E. Badyukova, Leonid A. Zindarev, S. Lukyanova, G. Solovieva
Abstract This article addresses the southern sector of the Curonian Spit, the largest coastal barrier of the Baltic Sea. A comparative analysis of the deposits that make up parts of the Curonian and Vistula Spits is given. The detailed analysis of the geological and geomorphological structure of the southern part of the Curonian Spit suggests that, within this sector, it is not a sedimentary barrier created by wave action and Aeolian processes in the Holocene, but a part of a pre-Holocene fluvioglacial plain. Field work has shown that the ancient alluvial or fluvioglacial plain is in the lagoon shore of the Vistula Spit.
{"title":"Structure of the South-Western Part of the Curonian Spit","authors":"E. Badyukova, Leonid A. Zindarev, S. Lukyanova, G. Solovieva","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article addresses the southern sector of the Curonian Spit, the largest coastal barrier of the Baltic Sea. A comparative analysis of the deposits that make up parts of the Curonian and Vistula Spits is given. The detailed analysis of the geological and geomorphological structure of the southern part of the Curonian Spit suggests that, within this sector, it is not a sedimentary barrier created by wave action and Aeolian processes in the Holocene, but a part of a pre-Holocene fluvioglacial plain. Field work has shown that the ancient alluvial or fluvioglacial plain is in the lagoon shore of the Vistula Spit.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48359496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper presents the results of numerical calculations of the stability and deformation process of several idealized slopes performed by the elasto-plastic finite difference method, using the commercial codes FLAC3D and FLAC2D. The results of 3D analysis of these slopes are compared with those obtained by the 2D method. The behaviour of slopes of different shapes and inclinations was analyzed. The calculations were carried out for flat, concave and convex slopes inclined at 30°, 45° and 60°, taking into account the influence of the lateral constraints of the slope. Two variants of the medium were analysed, i.e. the mass with no friction and with no cohesion. A comparison of 3D calculation results with those obtained by the 2D limit equilibrium analysis indicates that the 3D approach produces almost always higher safety factors than does the 2D method.
{"title":"The Influence of Slope Geometry on its Stability: Spatial and Plane Analysis","authors":"L. Zabuski","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents the results of numerical calculations of the stability and deformation process of several idealized slopes performed by the elasto-plastic finite difference method, using the commercial codes FLAC3D and FLAC2D. The results of 3D analysis of these slopes are compared with those obtained by the 2D method. The behaviour of slopes of different shapes and inclinations was analyzed. The calculations were carried out for flat, concave and convex slopes inclined at 30°, 45° and 60°, taking into account the influence of the lateral constraints of the slope. Two variants of the medium were analysed, i.e. the mass with no friction and with no cohesion. A comparison of 3D calculation results with those obtained by the 2D limit equilibrium analysis indicates that the 3D approach produces almost always higher safety factors than does the 2D method.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41504101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Transport of fine sediments depends mainly on the efficiency of flocculation. Flocculation, understood as the result of simultaneous processes of aggregation of particles and floc break-up, is a common phenomenon in marine environments. It is typical of fine sediments. This study presents a mathematical model of fine sediment transport. A model of flocculation is an important part of this model. Its main assumption is that flocculation is governed by turbulence. The model was qualitatively tested in a simplified theoretical waterbody. Such factors as the wind direction, wind speed, river discharge and concentration of suspension in the river were investigated. The results show that the proposed model describes reasonably well the lithodynamic processes characteristic of fine flocculating sediments. Thus it seems possible to apply it for description of fine sediment transport under real wave–current conditions that occur in many marine waterbodies near river mouths.
{"title":"Transport of Fine Sediments in MarineWaterbodies Near River Mouths: Preliminary Results","authors":"Grzegorz R. Cerkowniak, M. Kowalewski","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Transport of fine sediments depends mainly on the efficiency of flocculation. Flocculation, understood as the result of simultaneous processes of aggregation of particles and floc break-up, is a common phenomenon in marine environments. It is typical of fine sediments. This study presents a mathematical model of fine sediment transport. A model of flocculation is an important part of this model. Its main assumption is that flocculation is governed by turbulence. The model was qualitatively tested in a simplified theoretical waterbody. Such factors as the wind direction, wind speed, river discharge and concentration of suspension in the river were investigated. The results show that the proposed model describes reasonably well the lithodynamic processes characteristic of fine flocculating sediments. Thus it seems possible to apply it for description of fine sediment transport under real wave–current conditions that occur in many marine waterbodies near river mouths.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42835099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper presents recent investigations of beach run-up phenomena at the Coastal Research Station of the Institute of Hydro-Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences at Lubiatowo, Poland. The local beach is typical of open-sea coasts of the south Baltic Sea, featuring multiple longshore bars that form predominantly dissipative systems. Measurements were taken to verify the existing formulas for the run-up height, bearing in mind that they had been derived for entirely different, oceanic conditions. The results indicate that these formulations can be adapted to south Baltic Sea conditions. This however, will require significantly larger data sets, which we intend to obtain in the near future.
{"title":"Calculation of Wave Run-up Height in South Baltic Sea: Case Study at Coastal Research Station at Lubiatowo, Poland","authors":"Michał Morawski, G. Różyński, Piotr Szmytkiewicz","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents recent investigations of beach run-up phenomena at the Coastal Research Station of the Institute of Hydro-Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences at Lubiatowo, Poland. The local beach is typical of open-sea coasts of the south Baltic Sea, featuring multiple longshore bars that form predominantly dissipative systems. Measurements were taken to verify the existing formulas for the run-up height, bearing in mind that they had been derived for entirely different, oceanic conditions. The results indicate that these formulations can be adapted to south Baltic Sea conditions. This however, will require significantly larger data sets, which we intend to obtain in the near future.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45631506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piotr Szmytkiewicz, M. Szmytkiewicz, Jan Schönhofer, Michał Morawski, Jakub Malicki
Abstract The paper presents the main theoretical concepts related to methods of calculating the erosion rate for sandy dunes on natural coasts, namely, the beach equilibrium profile and incident waves. To illustrate calculations of dune erosion in the vicinity of the Coastal Research Station (CRS) in Lubiatowo, the Xbeach model (an incident wave model) was used. The calculations were carried out for hydrological and hydrodynamic conditions that accompanied Hurricane Ksawery (December 6–8, 2013). The results of the calculations were compared with the measured data. A satisfactory agreement was obtained between the predicted and measured results.
{"title":"Calculation of Dune Profile Changes Generated by Hurricane: Preliminary Results","authors":"Piotr Szmytkiewicz, M. Szmytkiewicz, Jan Schönhofer, Michał Morawski, Jakub Malicki","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents the main theoretical concepts related to methods of calculating the erosion rate for sandy dunes on natural coasts, namely, the beach equilibrium profile and incident waves. To illustrate calculations of dune erosion in the vicinity of the Coastal Research Station (CRS) in Lubiatowo, the Xbeach model (an incident wave model) was used. The calculations were carried out for hydrological and hydrodynamic conditions that accompanied Hurricane Ksawery (December 6–8, 2013). The results of the calculations were compared with the measured data. A satisfactory agreement was obtained between the predicted and measured results.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46715487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In the current study we use a three-dimensional model with hydrodynamic and spectral wave modules operating in a coupled mode to simulate the response of currents and wind wave fields to winds of 20–25 m/sec offshore of the protective structure of the Saint Petersburg Flood Prevention Facility Complex. The model was calibrated against field data, which allowed us to obtain a tool describing storm situations in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland with a satisfactory accuracy. The numerical modeling showed that the protective dam did not have a noticeable effect on the levels of stormsurge, significantwave height, or current speed in areas seaward of the dam. The increase in erosion processes on the southern shore of the easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland in recent past has most probably been related to other factors. We found that if a west or south-west wind of at least 25 m/s blows over the Baltic Sea for at least 16 hours, the level of storm surges seaward of the dam may reach 3 or more meters. An artificial strengthening of the coastline and the creation of shore protection structures are recommended.
{"title":"Case-Study Modelling Analysis of Hydrodynamics in the Nearshore of the Baltic Sea Forced by Extreme Along-shore Wind in the Case of a Cross-shore Obstacle","authors":"A. Sokolov, B. Chubarenko","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the current study we use a three-dimensional model with hydrodynamic and spectral wave modules operating in a coupled mode to simulate the response of currents and wind wave fields to winds of 20–25 m/sec offshore of the protective structure of the Saint Petersburg Flood Prevention Facility Complex. The model was calibrated against field data, which allowed us to obtain a tool describing storm situations in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland with a satisfactory accuracy. The numerical modeling showed that the protective dam did not have a noticeable effect on the levels of stormsurge, significantwave height, or current speed in areas seaward of the dam. The increase in erosion processes on the southern shore of the easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland in recent past has most probably been related to other factors. We found that if a west or south-west wind of at least 25 m/s blows over the Baltic Sea for at least 16 hours, the level of storm surges seaward of the dam may reach 3 or more meters. An artificial strengthening of the coastline and the creation of shore protection structures are recommended.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43834745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A review of morphological and morphodynamic studies of the coast of the Kaliningrad oblast has been carried out for half a century. The studies include monitoring measurements by the Atlantic Branch of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (AB IO RAS) with the participation of the state institute Baltberegozashchita (BBZ), as well as pre-war studies and cartographic analyses of long-term coastline migration carried out by the private company Baltic Aerogeodetic Enterprise (BaltAGE). It shows the spatial alternation of abrasive and accumulative areas, as well as frequent changes in beach width and height within the same morphological coast type. A change in the development trend of particular coast sections from year to year was noted. The significant influence of anthropogenic factors on the coastal development was emphasized, including changes in the direction of coastal retreat/advance along an extensive coastal stretch. Comparison of the interannual and nearly century-old dynamics of the coast revealed noticeable differences between them, with opposite trends in several large-scale coast sections.
{"title":"Morphology and Dynamics of the Baltic Sea Shore within Kaliningrad Oblast (Overview)","authors":"A. Babakov","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A review of morphological and morphodynamic studies of the coast of the Kaliningrad oblast has been carried out for half a century. The studies include monitoring measurements by the Atlantic Branch of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (AB IO RAS) with the participation of the state institute Baltberegozashchita (BBZ), as well as pre-war studies and cartographic analyses of long-term coastline migration carried out by the private company Baltic Aerogeodetic Enterprise (BaltAGE). It shows the spatial alternation of abrasive and accumulative areas, as well as frequent changes in beach width and height within the same morphological coast type. A change in the development trend of particular coast sections from year to year was noted. The significant influence of anthropogenic factors on the coastal development was emphasized, including changes in the direction of coastal retreat/advance along an extensive coastal stretch. Comparison of the interannual and nearly century-old dynamics of the coast revealed noticeable differences between them, with opposite trends in several large-scale coast sections.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46636731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article presents estimations of coastline retreat and advance in Kaliningrad Oblast at 85 monitoring points for a ten-year period of 2007–2017, based on monitoring data supplemented with satellite image analysis. The mean annual rate of coastline retreat and advance was estimated in general for each of the four major morpholithodynamic segments of the coastline: the Vistula (−0.2 m/year) and Curonian (−0.4 m/year) spits, as well as the western (−0.5 m/year) and northern (−0.2 m/year) shores of the Sambia Peninsula. The analysis of the shore protection measures implemented in Kaliningrad Oblast from 2007 to 2017 showed that the length of protected shore segments increased by 30% to 14.5 km, which is 10% of the total coastline. The obtained scheme of long-term mean annual rates of coastline retreat and advance clearly demonstrates an uneven distribution of eroded segments along the shores of Kaliningrad Oblast, however the sea shore of Kaliningrad Oblast is mainly susceptible to erosion (44%). Accumulative segments of the shore make up only 17% of the total coastline, and the remaining 39% of the shore is relatively stable. The results obtained demonstrate that the long-term mean annual rate of coastline retreat has decreased to −0.3 m/year from −1 m/year in the earlier period of 2000–2010. The general condition of the entire coastline of Kaliningrad Oblast can therefore be described as relatively sustainable]. The changes are related to several factors, such as an increase in the length of protected shore segments, the resumption of sand pulp dumping in the beach area by the Amber Mining Plant, and an increase in the amount of analytical data from an expanded local monitoring network.
{"title":"Contemporary Dynamics of the Sea Shore of Kaliningrad Oblast","authors":"K. Karmanov, E. Burnashov, B. Chubarenko","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article presents estimations of coastline retreat and advance in Kaliningrad Oblast at 85 monitoring points for a ten-year period of 2007–2017, based on monitoring data supplemented with satellite image analysis. The mean annual rate of coastline retreat and advance was estimated in general for each of the four major morpholithodynamic segments of the coastline: the Vistula (−0.2 m/year) and Curonian (−0.4 m/year) spits, as well as the western (−0.5 m/year) and northern (−0.2 m/year) shores of the Sambia Peninsula. The analysis of the shore protection measures implemented in Kaliningrad Oblast from 2007 to 2017 showed that the length of protected shore segments increased by 30% to 14.5 km, which is 10% of the total coastline. The obtained scheme of long-term mean annual rates of coastline retreat and advance clearly demonstrates an uneven distribution of eroded segments along the shores of Kaliningrad Oblast, however the sea shore of Kaliningrad Oblast is mainly susceptible to erosion (44%). Accumulative segments of the shore make up only 17% of the total coastline, and the remaining 39% of the shore is relatively stable. The results obtained demonstrate that the long-term mean annual rate of coastline retreat has decreased to −0.3 m/year from −1 m/year in the earlier period of 2000–2010. The general condition of the entire coastline of Kaliningrad Oblast can therefore be described as relatively sustainable]. The changes are related to several factors, such as an increase in the length of protected shore segments, the resumption of sand pulp dumping in the beach area by the Amber Mining Plant, and an increase in the amount of analytical data from an expanded local monitoring network.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48211497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Professor Zbigniew Pruszak, a distinguished Polish scientist, died on 2 May 2018 at the age of 71. He made outstanding contributions to hydraulic engineering, physical oceanography and civil engineering, including mechanics of water flow in rivers, sea and coastal zone, lithodynamics and morphodynamics of nearshore regions, as well as protection of sea shore against erosion and flooding. The field of coastal engineering has lost in him an eminent and very creative researcher.
Zbigniew Pruszak教授，杰出的波兰科学家，于2018年5月2日去世，享年71岁。他在水工、物理海洋学、土木工程等方面有突出贡献，包括河流、海洋和海岸带水流力学，近岸地区岩石动力学和形态动力学，海岸防侵蚀和防洪等。海岸工程领域失去了一位杰出而富有创造力的研究者。
{"title":"Professor Zbigniew Pruszak (1947 – 2018)","authors":"R. Ostrowski","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Zbigniew Pruszak, a distinguished Polish scientist, died on 2 May 2018 at the age of 71. He made outstanding contributions to hydraulic engineering, physical oceanography and civil engineering, including mechanics of water flow in rivers, sea and coastal zone, lithodynamics and morphodynamics of nearshore regions, as well as protection of sea shore against erosion and flooding. The field of coastal engineering has lost in him an eminent and very creative researcher.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42771399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this paper we describe a numerical model of transient water flow in unsaturated expansive soils and the resulting soil volume change. The unsaturated flow equation is solved in a 2D domain using a finite-volume method and an explicit time discretization scheme. Strains in the soil mass are calculated by two simplified approaches, assuming that the strain state is either 1D (in the vertical direction only) or 2D with equal strains in horizontal and vertical directions. The model is applied to two cases described in the literature, in which the strains were computed from the solution of the stress equilibrium equation. It is shown that the simplified methods give results which are reasonably close to the more complex approach based on the equilibrium equations. The proposed model can be used to predict time-varying soil shrinkage and swelling caused by natural and anthropogenic factors.
{"title":"Numerical Modeling of Water Flow in Expansive Soils with Simplified Description of Soil Deformation","authors":"Sławomir Michalski, A. Szymkiewicz","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper we describe a numerical model of transient water flow in unsaturated expansive soils and the resulting soil volume change. The unsaturated flow equation is solved in a 2D domain using a finite-volume method and an explicit time discretization scheme. Strains in the soil mass are calculated by two simplified approaches, assuming that the strain state is either 1D (in the vertical direction only) or 2D with equal strains in horizontal and vertical directions. The model is applied to two cases described in the literature, in which the strains were computed from the solution of the stress equilibrium equation. It is shown that the simplified methods give results which are reasonably close to the more complex approach based on the equilibrium equations. The proposed model can be used to predict time-varying soil shrinkage and swelling caused by natural and anthropogenic factors.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47229694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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