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Le forme della solitudine: isolamento, co-isolamento, noia e sonno 孤独的形式:孤独,共同孤独,无聊和睡眠
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-07-15 DOI: 10.54103/2240-9599/18220
Elia Gonnella
Man avoids solitude through divertissement because he is afraid of what staying alone entails: thinking about himself (Pascal). Furthermore, man seeks isolation in order to gain ambition and reputation (Montaigne). However, solitude is really different from isolation and it is a fundamental emotional condition. Heidegger’s analysis of the forms of boredom adapts to and relates to the specific dynamic of solitude, showing that it is a part of human being’s structure despite his experience appearing controversial. Even if man lives in modern apartments and one-room apartments, he is in a condition of co-isolation (Sloterdijk) that differs from solitude. There is a space solitude (Foucault) that involves – or can involve – human isolation, but we only experience essential solitude in sleep (Merleau-Ponty, Blanchot, Perec) where man detached himself from himself and he is really alone, from himself and the others. The forms of solitude lead the analysis towards impersonal activity.
人们通过消遣来避免孤独,因为他害怕独处所带来的后果:思考自己(帕斯卡)。此外,人们寻求孤立是为了获得野心和声誉(蒙田)。然而,孤独确实不同于孤立,它是一种基本的情感状态。海德格尔对无聊形式的分析适应并联系了孤独的具体动态,表明孤独是人类结构的一部分,尽管他的经验存在争议。即使人们住在现代公寓和一居室公寓里,他也处于一种与孤独不同的共同隔离状态(Sloterdijk)。有一种空间孤独(福柯)涉及——或者可以涉及——人类的孤立,但我们只在睡眠中体验到本质上的孤独(梅洛-庞蒂、布朗肖、佩莱克),在这种情况下,人将自己与自己分离开来,他是真正的孤独,与自己和他人隔绝。孤独的形式将分析引向非个人的活动。
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引用次数: 0
Teoria dell'errore in Kant, tra Sogni di un visionario e Critica della ragion pura 康德的错误理论,在幻想家的梦想和纯粹理性的批判之间
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-07-15 DOI: 10.54103/2240-9599/18222
David Del Bianco
I Sogni di un visionario chiariti con sogni della metafisica del 1766 sono sempre stati visti come un'opera unica all'interno dell'intera produzione filosofica di Kant. Se tradizionalmente si è visto in questo scritto il momento di massima vicinanza a Hume e quindi di massimo scetticismo antimetafisico da parte di Kant, negli ultimi tre decenni non sono mancate letture che hanno visto in esso non soltanto una continuità con la metafisica kantiana precedente ma anche un interesse vero e genuino da parte di Kant per le teorie del mistico svedese Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772). Tuttavia, nessuna di queste letture ha riservato un'attezione adeguata al terzo capitolo della prima parte dei Sogni, nel quale Kant prende in esame i "sognatori della ragione" e i "sognatori della sensazione". Si tratta di una sezione del testo particolarmente interessante perché stabilisce quello stesso confronto fra errore metafisico ed errore empirico che Kant stabilisce quindici anni più tardi nella Critica della ragion pura. L'esame del confronto fra questi due luoghi testuali permette dunque di vedere come si è evoluta la concezione kantiana dell'errore dal 1766 al 1781, e permette conseguentemente di capire in cosa la teoria dell'errore presente nella Critica si distingua essenzialmente da quella presente nei Sogni.
1766年,一个有远见的人的梦想与形而上学的梦想一起被视为康德整个哲学作品中的一件作品。如果传统上我们在这看到的最接近的时候写信给休谟和康德antimetafisico怀疑的上限,存在着一些在过去三十年中阅读,因为它不仅延续了前康德的形而上学但也真正感兴趣和康德的理论真正的瑞典神秘Emanuel Swedenborg(1688-1772)。然而,在《梦的第一部分》的第三章中,康德审视了“理性的梦想家”和“感觉的梦想家”。这是文本中一个特别有趣的部分,因为它建立了形而上学错误和经验错误之间的比较,康德在15年后对纯粹理性的批评中建立了这种比较。因此,通过对这两个文本位置的比较,我们可以看到从1766年到1781年坎迪亚人对错误的理解是如何发展的,因此我们可以看到批评中存在的错误理论与梦中的错误理论有什么本质上的不同。
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引用次数: 0
Barbara Wolf-Christian Julmi, Die Macht der Atmosphären 另一半大气层
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-07-15 DOI: 10.54103/2240-9599/18228
Sara Borriello
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引用次数: 0
Il rischio e la tana. Individuo e individualismo nell'epoca del realismo capitalista 风险和巢穴。资本主义现实主义时代的个人主义和个人主义
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-07-15 DOI: 10.54103/2240-9599/18219
Giovanni Ferrario
In una società in cui dilaga un’economia realista capitalista di tipo cultuale, indebitante e neoliberista, il principio di mercato è la principale fonte regolatrice dell’attività economica e relazionale umana. In questo orizzonte si produce una cultura dell’omologazione dove ogni attore tende a confermare la propria identità, che deve essere inserita in un sistema codificato per poter essere riconosciuta per ottenere in cambio un’utilità. Se il sistema realista capitalista si basa sul ʻcultoʼ individualista, per abbattere tale culto è necessario ricostruire una collettività laica che tenti di ritrovare diversamente e coraggiosamente l’atto festivo col quale l’artista nell’antichità abitava una dimensione comune, partecipata e disinteressata. L’utilitarismo, l’egoismo, la paura, il cinismo venivano sospesi dall’atto di festa per poter contemplare nuovamente la vita in tutta la sua potente fragilità e liberare le prassi umane a lei collegate.
在一个文化、负债和新自由主义资本主义现实主义经济猖獗的社会中,市场原则是经济和人类关系活动的主要监管者。这就产生了一种类型审批文化,在这种文化中,每个参与者都倾向于确认自己的身份,必须将其嵌入一个编码系统中,以获得认可,以换取有用性。如果现实资本主义制度是基于ʻʼ个人主义,为了打破这一宗教崇拜需要重建一个世俗社会的一种不同寻常的方式来恢复和勇敢地《假日法》,在古代艺术家共同住在一个层面,拥有和无私。功利主义、利己主义、恐惧和犬儒主义被搁置在庆祝活动中,以便能够重新思考生活及其所有强大的弱点,并释放与之相关的人类行为。
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引用次数: 0
La bellezza nella sparizione 消失的美丽
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-07-15 DOI: 10.54103/2240-9599/18217
Paulo Barone
...
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引用次数: 0
Mostri e mirabilia naturae da Francis Bacon a Athanasius Kircher 从弗朗西斯·培根到阿塔纳西乌斯·科彻
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-07-15 DOI: 10.54103/2240-9599/18221
Silvia Parigi
This essay explores the history of the concept of monstrum from Francis Bacon’s Novum Organum to Athanasius Kircher’s Mundus Subterraneaus (1664), as well as its relationship with the origins of science; as in the early modern age, the term monstra is considered as a synonym for mirabilia naturae. The introductory part focuses on the difficult definition of “monster”, starting from Aristotle’s famous sentence in De generatione animalium: whoever does not looks like his parents, or whatever happens in a different way from the “generality of cases”, is included within the category of the “monstrous”. Monster is a being, whose anomaly represents a warning; therefore, monsters may be considered as signs, susceptible of an allegorical, moral and even political interpretation. In another acceptation of the term, monsters may be considered as the privileged witnesses of the richness and fecundity of nature. In the second part, Bacon’s theory of monsters is exposed: they are classified as instantiae deviantes, within that interpretation of nature, through which the Lord Chancellor lays the epistemological foundations of the modern science. In the third, fourth and fifth parts, a taxonomy of monsters is given: at first, by means of the cabinets des curiosités, which flourished in sixteenth and seventeenth century Italy, from Naples to Rome, from Bologna to Milan, with famous collectors such as Ferrante Imperato, Ulisse Aldrovandi, Manfredo Settala, Athanasius Kircher; then, through the “books of secrets”, which are at the same time a new, successful literary genre and a way of thinking nature, an aspect of natural history. Among the “professors of secrets”, there are Giovan Battista Della Porta, Ambroise Paré, Leonardo Fioravanti, Jean Fernel, Pierre Borel, Kenelm Digby, and Athanasius Kircher, again, with some disciples of his, such as Kaspar Schott. Secrets of nature and mirabilia naturae are finally compared: the classical list of mirabilia, from Pliny the Elder to Kircher, completes the taxonomy of monsters. The sixth and last part of this essay offers an explicative theory of monsters and prodigies: the marvels of nature are magnetic phenomena, which seem to imply a mysterious action at a distance. Such magnetic action can be accounted for on the basis of the Renaissance, Ficinian and Neoplatonic concept of spirit – conceived as the universal vehicle of occult sympathies and antipathies - and then through the seventeenth concepts of corpuscular effluvia, introduced by Pierre Gassendi in his Physica (1658), and sphaera activitatis, produced by the effluvia which each body emits, and surrounding it. This sphere is the place when most of marvelous phenomena happen.
本文探讨了怪物概念的历史,从弗朗西斯·培根的《Novum Organum》到Athanasius Kircher的《Mundus Subterraneaus》(1664),以及它与科学起源的关系;在现代早期,monstra这个词被认为是mirabilia naturae的同义词。导论部分侧重于“怪物”的艰难定义,从亚里士多德在《动物的生成》中的著名句子开始:无论谁长得不像他的父母,或者以不同于“一般情况”的方式发生,都被包括在“怪物”的范畴内。怪物是一种存在,它的异常代表着一种警告;因此,怪物可以被视为一种符号,易受寓言、道德甚至政治解释的影响。在对这个术语的另一种理解中,怪物可以被认为是大自然丰富性和繁殖力的特权见证人。在第二部分,培根的怪物理论被揭露:他们被归类为实例偏差,在自然的解释中,大法官通过这种解释奠定了现代科学的认识论基础。在第三、第四和第五部分,对怪物进行了分类:首先,通过在16和17世纪的意大利,从那不勒斯到罗马,从博洛尼亚到米兰盛行的奇装异装物陈列柜,有著名的收藏家,如费兰特·Imperato,乌利斯·阿尔德罗万迪,曼弗雷多·塞塔拉,阿塔纳修斯·基彻;然后,通过“秘籍”,它既是一种新的、成功的文学体裁,也是一种思考自然的方式,是自然史的一个方面。在“秘密教授”中,有乔凡·巴蒂斯塔·德拉·波尔塔、安布罗瓦兹·帕尔帕、莱昂纳多·费奥拉万蒂、让·费尔内尔、皮埃尔·博雷尔、肯尼姆·迪格比和阿塔那修斯·基歇尔,还有他的一些弟子,如卡斯帕·肖特。最后比较了自然的秘密和自然的奇迹:从老普林尼到Kircher的经典奇迹清单,完成了怪物的分类。这篇文章的第六部分,也是最后一部分,提供了一个关于怪物和奇才的解释性理论:自然界的奇迹是一种磁性现象,似乎暗示着一种遥远的神秘行为。这种磁性作用可以在文艺复兴时期,菲西尼和新柏拉图主义的精神概念的基础上解释-被认为是神秘的同情和反感的普遍载体-然后通过第十七个概念的微粒排出物,由皮埃尔·加森迪在他的《物理学》(1658)中介绍,以及球体活动,由每个身体排出的排出物产生,并围绕着它。这个球体是大多数奇妙现象发生的地方。
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引用次数: 1
Andrea Staiti, Fenomenologia del discorso morale 安德里亚·斯塔蒂,道德话语现象学
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-07-15 DOI: 10.54103/2240-9599/18237
V. Venier
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引用次数: 0
Desublimare il sublime kantiano? Alcune considerazioni a partire da Lyotard e Deleuze lettori dell'Analitica del sublime 超越康德的崇高?从Lyotard和Deleuze读者的《崇高分析》开始
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-07-15 DOI: 10.54103/2240-9599/18223
Alessandra Campo
This paper aims to desublimate the Kantian sublime starting with the mitigation of the enthusiasm with which some French philosophers have woven its praise. Contrary to what Lyotard and Deleuze argue in their works, in the Analytics of the Sublime Kant does not go beyond himself, nor it is hard to set up a philosophy of the subject after reading these pages. Sublime, for these two clever readers of Kant, is any excessive use of the faculties. But Kant is less interested in excess than in its regulation. Thus, while harmonising with other 80-90s French readings of the Kantian sublime, the faith placed by Lyotard and Deleuze in its potentialities seems unfounded. It is fuelled by a lack of consideration of what happens in the second stage of this complex feeling. Unlike the encounter with the moral law introduced as a ‘fact of reason’ in the Critique of Practical Reason, in the Analytic of the Sublime reason makes itself heard not at the expense of the ego but in support of it. And the ego thus elevated is not only an ego ‘super’. It is a (Freudian) super-ego.
本文旨在从缓和一些法国哲学家对康德崇高的赞扬所带来的热情开始,对康德的崇高进行升华。与利奥塔和德勒兹在他们的作品中所主张的相反,在《崇高分析》中,康德并没有超越自己,也不难在阅读这些页面后建立一个主题的哲学。在这两位聪明的康德读者看来,任何对官能的过度使用都是崇高的。但康德更感兴趣的是节制,而不是过度。因此,尽管与其他80-90年代法国人对康德崇高的解读相协调,利奥塔和德勒兹对其潜力的信仰似乎是没有根据的。它是由于缺乏对这种复杂感觉的第二阶段发生的事情的考虑而助长的。与在《实践理性批判》中作为“理性的事实”而引入的道德法则的相遇不同,在《崇高分析》中,理性不是以牺牲自我为代价,而是以支持自我为代价。如此提升的自我不仅是自我的“超级”。这是一种(弗洛伊德的)超我。
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引用次数: 0
Jane Newland, Deleuze in children’s literature 简·纽兰,儿童文学中的德勒兹
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-07-15 DOI: 10.54103/2240-9599/18236
Camilla Grimaldi
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引用次数: 0
Il ripugnante: oltraggio e contraddizione 厌恶,愤怒和矛盾
0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-06 DOI: 10.54103/2240-9599/17801
Marco Tedeschini
For the past twenty years, the relationship between politics, morality and disgust has been resolved into a denunciation of the injustices perpetrated in the name of this emotion. However, no compelling reasons have been brought forward to release the suspicion that the condemnation is merely a corollary of the dominant liberal ideology. I will exemplify this weakness by analysing the theory of disgust proposed by Debra Lieberman and Carlton Patrick in 2018 (§§ 2-3). I will offer a different empirical basis for articulating an adequate answer to the question “what is disgust?” (§4). I will use some acquisitions from philology to exemplify the moral and political scope of disgust (§5). I will propose an “ontological” definition of disgust (§ 6), based on which I will distinguish between disgust and its ethical and political use to justify oppression and discrimination. This use must be replaced by explicating the reasons that justify such oppression and discrimination (§ 7). The fact of not being able to give reasons for such behaviours every time they occur opens up a breach in the direction of a more free and thus more just society.
在过去的二十年里,政治、道德和厌恶之间的关系已经被解决为谴责以这种情绪的名义犯下的不公正行为。然而,没有提出令人信服的理由来解除人们的怀疑,即这种谴责仅仅是占主导地位的自由主义意识形态的必然结果。我将通过分析Debra Lieberman和Carlton Patrick在2018年提出的厌恶理论(§§2-3)来举例说明这一弱点。我将提供一个不同的经验基础来阐述“什么是厌恶?””(§4)。我将使用从语言学中获得的一些东西来举例说明厌恶的道德和政治范围(§5)。我将提出厌恶的“本体论”定义(§6),在此基础上,我将区分厌恶及其为压迫和歧视辩护的道德和政治用途。这种用法必须被解释这种压迫和歧视的理由所取代(§7)。不能每次都为这种行为给出理由的事实,在一个更自由、更公正的社会的方向上开辟了一个缺口。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Lebenswelt-Aesthetics and Philosophy of Experience
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