This paper presents a collaboration between Anetha Perry, who conducted dissertation research in Camden, NJ, and Stephen Danley, her faculty advisor, who is also deeply engaged in that city, which has suffered from severe disinvestment. Perry's contribution is drawn from her year-long effort to return to her childhood home, Perry House, which had served as a Black settlement house during her parents' lifetimes. Danley adds perspectives as a community-engaged scholar, overseeing and supporting this home-going effort. Their observations underscore the obstacles that confront those trying to invest in a deeply disinvested neighbourhood. They also point out the bene fits of settlement houses, like the Perry House, which have a true 'insider's view' of the struggles to achieve rootedness in the face of many displacing processes. They underscore the potential of such efforts to aid in the creation of policies that stop disinvestment and pivot towards urban restoration.
{"title":"A Year to Go Home: A Story of Fighting Deep Disinvestment","authors":"Sister Anetha Perry, Stephen Danley","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.285","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a collaboration between Anetha Perry, who conducted dissertation research in Camden, NJ, and Stephen Danley, her faculty advisor, who is also deeply engaged in that city, which has suffered from severe disinvestment. Perry's contribution is drawn from her year-long\u0000 effort to return to her childhood home, Perry House, which had served as a Black settlement house during her parents' lifetimes. Danley adds perspectives as a community-engaged scholar, overseeing and supporting this home-going effort. Their observations underscore the obstacles that confront\u0000 those trying to invest in a deeply disinvested neighbourhood. They also point out the bene fits of settlement houses, like the Perry House, which have a true 'insider's view' of the struggles to achieve rootedness in the face of many displacing processes. They underscore the potential of such\u0000 efforts to aid in the creation of policies that stop disinvestment and pivot towards urban restoration.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141411927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mindy Thompson Fullilove's concept of 'Root Shock' captures the trauma caused by the mass displacement and dispossession associated with urban renewal. In the twenty years since it was published, such policies have set in motion waves of trauma and 'dispossessive praxis' (Lancione, 2024, p. 841), producing what Fullilove (2004, p. 99) calls 'a downward spiral of collapse'. Reflecting on the book's twentieth anniversary, in this paper we draw on root shock and ancillary concepts to reflect on what happens when the forms of community, reciprocity, and solidarity presupposed in analyses of residents' experience of displacement have already been hollowed out? We do so by examining how housing movements have had to simultaneously resist displacement and engage in active processes to create community, focusing on the experience of the Community Action Tenants Union (CATU) in Ireland. We show that the denial of roots requires the praxis of cultivating and nurturing their potential through tenant organizing.
{"title":"Resisting Root Shock in the Collapsed City: Constructing Community and the Fight to Stay Put through Tenant Organizing in Dublin","authors":"Tommy Gavin, Cian O'Callaghan","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.360","url":null,"abstract":"Mindy Thompson Fullilove's concept of 'Root Shock' captures the trauma caused by the mass displacement and dispossession associated with urban renewal. In the twenty years since it was published, such policies have set in motion waves of trauma and 'dispossessive praxis' (Lancione,\u0000 2024, p. 841), producing what Fullilove (2004, p. 99) calls 'a downward spiral of collapse'. Reflecting on the book's twentieth anniversary, in this paper we draw on root shock and ancillary concepts to reflect on what happens when the forms of community, reciprocity, and solidarity presupposed\u0000 in analyses of residents' experience of displacement have already been hollowed out? We do so by examining how housing movements have had to simultaneously resist displacement and engage in active processes to create community, focusing on the experience of the Community Action Tenants Union\u0000 (CATU) in Ireland. We show that the denial of roots requires the praxis of cultivating and nurturing their potential through tenant organizing.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"223 S725","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141413349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Historically Black communities are frequently depicted as victims of urban conditions. However, a rich tradition of placemaking, placekeeping, and community care, often led and stewarded by Black women, exists. Drawing from theories that name macrosystems that contribute to the fracturing and disruption of urban Black communities (e.g.'root shock'), and strategies that attempt to heal and redress these processes (e.g. 'urban alchemy'), this paper examines the (re)making of place through the lens of Black older women living in lower-income, urban neighbourhoods.
{"title":"From Root Shock to Urban Alchemy: The (Re)making of Urban Space through the Lens of Black Older Women","authors":"H. S. Versey, Laurent Reyes, Jarmin Yeh","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.296","url":null,"abstract":"Historically Black communities are frequently depicted as victims of urban conditions. However, a rich tradition of placemaking, placekeeping, and community care, often led and stewarded by Black women, exists. Drawing from theories that name macrosystems that contribute to the fracturing\u0000 and disruption of urban Black communities (e.g.'root shock'), and strategies that attempt to heal and redress these processes (e.g. 'urban alchemy'), this paper examines the (re)making of place through the lens of Black older women living in lower-income, urban neighbourhoods.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"138 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141407676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The federal Housing Act of 1949 funded 'urban renewal', a programme to clear urban areas that White-run local governments deemed 'slums'. From the 1950s to the 1980s, Roanoke joined hundreds of other American cities in levelling old neighbourhoods, usually home to Black citizens and other minorities. In this paper I recount my reporting in the early 1990s on the displacement of residents from neighbourhoods such as Northeast and adjacent Gainsboro. The city destroyed some 1,600 homes, twenty-four churches, Roanoke's first post office, historic schools and around 200 small businesses. All were in one of the only sections where authorities allowed Black people to live. In scores of interviews people spoke longingly of life in their destroyed neighbourhoods and detailed an enduring distrust of their government and the local media that supported the clearances without reporting the consequences. After reading a copy of my 1995 report on how urban renewal uprooted Black Roanoke, Dr Mindy Fullilove visited the city, which would become a central case in Root Shock: How Tearing Up City Neighborhoods Hurts America and What Can We Do About It. Today, Roanoke is still recovering from the devastation of urban renewal. Residents repeatedly evoke this history as they scrutinize contemporary redevelopment plans.
{"title":"Root Shock at Twenty: Reflections from Roanoke","authors":"Mary Carter Bishop","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.2.226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.2.226","url":null,"abstract":"The federal Housing Act of 1949 funded 'urban renewal', a programme to clear urban areas that White-run local governments deemed 'slums'. From the 1950s to the 1980s, Roanoke joined hundreds of other American cities in levelling old neighbourhoods, usually home to Black citizens and\u0000 other minorities. In this paper I recount my reporting in the early 1990s on the displacement of residents from neighbourhoods such as Northeast and adjacent Gainsboro. The city destroyed some 1,600 homes, twenty-four churches, Roanoke's first post office, historic schools and around 200 small\u0000 businesses. All were in one of the only sections where authorities allowed Black people to live. In scores of interviews people spoke longingly of life in their destroyed neighbourhoods and detailed an enduring distrust of their government and the local media that supported the clearances\u0000 without reporting the consequences. After reading a copy of my 1995 report on how urban renewal uprooted Black Roanoke, Dr Mindy Fullilove visited the city, which would become a central case in Root Shock: How Tearing Up City Neighborhoods Hurts America and What Can We Do About It.\u0000 Today, Roanoke is still recovering from the devastation of urban renewal. Residents repeatedly evoke this history as they scrutinize contemporary redevelopment plans.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141410083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Manifesto for Streets: Everyday Streets: Inclusive Approaches to Understanding and Designing Streets edited by Agustina Martire, Birgit Hausleitner and Jane Clossick","authors":"Gal Elhanan","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.1.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.1.211","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"35 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140762986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a city like Naples, the concept of neighbourhood is continuously negotiated and redefined through everyday practices of urban interaction and through the existence of multiple forms of social capital that animate daily life. In the historic centre of the city the negotiation of the neighbourhoods is influenced by the coexistence and close proximity of different social groups, which compels us to think about the significance of the 'agency of place' and how social difference defines the neighbourhood itself. The diverse housing situations and economic activities shape the characteristics of these central neighbourhoods that, crucially, are not captured in formal, administrative definitions of the city's districts. Through the case of the Condominio Sociale divia S. Nicola a Nilo, a city council housing policy to build a socially inclusive block of flats, this article discusses how the coexistence of various inhabitants, social networks, and spatial relationships represent a fundamental feature of the concept of neighbourhood in Naples. In doing so, the article points to the importance of the 'agency of place' and the maintenance of social heterogeneity as key to inclusive urban policies.
{"title":"The Agency of Socially Mixed Neighbourhoods Insights from the Historic Centre of Naples","authors":"Cristina Mattiucci","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.1.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.1.42","url":null,"abstract":"In a city like Naples, the concept of neighbourhood is continuously negotiated and redefined through everyday practices of urban interaction and through the existence of multiple forms of social capital that animate daily life. In the historic centre of the city the negotiation of the\u0000 neighbourhoods is influenced by the coexistence and close proximity of different social groups, which compels us to think about the significance of the 'agency of place' and how social difference defines the neighbourhood itself. The diverse housing situations and economic activities shape\u0000 the characteristics of these central neighbourhoods that, crucially, are not captured in formal, administrative definitions of the city's districts. Through the case of the Condominio Sociale divia S. Nicola a Nilo, a city council housing policy to build a socially inclusive block of flats,\u0000 this article discusses how the coexistence of various inhabitants, social networks, and spatial relationships represent a fundamental feature of the concept of neighbourhood in Naples. In doing so, the article points to the importance of the 'agency of place' and the maintenance of social\u0000 heterogeneity as key to inclusive urban policies.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"137 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140768904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper offers a normative definition of what a neighbourhood should be. Normatively defined, a neighbourhood has identity, a place that functions as its centre, everyday facilities and services, internal and external connectivity, social diversity within it or an openness to its enabling, and a means by which residents can be involved in its aff airs and speak with a collective voice. This paper argues that there are four reasons why this normative de finition is a worthy goal. First, neighbourhoods that meet this normative definition do exist and are in high demand, which is evidence that more are needed. Meeting demand has become a significant problem over the last few decades, and cities struggle to find ways to sustain whatever supply they are fortunate to have. Second, normative neighbourhoods are able to foster a sense of ownership and caring. Neighbourhood tangibility forms the basis of self-governance, evident in the historical record and a century of discourse. In the absence of an explicit definition, neighbourhood is an abstraction, weakening residents' ability to control or change it. Third, normative neighbourhoods cultivate social and economic connection because they root connectivity in daily experience. From small business success to neighbourhood-based surveillance, to efforts to combat social isolation among the elderly, to increasing success among high-risk children in school, neighbourhood-based engagement is regularly cited as a factor in addressing social challenges. Fourth, the normative neighbourhood substitutes place for homogeneity as the basis of neighbourhood definition. Place, instead of class or race, forms neighbourhood consciousness and is the basis of collective identity, one capable of transcending the desire for social sameness, the fear of others, and the distrust of institutions. Social identity based solely on class, race or ethnicity has been harmful because of its exclusionary effects, so an alternative identity basis is needed.
{"title":"Normative Neighbourhoods","authors":"Emily Talen","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"This paper offers a normative definition of what a neighbourhood should be. Normatively defined, a neighbourhood has identity, a place that functions as its centre, everyday facilities and services, internal and external connectivity, social diversity within it or an openness to its\u0000 enabling, and a means by which residents can be involved in its aff airs and speak with a collective voice. This paper argues that there are four reasons why this normative de finition is a worthy goal. First, neighbourhoods that meet this normative definition do exist and are in high demand,\u0000 which is evidence that more are needed. Meeting demand has become a significant problem over the last few decades, and cities struggle to find ways to sustain whatever supply they are fortunate to have. Second, normative neighbourhoods are able to foster a sense of ownership and caring. Neighbourhood\u0000 tangibility forms the basis of self-governance, evident in the historical record and a century of discourse. In the absence of an explicit definition, neighbourhood is an abstraction, weakening residents' ability to control or change it. Third, normative neighbourhoods cultivate social and\u0000 economic connection because they root connectivity in daily experience. From small business success to neighbourhood-based surveillance, to efforts to combat social isolation among the elderly, to increasing success among high-risk children in school, neighbourhood-based engagement is regularly\u0000 cited as a factor in addressing social challenges. Fourth, the normative neighbourhood substitutes place for homogeneity as the basis of neighbourhood definition. Place, instead of class or race, forms neighbourhood consciousness and is the basis of collective identity, one capable of transcending\u0000 the desire for social sameness, the fear of others, and the distrust of institutions. Social identity based solely on class, race or ethnicity has been harmful because of its exclusionary effects, so an alternative identity basis is needed.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"82 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140768163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The urban neighbourhood – though increasingly assailed as a problematic spatial construct – still matters in contemporary societies because it is a crucial unit of reference in metropolitan housing markets. The logic is as follows. Key housing market actors – households, owners, developers, and agents – believe that the local area in which they live, own property, or try to sell property influences their own wellbeing for a number of social-psychological and/or economic reasons. Because these people then act on their neighbourhood-related beliefs in a variety of ways, this implies that neighbourhoods are important: they generate collective behavioural responses. Put more succinctly, neighbourhoods must still matter because housing market actors believe they matter and then behave based on these beliefs. Evidence to support this logic is assembled here from a wide variety of interdisciplinary sources. For households, we observe the strong relationship between neighbourhood conditions and satisfaction, housing search, and intra-urban mobility. For property owners and developers, we observe how neighbourhood attributes strongly influence property values and, relatedly, the virulence of NIMBY protests when changes in these a ributes are considered threatening. For housing agents, we see continued evidence of discriminatory exclusion and geographic steering on the basis of neighbourhood racial/ethnic and income composition.
{"title":"Neighbourhoods still Matter Because Housing Market Actors Believe They Matter","authors":"George C. Galster","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.1.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.1.25","url":null,"abstract":"The urban neighbourhood – though increasingly assailed as a problematic spatial construct – still matters in contemporary societies because it is a crucial unit of reference in metropolitan housing markets. The logic is as follows. Key housing market actors – households,\u0000 owners, developers, and agents – believe that the local area in which they live, own property, or try to sell property influences their own wellbeing for a number of social-psychological and/or economic reasons. Because these people then act on their neighbourhood-related beliefs in\u0000 a variety of ways, this implies that neighbourhoods are important: they generate collective behavioural responses. Put more succinctly, neighbourhoods must still matter because housing market actors believe they matter and then behave based on these beliefs. Evidence to support this logic\u0000 is assembled here from a wide variety of interdisciplinary sources. For households, we observe the strong relationship between neighbourhood conditions and satisfaction, housing search, and intra-urban mobility. For property owners and developers, we observe how neighbourhood attributes strongly\u0000 influence property values and, relatedly, the virulence of NIMBY protests when changes in these a ributes are considered threatening. For housing agents, we see continued evidence of discriminatory exclusion and geographic steering on the basis of neighbourhood racial/ethnic and income composition.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"42 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140768753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyses the connection between neighbourly relations and social cohesion. These concepts obviously overlap to a certain degree, but it is not clear how they are related. The crucial questions are if and how neighbourly relations can promote social cohesion. To answer this, a qualitative study based on interviews (n = 4 0) was conducted to examine neighbourly relations in two urban districts in Germany. Both districts are characterized by high levels of social segregation and cultural diversity but differ from each other in terms of the extent of resident turnover, the availability of local social service organizations, and their respective urban development profiles. The results show that there is a close connection between residents' perceptions of social cohesion and inclination for social participation in the neighbourhood. Local social service organizations and associations can play a critical role in facilitating the social encounters that create such perceptions. Basically, neighbourly relationships are influenced by the local conditions, especially by the extent of fluctuation but also by neighbourly behaviour, which promotes social cohesion at the neighbourhood level.
{"title":"Neighbourhoods and Social Cohesion: Why Neighbourhoods Still Matter","authors":"Sebastian Kurtenbach","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.1.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.1.73","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyses the connection between neighbourly relations and social cohesion. These concepts obviously overlap to a certain degree, but it is not clear how they are related. The crucial questions are if and how neighbourly relations can promote social cohesion. To answer this,\u0000 a qualitative study based on interviews (n = 4 0) was conducted to examine neighbourly relations in two urban districts in Germany. Both districts are characterized by high levels of social segregation and cultural diversity but differ from each other in terms of the extent of resident turnover,\u0000 the availability of local social service organizations, and their respective urban development profiles. The results show that there is a close connection between residents' perceptions of social cohesion and inclination for social participation in the neighbourhood. Local social service organizations\u0000 and associations can play a critical role in facilitating the social encounters that create such perceptions. Basically, neighbourly relationships are influenced by the local conditions, especially by the extent of fluctuation but also by neighbourly behaviour, which promotes social cohesion\u0000 at the neighbourhood level.","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"122 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140784583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do Neighbourhoods Still Matter? On Our Agency and (Possible) Future Paths","authors":"T. Hatuka","doi":"10.2148/benv.50.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.50.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53715,"journal":{"name":"Built Environment","volume":"840 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140777174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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