{"title":"Root Shock: A Concept at Twenty","authors":"Robert Sember","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.217","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"323 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141402014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer S. Ramirez, Katherine Dillard Gonzalez, Talib Hudson, Whitney Blanco
In Root Shock: How Tearing Up City Neighborhoods Hurts America and What We Can Do About It, Mindy Fullilove analyses how the US government's urban renewal policy destroyed multiple communities across the country. Fullilove intended to include an appendix discussing situation analysis, the research method she used to study root shock. This paper takes up the task of that missing appendix. Situation analysis is a flexible and accessible way to study complex social phenomena or events. The goal is to describe how macro-political, social, and economic structures influence micro-level events, processes, and decision-making. In this paper, we de fine situation analysis and offer a guide to the method, detailing the phases of data collection and analysis: identifying 'what happened' and the people involved; documenting a variety of perspectives on the events of the situation; and se ing events and perspectives within an embedding context. We conclude with a discussion of the unique insights gained when this approach is applied in policy studies.
{"title":"Root Shock's Missing Appendix Using Situation Analysis for Critical Policy Studies and Beyond","authors":"Jennifer S. Ramirez, Katherine Dillard Gonzalez, Talib Hudson, Whitney Blanco","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.373","url":null,"abstract":"In Root Shock: How Tearing Up City Neighborhoods Hurts America and What We Can Do About It, Mindy Fullilove analyses how the US government's urban renewal policy destroyed multiple communities across the country. Fullilove intended to include an appendix discussing situation\u0000 analysis, the research method she used to study root shock. This paper takes up the task of that missing appendix. Situation analysis is a flexible and accessible way to study complex social phenomena or events. The goal is to describe how macro-political, social, and economic structures influence\u0000 micro-level events, processes, and decision-making. In this paper, we de fine situation analysis and offer a guide to the method, detailing the phases of data collection and analysis: identifying 'what happened' and the people involved; documenting a variety of perspectives on the events of\u0000 the situation; and se ing events and perspectives within an embedding context. We conclude with a discussion of the unique insights gained when this approach is applied in policy studies.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141396954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper illustrates the place of root shock in the colonial and postcolonial history of Ireland and situates this series of Irish papers inspired by Mindy Fullilove's seminal book. It explains why the practice of eviction has such a traumatic resonance within Irish society. This trauma was laid bare in the responses to a 2023 artwork by Spicebag that connected modern eviction with its historical precedents. In this paper the elements of Spicebag's work are given their historical context with an account of dispossession and plantation, famine and exile, urban poverty, and neoliberal privatization of land and housing. In each case, a new form of root shock was added to the earlier legacies producing chronic place-based trauma.
{"title":"Root Shock and Postcolonial Trauma in Ireland","authors":"Gerry Kearns","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.307","url":null,"abstract":"This paper illustrates the place of root shock in the colonial and postcolonial history of Ireland and situates this series of Irish papers inspired by Mindy Fullilove's seminal book. It explains why the practice of eviction has such a traumatic resonance within Irish society. This\u0000 trauma was laid bare in the responses to a 2023 artwork by Spicebag that connected modern eviction with its historical precedents. In this paper the elements of Spicebag's work are given their historical context with an account of dispossession and plantation, famine and exile, urban poverty,\u0000 and neoliberal privatization of land and housing. In each case, a new form of root shock was added to the earlier legacies producing chronic place-based trauma.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"120 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141408080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The publication of Mindy Fullilove's Root Shock in 2004 turned the oftcited narrative of top-down progress on its head. For the first time, the words of ordinary neighbourhood folk emerged as counter points to urban renewal and rapid community change. Now, twenty years later, the process Fullilove established still resonates among the people with whom she interacted. One city she profiled, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, suffered through several rounds of emotional and physical trauma in the form of African American displacement from urban renewal in the 1950s and 1960s, then the demolition of public housing units in the 1990s and early-2000s. This article synthesizes the responses of Terri Baltimore, a neighbourhood activist from Pittsburgh's Hill District; Phil Hallen, the former President of the Maurice Falk Medical Fund which funded Mindy's research in Pittsburgh; and Duquesne University history professor Dan Holland as they recount their reactions to Root Shock in 1994 and the inspiration Mindy Fullilove continues to provide today. But as a new round of root shock unfolds – the exodus of African Americans from traditional inner-city neighbourhoods as a result of gentrification – Fullilove's lessons provide a cautionary tale for how cities respond to the latest housing crisis.
{"title":"Root Shock at Twenty: Reflections from Pittsburgh","authors":"Dan Holland, Terri Baltimore, Phil Hallen","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.233","url":null,"abstract":"The publication of Mindy Fullilove's Root Shock in 2004 turned the oftcited narrative of top-down progress on its head. For the first time, the words of ordinary neighbourhood folk emerged as counter points to urban renewal and rapid community change. Now, twenty years later,\u0000 the process Fullilove established still resonates among the people with whom she interacted. One city she profiled, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, suffered through several rounds of emotional and physical trauma in the form of African American displacement from urban renewal in the 1950s and 1960s,\u0000 then the demolition of public housing units in the 1990s and early-2000s. This article synthesizes the responses of Terri Baltimore, a neighbourhood activist from Pittsburgh's Hill District; Phil Hallen, the former President of the Maurice Falk Medical Fund which funded Mindy's research in\u0000 Pittsburgh; and Duquesne University history professor Dan Holland as they recount their reactions to Root Shock in 1994 and the inspiration Mindy Fullilove continues to provide today. But as a new round of root shock unfolds – the exodus of African Americans from traditional inner-city\u0000 neighbourhoods as a result of gentrification – Fullilove's lessons provide a cautionary tale for how cities respond to the latest housing crisis.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141416380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article extends Fullilove's research about root shock and displacement by describing two community spatial justice projects led by Irish Travellers (also known as Mincéirs), an indigenous ethnic minority historically oppressed due to their distinctive nomadic culture who continue to experience systemic discrimination. Traveller-led genealogy and community mapping projects extend understandings of displacement, not from located urban neighbourhoods, but from familiar circuits including places. The article describes how younger generations, having inherited the negative effects of this 'route shock', engaged older generations to document, visit, and map Traveller places and mazeways, and in so doing, share stories with younger generations and a wider public that acknowledges Traveller contributions to Irish society.
{"title":"From 'Route Shock' towards Spatial Justice Mapping Travellers' Storied Places and Mazeways","authors":"Karen E. Till, Rachel Mcardle","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.337","url":null,"abstract":"This article extends Fullilove's research about root shock and displacement by describing two community spatial justice projects led by Irish Travellers (also known as Mincéirs), an indigenous ethnic minority historically oppressed due to their distinctive nomadic culture who\u0000 continue to experience systemic discrimination. Traveller-led genealogy and community mapping projects extend understandings of displacement, not from located urban neighbourhoods, but from familiar circuits including places. The article describes how younger generations, having inherited\u0000 the negative effects of this 'route shock', engaged older generations to document, visit, and map Traveller places and mazeways, and in so doing, share stories with younger generations and a wider public that acknowledges Traveller contributions to Irish society.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"56 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141404459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. T. Fullilove, Sarah Howe, Molly Rose Kaufman, Dominic Moulden, Carley A. Weted, Katharine Silva, Aubrey Murdock, Serita EL Amin, Derek Hyra
This article reports the results of a community-based, participatory action research project comparing Shaw, in Washington, DC, and Orange, NJ, which were at diff erent stages in the process of gentrification. We were specifically interested in sources of stress that may lead to physical and mental illness. Our data show that gentrification, a form of redevelopment in chronically disinvested neighbourhoods, is a drawn-out and high-conflict situation with many inbuilt stressors including: long-term deprivation preceding redevelopment; displacement by gentrification; loss of social bonds; rent burden; improper manoeuvres by landlords; and betrayal by politicians. The process also undermines the sense that society has solidarity with all people. Harmful as these processes are, of even more concern was the increasing financialization of real estate, which is making these experiences more common among communities across much of the socioeconomic spectrum. Community organizing has been a key strategy in this asymmetric con flict, but given the international financialization of housing, additional strategies will be needed.
{"title":"'We Couldn't Get the Big Win' A Situation Analysis of the Stress of Gentrification at Differing Points in the Process","authors":"M. T. Fullilove, Sarah Howe, Molly Rose Kaufman, Dominic Moulden, Carley A. Weted, Katharine Silva, Aubrey Murdock, Serita EL Amin, Derek Hyra","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.241","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports the results of a community-based, participatory action research project comparing Shaw, in Washington, DC, and Orange, NJ, which were at diff erent stages in the process of gentrification. We were specifically interested in sources of stress that may lead to physical\u0000 and mental illness. Our data show that gentrification, a form of redevelopment in chronically disinvested neighbourhoods, is a drawn-out and high-conflict situation with many inbuilt stressors including: long-term deprivation preceding redevelopment; displacement by gentrification; loss of\u0000 social bonds; rent burden; improper manoeuvres by landlords; and betrayal by politicians. The process also undermines the sense that society has solidarity with all people. Harmful as these processes are, of even more concern was the increasing financialization of real estate, which is making\u0000 these experiences more common among communities across much of the socioeconomic spectrum. Community organizing has been a key strategy in this asymmetric con flict, but given the international financialization of housing, additional strategies will be needed.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"1983 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141401099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
La-Meik Cook Taylor, Eric Paris Whitfield, Keith Rogers, Robert Sember
Mindy Fullilove asserts that mass criminalization contributes to root shock. We examine this relationship and the harms of carceral displacement, which fall heaviest on poor and low wealth communities in the US, especially majority Black communities. Despite being only 13 per cent of the US population, almost 50 per cent of those held in state prisons are Black. Guided by Fullilove's research on the harms of urban renewal, we inventory the damage incarceration exacts on health, wealth, and political power. Incarceration is a direct cause of poor health among incarcerated populations and is a fundamental cause of ill health in affected communities. Funding prisons is a form of catastrophic disinvestment that could instead be spent on health, education, and housing. Incarcerated individuals are disenfranchised during and often after their release, thereby diminishing the political power of affected communities. We consider, in the final section of the paper, what the theory of root shock contributes to the process of re-entry, which is when incarcerated individuals return to community. By centring the experience of individuals within both physical and social environments, Fullilove inspires an ecological approach to re-entry, meaning that care for place and in place is essential.
{"title":"Carceral Displacement: The Root Shock of Mass Criminalization","authors":"La-Meik Cook Taylor, Eric Paris Whitfield, Keith Rogers, Robert Sember","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.272","url":null,"abstract":"Mindy Fullilove asserts that mass criminalization contributes to root shock. We examine this relationship and the harms of carceral displacement, which fall heaviest on poor and low wealth communities in the US, especially majority Black communities. Despite being only 13 per cent of\u0000 the US population, almost 50 per cent of those held in state prisons are Black. Guided by Fullilove's research on the harms of urban renewal, we inventory the damage incarceration exacts on health, wealth, and political power. Incarceration is a direct cause of poor health among incarcerated\u0000 populations and is a fundamental cause of ill health in affected communities. Funding prisons is a form of catastrophic disinvestment that could instead be spent on health, education, and housing. Incarcerated individuals are disenfranchised during and often after their release, thereby diminishing\u0000 the political power of affected communities. We consider, in the final section of the paper, what the theory of root shock contributes to the process of re-entry, which is when incarcerated individuals return to community. By centring the experience of individuals within both physical and\u0000 social environments, Fullilove inspires an ecological approach to re-entry, meaning that care for place and in place is essential.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141390470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The built environment anchors social, economic, and political community. A limited neighbourhood milieu fosters and maintains relationships that enable a community to realize its values. Fundamental civic activities such as ge ing out the vote depend on this empowerment. Voting has declined across New York City, but especially in the Bronx, which experienced the largest decline in voting between the 1969 and 2021 mayoral elections. The South and Central Bronx is now the largest city area of extremely low voter participation. This paper explores how public policies generated by the real estate industry – specifically redlining, urban renewal, and planned shrinkage – in conjunction with the Permanent Registration article in the 1938 New York State Constitution suppressed voting. The distribution of premature mortality and other health problems in the Bronx appear to be another consequence of these policies. That is, disempowerment and health erosion appear related and stem from influence of the real estate industry on mayoral policy.
{"title":"The New York City Real Estate Industry and Voter Suppression","authors":"D. Wallace, Rodrick Wallace","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.256","url":null,"abstract":"The built environment anchors social, economic, and political community. A limited neighbourhood milieu fosters and maintains relationships that enable a community to realize its values. Fundamental civic activities such as ge ing out the vote depend on this empowerment. Voting has\u0000 declined across New York City, but especially in the Bronx, which experienced the largest decline in voting between the 1969 and 2021 mayoral elections. The South and Central Bronx is now the largest city area of extremely low voter participation. This paper explores how public policies generated\u0000 by the real estate industry – specifically redlining, urban renewal, and planned shrinkage – in conjunction with the Permanent Registration article in the 1938 New York State Constitution suppressed voting. The distribution of premature mortality and other health problems in the\u0000 Bronx appear to be another consequence of these policies. That is, disempowerment and health erosion appear related and stem from influence of the real estate industry on mayoral policy.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141404768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines an established working-class community in Dublin's southeast inner city. It describes the experience of root shock in a community that has experienced 'displacement in place' following urban renewal and gentrification in the surrounding area. The article highlights the shrinking of 'third places' for public mixing: older men have lost their pubs, younger people have lost their playgrounds, and young adults express a profound sense of displacement in place. As the class composition of the area changes, there are few places where classes can mingle.
{"title":"Displacement in Place: Root Shock in the Pearse Street Community, Dublin","authors":"Mary Broe","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.327","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines an established working-class community in Dublin's southeast inner city. It describes the experience of root shock in a community that has experienced 'displacement in place' following urban renewal and gentrification in the surrounding area. The article highlights\u0000 the shrinking of 'third places' for public mixing: older men have lost their pubs, younger people have lost their playgrounds, and young adults express a profound sense of displacement in place. As the class composition of the area changes, there are few places where classes can mingle.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141394645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Root shock is a predictable consequence of several sets of social policies in Ireland. This paper will look at how root shock is used to discipline one-parent families and people seeking asylum in Ireland. Changes to bene fits and housing systems since the global economic crisis of 2008 has seen one-parent families suffer the most intense root shock through deprivation and homelessness. People seeking asylum have already suffered the most awful root shock while experiencing racism and suspicion from the Irish state, limiting their integration and overall safety. While the Irish state continues to fail to support either group, divisions deepen. The consequences of root shock have created the space for a politics of hate, which pits people seeking refuge against homeless one-parent families and allowed the far right in Ireland to weaponize the housing crisis.
{"title":"Root Shock as Social Discipline Marginalization and Racism in Irish Social, Asylum, and Refugee Policies","authors":"Niamh McDonald","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.349","url":null,"abstract":"Root shock is a predictable consequence of several sets of social policies in Ireland. This paper will look at how root shock is used to discipline one-parent families and people seeking asylum in Ireland. Changes to bene fits and housing systems since the global economic crisis of\u0000 2008 has seen one-parent families suffer the most intense root shock through deprivation and homelessness. People seeking asylum have already suffered the most awful root shock while experiencing racism and suspicion from the Irish state, limiting their integration and overall safety. While\u0000 the Irish state continues to fail to support either group, divisions deepen. The consequences of root shock have created the space for a politics of hate, which pits people seeking refuge against homeless one-parent families and allowed the far right in Ireland to weaponize the housing crisis.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141398722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：