwater interface, determining the depth and thickness of different subsurface layers for groundwater exploitation and delineate saline-water intruded sands in the study area using the borehole geophysical logging tool. The study scoped at producing geologic maps of the study area to gather information concerning the geomorphologic features, application of the electrical resistivity method (VES) to obtain necessary data to investigate the occurrence of seawater intrusion by determining the resistivity, depth and thickness of the various lithologic layers and delineating saline-water intruded sands in the study area by exploring the potential of borehole geophysical logging tool. A total of 11 geoelectric (VES) surveys and four (4) downhole logging was carried out in selected locations within the River State Metropolis to investigate the saline water intrusion in the area. The obtained results reveal that from the Electrical resistivity sounding, the predominant lithologies in the area includes clay, clayey sand, coarse sand, consolidated sand, gravelly sand, consolidated gravel sand, gravelly sand, silty sand, freshwater bearing sand and saltwater bearing sand. Geoelectric layers identified across the area ranged from 3 to 6 layers. Resistivity ranged from 29.60 to 364058.00 Ohm.m for lithologic units, 113 to 181 Ohm.m for freshwater sands and 0.11 to 28.50 Ohm.m for saline water sands. Resistivity field type curves recognized included; H, QQ, AA, KHA, QH, HKH, QQHK, A, HK, KHK and KQH depicting the heterogenous nature of soils in the area. Six of eleven VES points encountered salt water at varying depths and include; Ogonokom, Eagle Island, Okirika, Assarama, Ikuru and Opobo sounding points. Thickness of the saline sandy layers ranged 3.10 m to 71.48 m. Downhole logging (SP and Resistivity) conducted in four coastal communities of the study area revealed four lithologic units which includes clay, clayey sand, coarse sand and saline water bearing sand. Saline zones were identified as having negative SP values and low resistivities. Clay were mapped as areas having positive SP values and low resistivities. The thickness of the saline zones ranged from 16 to 74 m. The largest saline layer thickness was obtained at Bonny. This study has shown that boreholes in Bille and Bonny communities exceeding depths of 15 m are likely to encounter salt water. The saltwater intrusion is predominantly concentrated around the southern part of the study area around Bonny and Opobo communities. The presence of Opobo River, Bonny River and a suite of creeks which are open to the Atlantic Ocean area responsible for the salt intrusion into these coastal boreholes. The outcome of the study yielded","PeriodicalId":53062,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Malaysia","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esmy.02.2022.136.145
Khaleel Hussain, Dou Bin, Ali Asghar, Javid Hussain, Sayed Muhammad Iqbal, Syed Yasir Ali Shah, Sartaj Hussain
The main objective of this research is to determine the soil appropriateness for the construction of buildings, and it encompasses site investigation, a preliminary process for collecting geological, geotechnical, and other engineering information for safe and economical building design. Site investigation provides insight into unforeseen engineering problems; therefore, instability issues can be forestalled if done thoroughly. Residual soils from the research area comprise many clays, some of which can expand upon moisture increase. Therefore, a site investigation must be carried out to assess the site’s suitability for the proposed construction. The research includes nine boreholes and laboratory testing demonstrating the soil profile and bearing capacity within the settlement limit. The site’s soil is yellowish-brown, weathered, thickly bedded, loosely cemented, friable sandstone consisting of poorly graded sand (SP) and silt/sand (SP-SM) with clayey layers (ML-CL). Uniaxial compressive strength was recorded at 217 to 1238 kPa under natural and saturated conditions. Furthermore, the computed bearing capacity varies from 2.8 to 6.1 tsf using the Terzaghi approach, 7.1 to 8.0 tsf using Bowel’s method, and 4.7 to 5.4 tsf using the Meyerhof method. The coefficient of subgrade reaction for an isolated and raft foundation based on Bowels bearing capacity varies between 24.8 to 26.1 MN/m3 to 13.6 to 15.4 MN/m3, respectively. Based on the investigation and lab testing, a raft foundation would be appropriate for the structure. The proposed construction location didn’t find any significant geological defects; thus, it’s suitable for the construction of buildings. However, the paper’s recommendations must be implemented.
{"title":"GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETER ASSESSMENT AND BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS FOR THE FOUNDATION DESIGN","authors":"Khaleel Hussain, Dou Bin, Ali Asghar, Javid Hussain, Sayed Muhammad Iqbal, Syed Yasir Ali Shah, Sartaj Hussain","doi":"10.26480/esmy.02.2022.136.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esmy.02.2022.136.145","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this research is to determine the soil appropriateness for the construction of buildings, and it encompasses site investigation, a preliminary process for collecting geological, geotechnical, and other engineering information for safe and economical building design. Site investigation provides insight into unforeseen engineering problems; therefore, instability issues can be forestalled if done thoroughly. Residual soils from the research area comprise many clays, some of which can expand upon moisture increase. Therefore, a site investigation must be carried out to assess the site’s suitability for the proposed construction. The research includes nine boreholes and laboratory testing demonstrating the soil profile and bearing capacity within the settlement limit. The site’s soil is yellowish-brown, weathered, thickly bedded, loosely cemented, friable sandstone consisting of poorly graded sand (SP) and silt/sand (SP-SM) with clayey layers (ML-CL). Uniaxial compressive strength was recorded at 217 to 1238 kPa under natural and saturated conditions. Furthermore, the computed bearing capacity varies from 2.8 to 6.1 tsf using the Terzaghi approach, 7.1 to 8.0 tsf using Bowel’s method, and 4.7 to 5.4 tsf using the Meyerhof method. The coefficient of subgrade reaction for an isolated and raft foundation based on Bowels bearing capacity varies between 24.8 to 26.1 MN/m3 to 13.6 to 15.4 MN/m3, respectively. Based on the investigation and lab testing, a raft foundation would be appropriate for the structure. The proposed construction location didn’t find any significant geological defects; thus, it’s suitable for the construction of buildings. However, the paper’s recommendations must be implemented.","PeriodicalId":53062,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esmy.02.2022.93.95
Chukwu C. Ben, Udota S. Benjamin, Ngeri A. Paddy
The quality of groundwater depends on its physiochemical and microbial characteristics. This study is aimed at analyzing the physiochemical quality of groundwater and was carried out to assess the quality of groundwater samples obtained from five different boreholes within Eliozu (the study area). Total of seven major parameters were analyzed, they are potency of hydrogen (PH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity and concentration of nitrate (NO3 ̅) and sulphate (SO ■(2-@4)). The results obtained were compared with standards prescribed by WHO, and showed that groundwater samples from these boreholes have PH value between 3.9 and 4.5 thus, are acidic and not suitable for drinking purposes, electrical conductivity value range from 50 to 208µΩ/cm, BH3 has low organic matter contaminants because its DO value is the least, TDS values is between 66 and 114.4mg/L which is within the limit desirable for drinking water supplies by WHO, salinity values range from 16.5 to 29.7mg/L, indicating that BH3 and BH5 have the most suitable water for drinking. The knowledge of this study can be applied in water resources management, hydrological activities and environmental and health management.
{"title":"PHYSIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED GROUNDWATER SAMPLES IN PART OF PORT HARCOURT, RIVERS STATE NIGERIA","authors":"Chukwu C. Ben, Udota S. Benjamin, Ngeri A. Paddy","doi":"10.26480/esmy.02.2022.93.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esmy.02.2022.93.95","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of groundwater depends on its physiochemical and microbial characteristics. This study is aimed at analyzing the physiochemical quality of groundwater and was carried out to assess the quality of groundwater samples obtained from five different boreholes within Eliozu (the study area). Total of seven major parameters were analyzed, they are potency of hydrogen (PH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity and concentration of nitrate (NO3 ̅) and sulphate (SO ■(2-@4)). The results obtained were compared with standards prescribed by WHO, and showed that groundwater samples from these boreholes have PH value between 3.9 and 4.5 thus, are acidic and not suitable for drinking purposes, electrical conductivity value range from 50 to 208µΩ/cm, BH3 has low organic matter contaminants because its DO value is the least, TDS values is between 66 and 114.4mg/L which is within the limit desirable for drinking water supplies by WHO, salinity values range from 16.5 to 29.7mg/L, indicating that BH3 and BH5 have the most suitable water for drinking. The knowledge of this study can be applied in water resources management, hydrological activities and environmental and health management.","PeriodicalId":53062,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esmy.02.2022.146.156
A. Falade, J. Amigun, Florence Oyediran
The study aimed at predicting the porosity of reservoir sands in ‘Arike field’ Niger Delta, Nigeria by converting seismic trace of the interval of interest in the seismic survey into a porosity log to generate a porosity volume. Optimal number of relevant attributes were selected using multi-attribute analysis. The study discovered that three attributes (energy, velocity fan, and Q factor) were efficient. These attributes were then utilized to train a supervised neural network to establish the relationship between seismic response and porosity. The Opendtect software used, extracted all specified input attributes and target values over the specified range along the well tracks and randomly divided the data into a training and test set attribute. The study established the integration and correlation of energy attribute, velocity fan attribute, and Q factor as relevant seismic attributes for porosity estimation when little or no well log is available, hence giving a means of spatially extending well data.
{"title":"PREDICTION OF POROSITY OF RESERVOIR SANDS USING SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES IN “ARIKE” FIELD NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA","authors":"A. Falade, J. Amigun, Florence Oyediran","doi":"10.26480/esmy.02.2022.146.156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esmy.02.2022.146.156","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed at predicting the porosity of reservoir sands in ‘Arike field’ Niger Delta, Nigeria by converting seismic trace of the interval of interest in the seismic survey into a porosity log to generate a porosity volume. Optimal number of relevant attributes were selected using multi-attribute analysis. The study discovered that three attributes (energy, velocity fan, and Q factor) were efficient. These attributes were then utilized to train a supervised neural network to establish the relationship between seismic response and porosity. The Opendtect software used, extracted all specified input attributes and target values over the specified range along the well tracks and randomly divided the data into a training and test set attribute. The study established the integration and correlation of energy attribute, velocity fan attribute, and Q factor as relevant seismic attributes for porosity estimation when little or no well log is available, hence giving a means of spatially extending well data.","PeriodicalId":53062,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esmy.01.2022.24.31
Olatinsu Olawale Babatunde, Omodiagbe Onuwabhagbe
Very low frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) survey was conducted along failed segments of some roads in Ota, southwest Nigeria to reveal the geologic dispositions of subsurface material underlying the road pavements. Geonics EM-16 VLF was employed for data acquisition across a total distance of about 2.6 km. Fourteen traverses were positioned along failed road segments with one control traverse arranged along stable road segments. Real and quadrature field data components were processed via Fraser and Karous-Hjelt filtering to suppress noise and enhance signal strength. Positive peaks of filtered real component on Fraser plots depict the presence of conductive subsurface materials. Good correlation exists between positive peaks on Fraser plots and conductive zones on 2-D current density at several lateral distances and depths across all the traverses. Delineated VLF anomalies represent weak zones that might pose serious threat to road stability. These conductive anomalies are presumably composed of clayey bodies (laterite/lateritic soil) in the subgrade soil used for road construction or unexcavated host materials in the subsurface. Changing volume of clayey materials under varying climatic conditions is a major cause of distress to engineering structures. Clayey materials by virtue of their pore characteristics (high porosity and low permeability) tends to undergo alternating series of expansion and contraction under different climatic conditions. These seasonal dispositions would eventually manifest as cracks and potholes on road pavements. Uneven distribution of different adjacent subsurface lithologies contributes to differential settlement, which is a possible catalyst of road failure.
{"title":"VERY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY ALONG FAILED SECTIONS OF SANGO-OTA-IDIROKO HIGHWAY AND SELECTED FEEDER ROADS IN OTA, SOUTHWEST NIGERIA","authors":"Olatinsu Olawale Babatunde, Omodiagbe Onuwabhagbe","doi":"10.26480/esmy.01.2022.24.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esmy.01.2022.24.31","url":null,"abstract":"Very low frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) survey was conducted along failed segments of some roads in Ota, southwest Nigeria to reveal the geologic dispositions of subsurface material underlying the road pavements. Geonics EM-16 VLF was employed for data acquisition across a total distance of about 2.6 km. Fourteen traverses were positioned along failed road segments with one control traverse arranged along stable road segments. Real and quadrature field data components were processed via Fraser and Karous-Hjelt filtering to suppress noise and enhance signal strength. Positive peaks of filtered real component on Fraser plots depict the presence of conductive subsurface materials. Good correlation exists between positive peaks on Fraser plots and conductive zones on 2-D current density at several lateral distances and depths across all the traverses. Delineated VLF anomalies represent weak zones that might pose serious threat to road stability. These conductive anomalies are presumably composed of clayey bodies (laterite/lateritic soil) in the subgrade soil used for road construction or unexcavated host materials in the subsurface. Changing volume of clayey materials under varying climatic conditions is a major cause of distress to engineering structures. Clayey materials by virtue of their pore characteristics (high porosity and low permeability) tends to undergo alternating series of expansion and contraction under different climatic conditions. These seasonal dispositions would eventually manifest as cracks and potholes on road pavements. Uneven distribution of different adjacent subsurface lithologies contributes to differential settlement, which is a possible catalyst of road failure.","PeriodicalId":53062,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esmy.02.2022.103.111
O. E. Faseki, O. O. Olatinpo, Thomas, B. Omoyajowo, Temitayo, O. Ale, K. O. Olomo
The sedimentary facies exposed at Ogbunike Area belong to the Eocene Formation that made up the Anambra Basin. This research estimates the lithology, thickness, sedimentary succession, paleo-environment, reservoir quality and source area tectonics using geological mapping, petrography, grain size distribution and statistical analysis. Geological mapping shows that the section is approximately 27m thick and consists of sandstone, shale, siltstone and ironstone lithofacies. Granulometric analysis performed on selected samples shows that the sandstones are fine to medium grained (1.15 to 2.17 ϕ), moderately sorted (average 0.96 ϕ), fine skewed (average 0.16 ϕ) and leptokurtic (average 1.17 ϕ). Bivariate plot of skeweness against sorting and mean against sorting pinpoint a fluvial origin for the sandstones. The results from rose plot point to a bimodal-bipolar paleocurrent pattern while the bi-directional paleo-flow is in the northeastern-southwestern directions, which is an indication of tidal influence suggesting shore environment of deposition. Average permeability values derived from an empirical formula indicate good potential for reservoir rock. Deductions from field observations and petrographic analysis suggests that the sandstones are submature, with angular to sub-rounded quartz. The high percentage of goethite (average 30.4%) in the ferrugenized sandstones samples suggests an environment of low oxidation. Provenance and tectonic assessment reveal metamorphic source, humid climate, high relief, recycled orogeny, and derived primarily from Cameroon Basement Complex rocks.
{"title":"SEDIMENTOLOGY OF EOCENE SANDSTONES AT OGBUNIKE AREA, SOUTHERN NIGERIA: INSIGHTS FROM PETROGRAPHIC AND GRANULOMETRIC ANALYSES","authors":"O. E. Faseki, O. O. Olatinpo, Thomas, B. Omoyajowo, Temitayo, O. Ale, K. O. Olomo","doi":"10.26480/esmy.02.2022.103.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esmy.02.2022.103.111","url":null,"abstract":"The sedimentary facies exposed at Ogbunike Area belong to the Eocene Formation that made up the Anambra Basin. This research estimates the lithology, thickness, sedimentary succession, paleo-environment, reservoir quality and source area tectonics using geological mapping, petrography, grain size distribution and statistical analysis. Geological mapping shows that the section is approximately 27m thick and consists of sandstone, shale, siltstone and ironstone lithofacies. Granulometric analysis performed on selected samples shows that the sandstones are fine to medium grained (1.15 to 2.17 ϕ), moderately sorted (average 0.96 ϕ), fine skewed (average 0.16 ϕ) and leptokurtic (average 1.17 ϕ). Bivariate plot of skeweness against sorting and mean against sorting pinpoint a fluvial origin for the sandstones. The results from rose plot point to a bimodal-bipolar paleocurrent pattern while the bi-directional paleo-flow is in the northeastern-southwestern directions, which is an indication of tidal influence suggesting shore environment of deposition. Average permeability values derived from an empirical formula indicate good potential for reservoir rock. Deductions from field observations and petrographic analysis suggests that the sandstones are submature, with angular to sub-rounded quartz. The high percentage of goethite (average 30.4%) in the ferrugenized sandstones samples suggests an environment of low oxidation. Provenance and tectonic assessment reveal metamorphic source, humid climate, high relief, recycled orogeny, and derived primarily from Cameroon Basement Complex rocks.","PeriodicalId":53062,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esmy.01.2022.15.23
N. N. Nik Daud, Mohammad Aliff Rusdi
The aim of this review is to gain insights of the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil that make it suitable to be used as a subbase material, and discuss the improvements done on the properties to further strengthen them. Several additives are reviewed for the lateritic soil stabilization, and fly ash is chosen to be the material of interest. This is so to answer the problem statement of would fly ash be a potential material for soil stabilization. Based on this review, it is understood that lateritic soil is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions and is classified as sandy clay or silty clay. Studies also have shown that fly ash is potential to be used as a stabilizer in soil improvements. The presence of free lime may react with the silicates and aluminates, resulting to a long-term strength gain in soil. Class C fly ash contains more free lime that would lead to better strength gain in the earlier stage as compared to Class F fly ash. In addition to that, the particle size of the fly ash would also affect the improvement results, as smaller particle size allows more effective surface for the pozzolanic reaction to occur. The significance of this review is to show the potential of fly ash in improving lateritic soil, other than providing more evidence to encourage the incorporation of industrial waste in soil stabilization.
{"title":"FLY ASH STABILIZED LATERITIC SOIL AS SUBBASE MATERIAL: A REVIEW","authors":"N. N. Nik Daud, Mohammad Aliff Rusdi","doi":"10.26480/esmy.01.2022.15.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esmy.01.2022.15.23","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this review is to gain insights of the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil that make it suitable to be used as a subbase material, and discuss the improvements done on the properties to further strengthen them. Several additives are reviewed for the lateritic soil stabilization, and fly ash is chosen to be the material of interest. This is so to answer the problem statement of would fly ash be a potential material for soil stabilization. Based on this review, it is understood that lateritic soil is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions and is classified as sandy clay or silty clay. Studies also have shown that fly ash is potential to be used as a stabilizer in soil improvements. The presence of free lime may react with the silicates and aluminates, resulting to a long-term strength gain in soil. Class C fly ash contains more free lime that would lead to better strength gain in the earlier stage as compared to Class F fly ash. In addition to that, the particle size of the fly ash would also affect the improvement results, as smaller particle size allows more effective surface for the pozzolanic reaction to occur. The significance of this review is to show the potential of fly ash in improving lateritic soil, other than providing more evidence to encourage the incorporation of industrial waste in soil stabilization.","PeriodicalId":53062,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.26480/esmy.01.2022.76.81
Asaba A. Emmanuel, Etim D. Uko, O. S. Ayanninuola
Six uphole seismic refraction profiles were acquired in Pindiga Field, Gombe in Nigeria, using seismic uphole refraction method. The aim of the study was parameterize the site of lithology, near-surface stratigraphy, and velocity for geotechnical and velocity regimes for seismic data processing. The data was recorded using Stratavisor Model NZXP Recorders, processed and interpreted using OMNI, Petrel, Landmark, UDISYS, SeisUp, WavePack, Excel softwares. The results of the interpreted data reveal three-layer cases having dominant geologic lithologic sequences of sandstone, clay and silt, and intercalation of laterite, ironstone, coal and gravels up to a depth of 65m. The sand is an admixture of the various sizes but demarcation is based on the size as define by Wentworth scale of classification. In the First Weathered Layer, the velocity varies between 363ms-1 and 453ms-1 with an average of 391ms-1. In the Second Weathered Layer, the velocity varies between 702ms-1 and 870ms-1 with an average of 834ms-1. For the Third Weathered Layer, the velocity varies between 1012ms-1 and 2104ms-1 with an average of 1182ms-1. In the Consolidated Layer, the velocity varies between 1012ms-1 and 2104ms-1 with an average of 1182ms-1. Velocity regime varies between 1235ms-1 and 2500ms-1 with an average of 1556ms-1. First Weathered Layer, the thickness varies between 2.6m and 4.7m with an average of 3.45m. Second Weathered Layer, the thickness varies between 0.9m and 41.5m with an average of 22.75m. Third Weathered Layer, the thickness varies between 12.5m and 45.9m with an average of 26.43m. The lithology, depth and velocity results of this work can be used to characterize a site, and also be applied in the processing of seismic reflection survey data.
{"title":"SITE CHARACTERIZATION USING UPHOLE SEISMIC REFRACTION TECHNIQUE IN PINDIGA, GOMBE IN NIGERIA","authors":"Asaba A. Emmanuel, Etim D. Uko, O. S. Ayanninuola","doi":"10.26480/esmy.01.2022.76.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26480/esmy.01.2022.76.81","url":null,"abstract":"Six uphole seismic refraction profiles were acquired in Pindiga Field, Gombe in Nigeria, using seismic uphole refraction method. The aim of the study was parameterize the site of lithology, near-surface stratigraphy, and velocity for geotechnical and velocity regimes for seismic data processing. The data was recorded using Stratavisor Model NZXP Recorders, processed and interpreted using OMNI, Petrel, Landmark, UDISYS, SeisUp, WavePack, Excel softwares. The results of the interpreted data reveal three-layer cases having dominant geologic lithologic sequences of sandstone, clay and silt, and intercalation of laterite, ironstone, coal and gravels up to a depth of 65m. The sand is an admixture of the various sizes but demarcation is based on the size as define by Wentworth scale of classification. In the First Weathered Layer, the velocity varies between 363ms-1 and 453ms-1 with an average of 391ms-1. In the Second Weathered Layer, the velocity varies between 702ms-1 and 870ms-1 with an average of 834ms-1. For the Third Weathered Layer, the velocity varies between 1012ms-1 and 2104ms-1 with an average of 1182ms-1. In the Consolidated Layer, the velocity varies between 1012ms-1 and 2104ms-1 with an average of 1182ms-1. Velocity regime varies between 1235ms-1 and 2500ms-1 with an average of 1556ms-1. First Weathered Layer, the thickness varies between 2.6m and 4.7m with an average of 3.45m. Second Weathered Layer, the thickness varies between 0.9m and 41.5m with an average of 22.75m. Third Weathered Layer, the thickness varies between 12.5m and 45.9m with an average of 26.43m. The lithology, depth and velocity results of this work can be used to characterize a site, and also be applied in the processing of seismic reflection survey data.","PeriodicalId":53062,"journal":{"name":"Earth Science Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69335778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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