Journal of Stem Cells最新文献

Ameloblastoma is a histologically benign odontogenic tumour and has a tendency of locally aggressive behaviour. This is second most prevalent odontogenic tumour and most common in the molar-ramus-angle region and surgical resection is only treatment option. In this article, we propose an innovative approach to deal with these cases by using alloplastic graft with cord stem cells. Over 2.5 years follow-up, we could demonstrate bone regeneration using this technique with no recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of successful regeneration of part of ramus and body of mandible using allogeneic cord stem cells in cases of Ameloblastoma.

The regeneration patterns are innate, inherited and evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. In every individual there are certain cells and signaling networks which work together to proliferate the desired tissue lineages to replace the dead, lost and injured counter parts. This homeostasis mechanism keeps functioning of the organ system intact. There are some tissues such as skin, gut, blood, respiratory tract, uterine endometrium, testis must perpetually renew the majority of cells. As the aging advances the turnover potentials decreases under normal circumstances, some of these respond inefficiently to regenerative pressures (eg: brain and heart) while other respond quite well. Therefore creating an optimized micro environment using external means through non-invasive or invasive procedures preferably minimally by utilizing appropriately subjected stem cells/stem cell secretome to induce regeneration at the target sites where it does not take place spontaneously.

Stem cell biology is one of the most attractive areas of biomedical research, as emerges for the execution of biotechnology towards the regenerative medicine continues to expand. The presumed potential of the stem cell populations with clonogenic capabilities are harnessed for the therapeutic applications. Advancements in the research technology and the idea of inducing innate regeneration by stem cell based approaches can generate the potential cure for many degenerative disorders, age related disabilities and accidental tissue damages.

Cicatricial tissue, being the local center of sclerosis, replaces the wound or focus of cell death. Scarring is caused by various types of injuries, including operations, as well as by a number of diseases. Scarring often culminates in the formation of strictures and other complications. Integrated stimulation of regeneration that takes the role of the immune system into account, in conjunction with the prescription of enzyme preparations possessing proteolytic activity, can be used to reduce the severity of sclerosis of damaged tissues.

Objective: To report the safety and therapeutic effectiveness of application of concentrated bone marrow aspirate in three bedridden patients with weakness in both legs, and monitor potential improvement in neurological outcomes.

Design: Case report. Intervention: Five infusions of 3x10⁸ mononuclear cells were administrated with 12 week intervals. Bone marrow (240ML) were obtained from the posterior superior iliac spine and Bone marrow mononuclear cells were enriched by standard manual close method under aseptic condition.

Results: During the follow-up study of one year after stem cell implantation, the conditions of all three patients were improved and were confirmed by physical assessment, muscle charting and Electromyography (EMG). One year after stem cell implantation patients who were bedridden before treatment could sit without support and walk with support up to 200 feet at a stretch.

Conclusion: The local application of a cocktail of regenerative cell population found in an MNC fraction of bone marrow was safe and effective in improving quality of life and muscle strength in ALS patients. This case opens the need for further investigations on Autogenic stem cell transplant therapies for MND disease.

Ex vivo erythropoiesis methods are being developed for more than a decade now, and all the distinct types of stem cells (such as CD34⁺ HSCs, ESCs, IPSCs, and extensively proliferating erythropoietic progenitor cells) are defined to bear the potential for large scale RBC production shortly. The various regulating factors at different levels of RBCs production are being explored. Since most of the ex-vivo erythropoiesis protocols mimic the dogma followed by hematopoietic stem cells in vivo to give rise to mature RBCs which essentially deals with the intermediate stages of erythropoiesis such as burst forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) and committed erythroid colony forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E). In vivo generation of erythroid progenitors (BFU-E/CFU-E) is essentially controlled by several factors including glucocorticoids, inflammation, and stress. Furthermore, regular production of functionally mature /transfusable units of RBCs is possible only through the coordinated regulation of terminal proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors by external signals, such as erythropoietin, SCF, IL-3 and interaction to extracellular matrix protein(s) in a 3D culture system. We discuss these complex intracellular networks of coordinated factors and try to understand their molecular mechanism through gene regulation by transcription factors, and miRNAs that might be helpful in developing the optimal RBCs production protocols for commercial production.

The review article is devoted to a role of pluripotent stem cells and immune system in renewal of tissues (regeneration). Cell-precursors (progenitor cells) and differentiated cells can be divided a limited number of times and aren't capable of ensuring regeneration of tissues during the whole process of ontogenesis. The renewal of tissues during the whole long period is impossible without the participation of a specialized system which is responsible for regeneration. The given system is made up of pluripotent stem cells which are capable of differentiating themselves into all types of somatic cells, and into a line of genital cells. These stem cells are also capable of reproducing themselves over the whole lifespan of the organism. The participation of pluripotent stem cells and the possible mediation of antigen-presenting cells and T-helpers/T-suppressors in the complex with molecules of the MHC I class/II class make it possible to consider that exactly this immune system is responsible for regeneration of tissues in the organism. The participation in the regeneration process is the most important (and perhaps the leading) function of the immune system. With age the quantity of pluripotent stem cells gradually decreases. It leads to violation of renewal of tissues at people over 35-40 years old. Transfusion of mononuclear fraction of peripheral blood procured from young donors 18-23 years old with the same blood groups and sex as the recipient (RF patent number 2350340), allows people over 40-50 years old to reestablish the pool of pluripotent stem cells and the process of tissue renewal.

The objective is to investigate the safety and clinical efficacy of Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma Concentrated Spray (Keratogrow®), for hair loss. Autologous -PRP spray, prepared from a small volume of blood, was applied on the selected patients' scalps at least twice daily. Three months treatments were given for each patient. The effectiveness of the medication was measured by changes in hair regrowth after 3 months determined by physical exam and digital photography. At the end of the 3 cycles of treatment, the patients presented clinical improvement in the mean number of hairs, with a mean increase of hairs in the target area, and a mean increase in total hair density compared with baseline values.

Background: The importance of solid organ transplants is increasing due to the increasing incidence of end-stage organ diseases. With the limitations facing the recruitment of the suitable grafts, ex vivo organ perfusion (EVOP) techniques have been developed to increase the graft acceptance rates and improve the clinical outcomes.

Methodology: The role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in this regard is not limited to the regenerative ability. MSCs have proved their ability to effectively modulate the immune response and inflammation. Accordingly, the idea of the combined ex vivo organ perfusion and MSCs transplant came to focus. This manuscript reviews some points that should be considered, while applying this technique.

Conclusion: The combined EVOP-MSCs is a therapeutic technique that should be soon applied in the practice of solid organ transplants. However, certain remarks should be considered on the pre-clinical levels before taking the studies further into the clinical levels. Although the present report will focus on the lung transplant, the ideas and the remarks are also to be considered for all other solid organ transplants, such as heart, liver and kidney.

The majority of populations of differentiated cells are subject to renewal. Progenitor cells (cells-predecessors) and differentiated cells, having started the differentiation pathway or having finished it, can divide a limited number of times and are not capable of ensuring tissue regeneration during the whole period of ontogenesis. Renewal of tissues over such a long period is impossible without the participation of a specialized system which is responsible for regeneration. The given system is represented by pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells, which conduct regeneration of all body tissues during ontogeny, are formed during implementation of the development program of the fertilized ovum, along with the formation of tissues and organs of the new organism. Being a separate direction of differentiation of embryonic cells, pluripotent stem cells are not embryonic cells. The immune system takes part in the formation of tissue-specific receptors among pluripotent stem cells. The latter remain pluripotent until the formation of tissue-specific receptors in them, and become committed (tissue-specific stem cells) after the formation of such receptors. Committed stem cells (tissue-specific stem cells) that migrate through the extracellular matrix replenish the progenitor cells of all tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells are the precursors of fibroblasts, and they only create conditions in the extracellular matrix for the migration and differentiation of committed (tissue-specific) stem cells in the places of cell death.

Hair loss can have major psychological impact on affected population belonging to varied ethnic background. Hair is a mini organ in itself and serves many distinguishing functions ranging from maintaining body temperature to promoting social interactions. Major cause of hair loss is androgenic alopecia. Hair follicles possess receptor for androgen. However, DHT (Dihydrotestosterone) in excess results into shrinkage of hair follicle affecting hair growth adversely.

The present review is focused on etiology of hair loss, traditional treatment approach and their limitations with side effects with special emphasis on unique properties of stem cells, favourable growth factors secreted by stem cells and strategies to enhance favourable growth factor/cytokine production for hair loss therapeutics. We discussed in details the present available treatment options for hair loss like drugs (Finasteride and Minoxidil), follicular hair transplant, laser therapy and serum therapy. These treatment options have their own disadvantages and side effects with appropriate alerts from regulatory authorities. The side effects of these modalities cannot be ignored and demands alternate therapy approach with less or no side effects.

We feel that the stem cell therapy is advancing and is a promising modality in near future owing to its advantages and promising outcomes. This review article discusses possible stem cell therapy for hair regrowth and its advantages. We focused on use of conditioned media derived from stem cells instead of using stem cells directly for the therapy.