Abstract The paper deals with the problem of sea-ice pack motion and deformation under the action of wind and water drag forces. Differential equations describing the behaviour of ice, with its very distinct material responses in converging and diverging flows, express the mass and linear momentum balances on a horizontal plane (the free surface of the ocean). The thermodynamic effects (ice melting and lead water freezing) are accounted for by adding source terms to the equations describing the evolution of the ice thickness and area fraction (concentration). These thermodynamic source terms are described by means of a single function that idealizes typical ice growth-rates observed in winter in the Arctic. The equations governing the problem are solved by a fully Lagrangian method of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). Assuming that the ice behaviour can be approximated by a non-linearly viscous rheology, the proposed SPH model was used to simulate the flow of a sea-ice pack driven by wind drag stresses and varying seasonal temperatures. The results of numerical simulations illustrate the evolution of an ice pack, including distributions of ice thickness and ice area fraction in space and time for assumed temperature distributions.
{"title":"Simulation of Sea-ice Thermodynamics by a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method","authors":"R. Staroszczyk","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper deals with the problem of sea-ice pack motion and deformation under the action of wind and water drag forces. Differential equations describing the behaviour of ice, with its very distinct material responses in converging and diverging flows, express the mass and linear momentum balances on a horizontal plane (the free surface of the ocean). The thermodynamic effects (ice melting and lead water freezing) are accounted for by adding source terms to the equations describing the evolution of the ice thickness and area fraction (concentration). These thermodynamic source terms are described by means of a single function that idealizes typical ice growth-rates observed in winter in the Arctic. The equations governing the problem are solved by a fully Lagrangian method of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). Assuming that the ice behaviour can be approximated by a non-linearly viscous rheology, the proposed SPH model was used to simulate the flow of a sea-ice pack driven by wind drag stresses and varying seasonal temperatures. The results of numerical simulations illustrate the evolution of an ice pack, including distributions of ice thickness and ice area fraction in space and time for assumed temperature distributions.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43755403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper deals with the influence of the wave shape, represented by water surface elevations and wave-induced nearbed velocities, on sediment transport under joint wave-current impact. The focus is on the theoretical description of vertically asymmetric wave motion and the effects of wave asymmetry on net sediment transport rates during interaction of coastal steady currents, namely wave-driven currents, with wave-induced unsteady free stream velocities. The cross-shore sediment transport is shown to depend on wave asymmetry not only quantitatively (in terms of rate), but also qualitatively (in terms of direction). Within longshore lithodynamics, wave asymmetry appears to have a significant effect on the net sediment transport rate.
{"title":"Influence of Wave Shape on Sediment Transport in Coastal Regions","authors":"R. Ostrowski","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper deals with the influence of the wave shape, represented by water surface elevations and wave-induced nearbed velocities, on sediment transport under joint wave-current impact. The focus is on the theoretical description of vertically asymmetric wave motion and the effects of wave asymmetry on net sediment transport rates during interaction of coastal steady currents, namely wave-driven currents, with wave-induced unsteady free stream velocities. The cross-shore sediment transport is shown to depend on wave asymmetry not only quantitatively (in terms of rate), but also qualitatively (in terms of direction). Within longshore lithodynamics, wave asymmetry appears to have a significant effect on the net sediment transport rate.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48154112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper analyses cross-shore bathymetric profiles between Władysławowo (km 125 of the Polish coastal chainage) and Lake Sarbsko (km 174) done in 2005 and 2011. Spaced every 500 m, they cover beach topography from dune/cliff crests to a seabed depth of about 15 m. They were decomposed by signal processing techniques to extract the monotonic component of beach topography and to perform a straightforward assessment of wave energy dissipation rates. Three characteristic dissipation patterns were identified: one associated with large nearshore bars and 2–3 zones of wave breaking; a second, to which the equilibrium beach profile concept can be applied; and a third, characterized by mixed behaviour. An attempt was then made to interpret these types of wave energy dissipation in terms of local coastal morphological features and the underlying sedimentary characteristics.
{"title":"Local Wave Energy Dissipation and Morphological Beach Characteristics along a Northernmost Segment of the Polish Coast","authors":"G. Różyński","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper analyses cross-shore bathymetric profiles between Władysławowo (km 125 of the Polish coastal chainage) and Lake Sarbsko (km 174) done in 2005 and 2011. Spaced every 500 m, they cover beach topography from dune/cliff crests to a seabed depth of about 15 m. They were decomposed by signal processing techniques to extract the monotonic component of beach topography and to perform a straightforward assessment of wave energy dissipation rates. Three characteristic dissipation patterns were identified: one associated with large nearshore bars and 2–3 zones of wave breaking; a second, to which the equilibrium beach profile concept can be applied; and a third, characterized by mixed behaviour. An attempt was then made to interpret these types of wave energy dissipation in terms of local coastal morphological features and the underlying sedimentary characteristics.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41432655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Szmytkiewicz, Piotr Szmytkiewicz, T. Marcinkowski
Abstract The objective of this study is to determine differences between design wave heights determined on the basis of short- and long-term wave trains. Wave parameters measured over a period of 7.47 years in the vicinity of Coastal Research Station Lubiatowo were used as short-term wave data, while wave parameters determined through the so-called wave reconstruction for a period of 44 years for the same region and depth were used as long-term wave data. The results of the calculations lead to the conclusions the significant wave height distributions obtained for short and long-term wave data are similar.
{"title":"Comparison of Design Wave Heights Determined on the Basis of Long- and Short-term Measurement Data","authors":"M. Szmytkiewicz, Piotr Szmytkiewicz, T. Marcinkowski","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The objective of this study is to determine differences between design wave heights determined on the basis of short- and long-term wave trains. Wave parameters measured over a period of 7.47 years in the vicinity of Coastal Research Station Lubiatowo were used as short-term wave data, while wave parameters determined through the so-called wave reconstruction for a period of 44 years for the same region and depth were used as long-term wave data. The results of the calculations lead to the conclusions the significant wave height distributions obtained for short and long-term wave data are similar.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41405447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The baffle factor is a parameter widely used to describe flow system characteristics. This indicator is very important in designing disinfection devices. For example, it is used to convert the plug flow time to the actual fluid residence time in the flow system of interest. Its accurate determination is a complex problem requiring tracer experiments or computational fluid dynamics simulations. Therefore, in practice, it is often taken from tables provided in the literature. The literature sources, however, state that the baffle factor for a flow in a straight pipe is equal to unity, which implies the identity between the pipe flow model and the plug flow model. This assumption is doubtful. The aim of the present work is to verify the baffle factor values assumed for the pipe flow. The merit of this study is the analytical derivation of the expression describing the baffle factor value with respect to flow characteristics. To this purpose, the analytical solution of a one-dimensional advection-diffusion equation with a Heaviside initial condition was used. It was demonstrated that the aforementioned assumption is wrong, as the baffle factor for a straight pipe is significantly less than unity.
{"title":"Verification of Baffle Factor for Straight Pipe Flow","authors":"W. Artichowicz, A. Łuczkiewicz, J. Sawicki","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The baffle factor is a parameter widely used to describe flow system characteristics. This indicator is very important in designing disinfection devices. For example, it is used to convert the plug flow time to the actual fluid residence time in the flow system of interest. Its accurate determination is a complex problem requiring tracer experiments or computational fluid dynamics simulations. Therefore, in practice, it is often taken from tables provided in the literature. The literature sources, however, state that the baffle factor for a flow in a straight pipe is equal to unity, which implies the identity between the pipe flow model and the plug flow model. This assumption is doubtful. The aim of the present work is to verify the baffle factor values assumed for the pipe flow. The merit of this study is the analytical derivation of the expression describing the baffle factor value with respect to flow characteristics. To this purpose, the analytical solution of a one-dimensional advection-diffusion equation with a Heaviside initial condition was used. It was demonstrated that the aforementioned assumption is wrong, as the baffle factor for a straight pipe is significantly less than unity.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43121667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper presents the results of a numerical simulation of a slope deformation process. The landslide slope “Grabina” in Koronowo near Bydgoszcz (Poland) serves as an example. A slope profile located in the central part of the slope, between the main scarp and the toe of the landslide, was selected. The average dip of the slope is about 10, and its length is approximately 55 m. Elasticity, plasticity and viscosity properties were taken into account in the model of the soil mass that composes the slope. The visco-elastic properties are described by the Burgers model (Mainardi and Spada 2011), and the plastic ones by the Coulomb-Mohr law. A numerical simulation was carried out by the computer code FLAC2D in the plane strain state with the assumption of the Lagrange routine. The model was discretized taking into account the results of inclinometric measurements, which proved that the slide movement was concentrated in a narrow loam zone of 0.5–1.0 m thickness. No tests of the viscosity parameters were performed, so they were determined by the back analysis and a trial and error method. The calculation results were verified by comparison with the displacement measured by the inclinometric method in three boreholes. The analysis performed demonstrated the possibility of approximating and forecasting landslide displacements by the combined Burgers and Coulomb-Mohr models.
{"title":"Analysis of Slope Creep in the Example of a Landslide Slope in Koronowo near Bydgoszcz","authors":"L. Zabuski","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents the results of a numerical simulation of a slope deformation process. The landslide slope “Grabina” in Koronowo near Bydgoszcz (Poland) serves as an example. A slope profile located in the central part of the slope, between the main scarp and the toe of the landslide, was selected. The average dip of the slope is about 10, and its length is approximately 55 m. Elasticity, plasticity and viscosity properties were taken into account in the model of the soil mass that composes the slope. The visco-elastic properties are described by the Burgers model (Mainardi and Spada 2011), and the plastic ones by the Coulomb-Mohr law. A numerical simulation was carried out by the computer code FLAC2D in the plane strain state with the assumption of the Lagrange routine. The model was discretized taking into account the results of inclinometric measurements, which proved that the slide movement was concentrated in a narrow loam zone of 0.5–1.0 m thickness. No tests of the viscosity parameters were performed, so they were determined by the back analysis and a trial and error method. The calculation results were verified by comparison with the displacement measured by the inclinometric method in three boreholes. The analysis performed demonstrated the possibility of approximating and forecasting landslide displacements by the combined Burgers and Coulomb-Mohr models.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41727850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An assessment of operating conditions in a baffled fish passage with pool dimensions of 2.2 × 3.0 m, and 180° horizontally turning pools, was carried out using numerical computations and a site survey of water flow velocity distribution. Velocity was measured with a PMS electromagnetic flowmeter and a hydrometric current meter in representative cross-sections of the fish passage in the pool centres and in the baffle barrier cross-section area. Numerical computations were also performed for two alternative baffle locations in the fishway. One reflected the actual conditions, and the other was an alternative arrangement designed to improve hydraulic conditions for fish migration. The numerical model used the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method, which makes it possible to detect large vortexes. The study pays close attention to the velocity field analysis as well as the distribution and sizes of vortexes in the turning pool of the culvert. The results of numerical computations and the site survey show high consistency, and the proposed baffle placement modification significantly improves flow conditions, especially in the entry section of the passage.
{"title":"Numerical Modelling of Fish Passage with Turning Pools","authors":"Łukasz Maniecki","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An assessment of operating conditions in a baffled fish passage with pool dimensions of 2.2 × 3.0 m, and 180° horizontally turning pools, was carried out using numerical computations and a site survey of water flow velocity distribution. Velocity was measured with a PMS electromagnetic flowmeter and a hydrometric current meter in representative cross-sections of the fish passage in the pool centres and in the baffle barrier cross-section area. Numerical computations were also performed for two alternative baffle locations in the fishway. One reflected the actual conditions, and the other was an alternative arrangement designed to improve hydraulic conditions for fish migration. The numerical model used the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method, which makes it possible to detect large vortexes. The study pays close attention to the velocity field analysis as well as the distribution and sizes of vortexes in the turning pool of the culvert. The results of numerical computations and the site survey show high consistency, and the proposed baffle placement modification significantly improves flow conditions, especially in the entry section of the passage.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49241187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper deals with the modelling of the undrained response of non-cohesive partially saturated soils subjected to triaxial compression. The model proposed is based on an incremental equation describing the pre-failure response of non-cohesive soils during shearing. The original model, developed by Sawicki, was modified by taking into account pore fluid compressibility. The governing equation makes it possible to simulate effective stress paths under undrained conditions. Numerical results are compared with experimental data.
{"title":"Modelling of the Response of Partially Saturated Non-cohesive Soil Subjected to Undrained Loading","authors":"W. Świdziński, J. Mierczyński, Marcin Smyczyński","doi":"10.1515/heem-2018-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper deals with the modelling of the undrained response of non-cohesive partially saturated soils subjected to triaxial compression. The model proposed is based on an incremental equation describing the pre-failure response of non-cohesive soils during shearing. The original model, developed by Sawicki, was modified by taking into account pore fluid compressibility. The governing equation makes it possible to simulate effective stress paths under undrained conditions. Numerical results are compared with experimental data.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41982913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract When systems of simple geometry like pipes or regular channels are considered, the mechanical energy loss of the fluid flow can be expressed by local and longitudinal empirical energy loss coefficients. However, in the case of large spatially distributed objects, there are no simple approaches to this task. In practice, general recommendations addressing different types of objects are used, but they usually provide very coarse estimates of energy loss. In this work, a new methodology for determination of mechanical energy loss in steady flowis proposed. This methodology is based on the observation that the magnitude of the power of energy dissipation in turbulent flow can be determined using the averaged flow velocity and turbulent viscosity coefficient. To highlight this possibility, an analysis of the magnitudes of the power of the main and fluctuating components of turbulent flow is presented. The correctness of the method is verified using an example of laminar and turbulent flows in a circular pipe. The results obtained show clearly that the proposed methodology can be used for mechanical energy loss determination in flow objects. This methodology can be used as a basis for mechanical energy loss determination in different types of flow objects.
{"title":"Determination of Mechanical Energy Loss in Steady Flow by Means of Dissipation Power","authors":"W. Artichowicz, J. Sawicki","doi":"10.1515/heem-2017-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2017-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract When systems of simple geometry like pipes or regular channels are considered, the mechanical energy loss of the fluid flow can be expressed by local and longitudinal empirical energy loss coefficients. However, in the case of large spatially distributed objects, there are no simple approaches to this task. In practice, general recommendations addressing different types of objects are used, but they usually provide very coarse estimates of energy loss. In this work, a new methodology for determination of mechanical energy loss in steady flowis proposed. This methodology is based on the observation that the magnitude of the power of energy dissipation in turbulent flow can be determined using the averaged flow velocity and turbulent viscosity coefficient. To highlight this possibility, an analysis of the magnitudes of the power of the main and fluctuating components of turbulent flow is presented. The correctness of the method is verified using an example of laminar and turbulent flows in a circular pipe. The results obtained show clearly that the proposed methodology can be used for mechanical energy loss determination in flow objects. This methodology can be used as a basis for mechanical energy loss determination in different types of flow objects.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/heem-2017-0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41287265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper presents the principles of the slope reprofiling and proves the effectiveness of this stabilization measure. The case study of two adjacent landslides in the National Road 52 “Carnica” in the Tagliamento River valley, the Carnian Alps (46°23′49″N, 12°42′51″E) are the example allowing for illustration of this approach. The phenomena have been studied for more than a decade, making it possible to carry out a detailed geological and geomorphological reconstruction. That was done on the basis of a large amount of monitoring data collected during that period. Since the landslides are threatening an important road, countermeasure works to ameliorate the stability conditions of the slides need to be designed. The paper focuses on the creation of a numerical model consistent with monitoring data and capable of reconstructing the dynamics of both landslides. Two cross-sections, one for each landslide, were selected for the analysis. The geometry of the slip surface was determined on the basis of control points, such as slip surface readings from inclinometers, and geomorphological evidence for the contour. The FLAC2D code was used to evaluate the current stability of these landslides and to determine the effectiveness of changing the slope geometry by removing material from the upper part of the slope and putting it to the lowest part as reinforcement.
{"title":"Influence of the Geometry Alteration of the Landslide Slope on its Stability: A Case Study in the Carnian Alps (Italy)","authors":"L. Zabuski, G. Bossi, G. Marcato","doi":"10.1515/heem-2017-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2017-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents the principles of the slope reprofiling and proves the effectiveness of this stabilization measure. The case study of two adjacent landslides in the National Road 52 “Carnica” in the Tagliamento River valley, the Carnian Alps (46°23′49″N, 12°42′51″E) are the example allowing for illustration of this approach. The phenomena have been studied for more than a decade, making it possible to carry out a detailed geological and geomorphological reconstruction. That was done on the basis of a large amount of monitoring data collected during that period. Since the landslides are threatening an important road, countermeasure works to ameliorate the stability conditions of the slides need to be designed. The paper focuses on the creation of a numerical model consistent with monitoring data and capable of reconstructing the dynamics of both landslides. Two cross-sections, one for each landslide, were selected for the analysis. The geometry of the slip surface was determined on the basis of control points, such as slip surface readings from inclinometers, and geomorphological evidence for the contour. The FLAC2D code was used to evaluate the current stability of these landslides and to determine the effectiveness of changing the slope geometry by removing material from the upper part of the slope and putting it to the lowest part as reinforcement.","PeriodicalId":53658,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Hydroengineering and Environmental Mechanics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48865530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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