How does drug use change in a country once desperate for waged labor but now marked by youth unemployment rates of more than 50%? This article considers historical connections between drugs and labor in South Africa, a colonial setting where capitalism was notoriously drug fueled. Drawing on oral histories, ethnography, and archival sources in the port city of Durban, I suggest that a gradual but important change in drug use occurred from around the 1970s. Drugs shifted from being used as forms of leisure and coping in relation to arduous waged work to absorbing the stresses of an economy marked by massive youth unemployment and precarious work. The study shows how the explosion in the illicit use of Mandrax (methaqualone) from the 1970s and heroin as well as Xanax (alprazolam) in the 2000s took place on and shaped the terrain of these political economic transformations.
{"title":"The Labor-Drug Question in Colonial Worlds: Mandrax, Heroin, and Xanax in South Africa’s Era of Unemployment","authors":"M. Hunter","doi":"10.1086/721660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721660","url":null,"abstract":"How does drug use change in a country once desperate for waged labor but now marked by youth unemployment rates of more than 50%? This article considers historical connections between drugs and labor in South Africa, a colonial setting where capitalism was notoriously drug fueled. Drawing on oral histories, ethnography, and archival sources in the port city of Durban, I suggest that a gradual but important change in drug use occurred from around the 1970s. Drugs shifted from being used as forms of leisure and coping in relation to arduous waged work to absorbing the stresses of an economy marked by massive youth unemployment and precarious work. The study shows how the explosion in the illicit use of Mandrax (methaqualone) from the 1970s and heroin as well as Xanax (alprazolam) in the 2000s took place on and shaped the terrain of these political economic transformations.","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":"36 1","pages":"284 - 310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48212839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Horace A. Bartilow, Drug War Pathologies: Embedded Corporatism and US Drug Enforcement in the Americas. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019.","authors":"Steven Beitler","doi":"10.1086/721717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721717","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48036773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sam Quinones, The Least of Us: True Tales of America and Hope in the Time of Fentanyl and Meth. New York: Bloomsbury, 2021.","authors":"David Showalter","doi":"10.1086/721719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721719","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43253614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Marc Landas, Cold War Resistance: The International Struggle over Antibiotics. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2020.","authors":"Miriam F. Lipton","doi":"10.1086/718480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718480","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45040734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first issue of The Social History of Alcohol and Drugs (SHAD) published under the University of Chicago imprint came out in spring 2019. At that time, we wrote of a “new era.” We expressed wonder at how our field was “flourishing like never before, expanding in fascinating and important directions with new voices and new topics.”As relatively new journal editors then, we felt the “present moment” held tremendous promise—and, evenmore, we expressed how thrills were inherent to working this specific field of history. Several factors contributed to that enthusiasm. One was the breadth and scope of drugs and alcohol scholarship (either in development, in press, or recently published). Another was the impending international meeting of the Alcohol and Drugs History Society (ADHS) in Shanghai, which, in the end, brought together so many thoughtful participants and also signaled that the organization need not operate exclusively within the intellectual or geographical parameters of the United States, Western Europe, or Canada. A third driver of enthusiasm was, quite simply, the field’s mix of researchers— their creativity in identifying fresh topics and methodologies, willingness to push against disciplinary boundaries, and determination to dig up original source materials. These reasons for excitement back in 2019 still motivate us. In 2022, SHAD continues to evolve. The editors-in-chief (us!) were reappointed by the ADHS for another four-year window. Our first “term”
{"title":"Term 2 and Taking Stock","authors":"N. Campbell, D. Herzberg, L. Richert","doi":"10.1086/718836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718836","url":null,"abstract":"The first issue of The Social History of Alcohol and Drugs (SHAD) published under the University of Chicago imprint came out in spring 2019. At that time, we wrote of a “new era.” We expressed wonder at how our field was “flourishing like never before, expanding in fascinating and important directions with new voices and new topics.”As relatively new journal editors then, we felt the “present moment” held tremendous promise—and, evenmore, we expressed how thrills were inherent to working this specific field of history. Several factors contributed to that enthusiasm. One was the breadth and scope of drugs and alcohol scholarship (either in development, in press, or recently published). Another was the impending international meeting of the Alcohol and Drugs History Society (ADHS) in Shanghai, which, in the end, brought together so many thoughtful participants and also signaled that the organization need not operate exclusively within the intellectual or geographical parameters of the United States, Western Europe, or Canada. A third driver of enthusiasm was, quite simply, the field’s mix of researchers— their creativity in identifying fresh topics and methodologies, willingness to push against disciplinary boundaries, and determination to dig up original source materials. These reasons for excitement back in 2019 still motivate us. In 2022, SHAD continues to evolve. The editors-in-chief (us!) were reappointed by the ADHS for another four-year window. Our first “term”","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":"36 1","pages":"1 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44334075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the biomedical literature, the belief that the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is a supposed Sumerian “plant of joy” persists. In this article, I review the mounting archaeological evidence showing that P. somniferum was domesticated in Europe during the Neolithic Age, probably because of the nutritional properties of its seeds. During the Late Bronze Age, the plant was ascribed symbolic meanings within religious and possibly ritual functions that endured from the Minoan civilization to the Roman imperial period. No evidence of the recreational use of opium poppy can be found during Mediterranean antiquity. Finally, I examine the reasons why the factoid regarding the Sumerian plant of joy persists in the biomedical literature despite the lack of evidence for it.
{"title":"Facts and Factoids in the Early History of the Opium Poppy","authors":"P. Nencini","doi":"10.1086/718481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718481","url":null,"abstract":"In the biomedical literature, the belief that the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is a supposed Sumerian “plant of joy” persists. In this article, I review the mounting archaeological evidence showing that P. somniferum was domesticated in Europe during the Neolithic Age, probably because of the nutritional properties of its seeds. During the Late Bronze Age, the plant was ascribed symbolic meanings within religious and possibly ritual functions that endured from the Minoan civilization to the Roman imperial period. No evidence of the recreational use of opium poppy can be found during Mediterranean antiquity. Finally, I examine the reasons why the factoid regarding the Sumerian plant of joy persists in the biomedical literature despite the lack of evidence for it.","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":"36 1","pages":"45 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46485598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article charts the public health argument in international drug control through the activities of the World Health Organization (WHO), an underaddressed actor in histories of global drug policy. From the postwar period to the 1980s, the aims of international drug control and international health became deeply interlinked. This realization dawned slowly on both WHO and United Nations drug agencies as they faced complex and urgent problems without clear answers. WHO was most influential in the years leading up to and just after the Single Convention, critically establishing that people dependent on drugs were patients. In the 1970s, the agency’s role declined due to the United States declaring its “war on drugs” foreign policy and the rise of pharmaceutical lobbying. By the 1980s, WHO found itself on the front lines of the HIV crisis through injecting drug use, constructing ad hoc policy and initiating interventions in collaboration with country governments and health professionals.
{"title":"Governing Drugs Globally: The World Health Organization and Public Health in International Drug Control","authors":"Reiko Kanazawa","doi":"10.1086/718332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718332","url":null,"abstract":"This article charts the public health argument in international drug control through the activities of the World Health Organization (WHO), an underaddressed actor in histories of global drug policy. From the postwar period to the 1980s, the aims of international drug control and international health became deeply interlinked. This realization dawned slowly on both WHO and United Nations drug agencies as they faced complex and urgent problems without clear answers. WHO was most influential in the years leading up to and just after the Single Convention, critically establishing that people dependent on drugs were patients. In the 1970s, the agency’s role declined due to the United States declaring its “war on drugs” foreign policy and the rise of pharmaceutical lobbying. By the 1980s, WHO found itself on the front lines of the HIV crisis through injecting drug use, constructing ad hoc policy and initiating interventions in collaboration with country governments and health professionals.","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":"36 1","pages":"5 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44936643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Russell Crandall, Drugs and Thugs: The History and Future of America’s War on Drugs. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020.","authors":"Łukasz Kamieński","doi":"10.1086/718518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718518","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44635439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Paula S. De Vos, Compound Remedies: Galenic Pharmacy from the Ancient Mediterranean to New Spain. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020.","authors":"E. B. Fredrick","doi":"10.1086/718307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718307","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46447257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mark W. Driscoll, The Whites Are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020.","authors":"Miriam Kingsberg Kadia","doi":"10.1086/718519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718519","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53627,"journal":{"name":"The social history of alcohol and drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49410011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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