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Russian-Japanese relations and the Chinese factor: Evolution and transformation (2012–2022) 俄日关系与中国因素:演变与转型(2012-2022)
IF 0.1 Q4 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.55105/2500-2872-2022-4-75-89
S. Luzyanin
The election of V.V. Putin for a new presidential term in 2012 and his further foreign policy initiatives affected the intensification of Russia’s foreign policy in general, as well as its Japanese direction. The article attempts to highlight the development of Russian-Japanese relations in the period of 2012–2022, including the phase of aggravation of relations after the start of the Russian special military operation in Ukraine on February 24, 2022 and Japan’s accession to the US anti-Russian sanctions, as well as the role and influence of China on the bilateral Russian-Japanese format, the East Asian region, the specifics of Chinese-American relations in the context of the “trade war” in the Japanese dimension, etc. Based on the published works of leading Russian experts, the author examines the dynamics of mutual perception of the images of Russia and Japan at the level of Russian and Japanese public opinion. Particular attention is paid to the study of the evolution of Russian-Japanese trade and economic, military-political, energy, Arctic, and humanitarian contacts. The paper traces the features of Russian, Japanese and Chinese motivations regarding regional security issues, attitudes towards the Ukrainian events, including the Russian special military operation, Moscow’s reaction to anti-Russian sanctions, towards the pressure from the United States and their allies. In general, the problem of the evolution of the notional triangle “Russia – Japan – China” at the present stage, the deformation of its key elements and the prospects for further development are formulated.The author focuses on the coverage of Russian-Japanese contacts in the areas of regional security before and after February 24, 2022, including the South Kuril options, as well as the analysis of hidden possible Japanese political motivations during the rule of Shinzō Abe regarding the problems of the deepening of the Russian-Chinese strategic partnership and the projections of this partnership on the security of Japan and the Japanese-American military-political alliance. An important aspect of the work is the coverage of the dynamics of the Russian-Japanese political relations in the light of the Russian leadership designating Japan as an “unfriendly state” and the further development of bilateral Russian-Japanese and Russian-Chinese models of interaction in the Asia-Pacific region.
2012年,普京(V.V. Putin)当选新一任总统,以及他进一步的外交政策举措,影响了俄罗斯外交政策的总体强化,也影响了俄罗斯外交政策的日本方向。本文试图突出2012-2022年期间俄日关系的发展,包括俄罗斯于2022年2月24日在乌克兰展开特别军事行动和日本加入美国反俄制裁后俄日关系的恶化阶段,以及中国在俄日双边格局、东亚地区、在日本维度的“贸易战”背景下中美关系的具体情况等。作者以俄罗斯著名专家发表的著作为基础,从俄罗斯和日本的舆论层面考察了俄罗斯和日本形象相互感知的动态。特别关注俄日贸易和经济,军事政治,能源,北极和人道主义接触的演变研究。本文追溯了俄罗斯、日本和中国在地区安全问题上的动机特征,对乌克兰事件的态度,包括俄罗斯的特别军事行动,莫斯科对反俄制裁的反应,以及对美国及其盟友压力的反应。总体上,阐述了现阶段“俄日中”三角关系的演变问题、关键要素的变形及其进一步发展的前景。作者着重分析了2022年2月24日之前和之后俄日在地区安全领域的接触,包括南千岛群岛选项,以及安倍执政期间关于深化俄中战略伙伴关系问题的潜在日本政治动机,以及这种伙伴关系对日本安全和日美军事政治联盟的预测。这项工作的一个重要方面是,在俄罗斯领导人将日本定为“不友好国家”的背景下,报道俄日政治关系的动态,以及俄日和俄中在亚太地区双边互动模式的进一步发展。
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引用次数: 0
Ukrainian crisis in Japan’s domestic political discourse 乌克兰危机在日本国内政治话语中的作用
IF 0.1 Q4 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.55105/2500-2872-2022-4-108-122
V. Nelidov
The Ukrainian crisis, which came into its active phase in February 2022, led to the collapse of Russia’s relations with many countries, and Japan was no exception. The Japanese government expressed strong criticism of Russia’s actions and joined the anti-Russian sanctions with, probably, most vigor, compared to any other Asian nation. This makes the question about the reasons for such course pursued by Tokyo vis-à-vis Russia a particularly timely one. In Russia, there is a widespread opinion that such position held by Tokyo is caused mostly by pressure from the United States. Yet such view seems to be a gross simplification. This article attempts to analyze the positions of various participants of the Japanese foreign policy making process about the events unfolding in Ukraine. It shows that, even though all key parties, irrespective of their political orientation, take a critical stance towards the actions of the Russian Federation, their statements show some nuances reflecting their ideological priorities. For example, the ruling LDP emphasizes solidarity with the US; its junior coalition partner, Komeito, stresses humanitarian aspects and the role of the UN; the Japan Innovation Party criticizes the government for indecisiveness and calls for more active military policy, while the left-wing populist Reiwa Shinsengumi even refused to support the relevant Diet resolution to demonstrate its principled stance to the voters. There are indeed opinions which can arguably be called apologetic towards Russia. However, those holding such opinions are but a minority and are hardly able to alter the position of the government or the Japanese public as a whole. There is a virtual consensus about the issue, and nuances in the positions of major political forces are inconsequential. One would be justified to assume that, under any probable domestic political situation, Tokyo will not change its policy about the matter.
乌克兰危机于2022年2月进入活跃阶段,导致俄罗斯与许多国家的关系崩溃,日本也不例外。日本政府对俄罗斯的行为表达了强烈批评,并加入了反俄制裁,与其他亚洲国家相比,这可能是最积极的。这使得日本政府对-à-vis俄罗斯采取这种做法的原因成为一个特别及时的问题。在俄罗斯,有一种普遍的观点认为,东京的这种立场主要是由于美国的压力造成的。然而,这种观点似乎过于简单化了。本文试图分析日本外交政策制定过程中各参与者对乌克兰事态发展的立场。它表明,尽管所有主要政党,不论其政治倾向如何,都对俄罗斯联邦的行动采取批评立场,但它们的声明显示出一些细微差别,反映出它们的意识形态优先次序。例如,执政的自民党强调与美国团结一致;它的执政伙伴公明党强调人道主义方面和联合国的作用;革新党批评政府优柔寡断,主张积极的军事政策,左翼民粹主义政党“令和新人组”为了向选民表明原则性立场,甚至拒绝支持相关决议案。确实有一些观点可以说是对俄罗斯的道歉。但是,持这种观点的人只是少数,很难改变政府或日本国民的整体立场。在这个问题上几乎达成了共识,主要政治力量立场上的细微差别是无关紧要的。人们有理由认为,在任何可能的国内政治形势下,东京都不会改变其在此事上的政策。
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引用次数: 1
The perception of Japan in the Russian public consciousness 俄罗斯公众意识中的日本意识
IF 0.1 Q4 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.55105/2500-2872-2022-4-56-74
L. Smorgunov, O. Ignatjeva
Japan has long been a country closed to Russia. According to some sources, acquaintance with its inhabitants began in the 17th century, and we received the first direct information about the way of life of the Japanese from the descriptions of those who explored the Far East in the 18th century, as well as from Russian sailors. A particularly invaluable contribution to the question of understanding Japan at the initial stage was made by captain V.M. Golovnin, who was captured by the Japanese. Studying a country means not only focusing on political or economic relations, but also on the psychological perception of the inhabitants of the other country. This level – the level of soft power – is also important for building long-term good neighborly relations, affecting the mentality and the ability to perceive each other in a tolerant way. The purpose of this article is to analyze various sources, both academic and everyday ones, to characterize the image of Japan that has developed in the minds of Russian citizens. To achieve this goal, a phenomenological approach is used in the context of the “perception of the other”. The authors consistently prove the dominance of historical memory in the development of relations, which proceeded according to the type of non-military rivalry and conflict resolution. The logic and structure of the article is a movement from the analysis of relations between the inhabitants of our countries, starting with the notes of navigators of the 19th century, towards the analysis of the dynamics of current relations, and, finally, the discussion of the attitudes and perceptions of Japanese culture by the Russian youth. The authors conclude that the image of Japan in the minds and mentality of Russian citizens is formed according to the agonistic type, which implies the acceptance of the other, and not rejection, as is the case of the “perception of the other” according to the polemos type.
日本长期以来一直是一个对俄罗斯封闭的国家。根据一些资料,从17世纪开始,人们就认识了这里的居民,我们从18世纪远东探险者的描述以及俄罗斯水手那里获得了关于日本人生活方式的第一次直接信息。在最初阶段,被日军俘虏的戈洛维宁上尉对了解日本问题作出了特别宝贵的贡献。研究一个国家不仅意味着关注政治或经济关系,还意味着关注另一个国家居民的心理感受。这一软实力水平对于建立长期睦邻友好关系也很重要,影响着以宽容的方式看待彼此的心态和能力。本文的目的是分析各种来源,包括学术和日常来源,以描述在俄罗斯公民心目中形成的日本形象。为了实现这一目标,现象学方法被用于“感知他者”的语境中。两位作者一致证明,历史记忆在关系发展中占主导地位,这种关系是根据非军事对抗和冲突解决的类型进行的。文章的逻辑和结构是从分析我们两国居民之间的关系开始的,从19世纪航海家的笔记开始,到分析当前关系的动态,最后,讨论俄罗斯青年对日本文化的态度和看法。作者的结论是,日本在俄罗斯公民的思想和心态中的形象是根据对抗类型形成的,这意味着接受他者,而不是拒绝,正如根据polemos类型的“感知他者”的情况一样。
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引用次数: 0
Russian settlement on the island of Urup (1795–1805) and its influence on Japan’s policy towards Ainu from southern Kurils 俄国人在乌鲁普岛的定居(1795-1805)及其对日本对南千岛群岛阿伊努人政策的影响
IF 0.1 Q4 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.55105/2500-2872-2022-4-38-55
V. V. Shchepkin
Based on comparative study of published Russian and Japanese sources, the article describes the history of the Russian settlement on the island of Urup in 1795–1805. First, it clarifies the goals of the foundation of the settlement and the reasons for its liquidation. Founded at the initiative of the Siberian merchant Grigorii Shelekhov, the Russian settlement played an important role both in Russo-Japanese relations and in the policy of the Japanese government towards the Ainu and their lands, especially in the southern Kuril Islands, at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. Russians founded the settlement in the view of future trade opportunities with Japan, since, a few years earlier, the Russian envoy Adam Laxman had received a permission to enter the port of Nagasaki to continue negotiations. In the beginning, Russians managed to start exchange of Japanese goods and supplies with the Ainu. After Japanese governmental expedition reached Iturup in 1798, however, information about relations between the Russians and the Ainu led to the transfer of the northeast Hokkaido, Kunashir, and Iturup under the direct control of the bakufu, as well as influenced the nature of Japanese policy towards the local population, the Ainu. The desire to expel the Russians from Urup and thereby stop their relations with the Ainu of the southern Kuril Islands led to the decision of the Japanese government to turn Iturup into a natural fortress and forbid the locals to leave the island, and the Russians and Ainu of the northern and middle Kuril Islands to come there. At the same time, the long stay of Russian settlers on Urup prevented the spread of Japanese influence north of Iturup.
本文通过对已出版的俄日资料的比较研究,描述了1795年至1805年俄罗斯人在乌鲁普岛上定居的历史。首先,明确了清算基础的目标及其清算的原因。在西伯利亚商人Grigorii Shelekhov的倡议下,俄罗斯定居点在俄日关系和日本政府对阿伊努人及其土地的政策中发挥了重要作用,特别是在18世纪和19世纪之交,在南千岛群岛。由于几年前俄罗斯特使亚当·拉克斯曼(Adam Laxman)获准进入长崎港继续谈判,俄罗斯人建立了这个定居点,着眼于未来与日本的贸易机会。一开始,俄国人设法开始与阿伊努人交换日本的商品和物资。然而,在1798年日本政府探险队到达伊图鲁普后,关于俄罗斯人和阿伊努人之间关系的信息导致北海道东北部、国后岛和伊图鲁普被转移到巴库夫的直接控制之下,同时也影响了日本对当地居民阿伊努人的政策性质。为了将俄罗斯人驱逐出乌鲁普,从而停止他们与南千岛群岛阿伊努人的关系,日本政府决定将伊鲁普变成一个天然堡垒,禁止当地人离开该岛,并将俄罗斯人和北千岛群岛和中千岛群岛的阿伊努人带到那里。与此同时,俄罗斯定居者在伊图鲁普的长期停留阻止了日本在伊图鲁普以北的影响力蔓延。
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引用次数: 0
Japan-Iran relations in the post-war era: The Middle Eastern dilemma for Japan 战后日伊关系:日本的中东困境
IF 0.1 Q4 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.55105/2500-2872-2022-4-6-19
A. S. Bushueva
After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran did not change its policy towards Japan, which was not only perceived separately from the West, but was also a major customer of its raw resources and a potential economic donor. In turn, Japan had to pursue the policy of unstable balancing towards Iran, by coordinating its Middle Eastern policy with its strategic ally, the United States, and simultaneously trying to preserve close ties with Iran, which were important from the point of view of maintaining energy security. The article shows how Japan tried to maneuver between these two countries: it took steps to realize large-scale economic projects in Iran’s energy sector, to limit sanctions, which were minimal on its side, etc., and simultaneously participated in the anti-Iran campaign pursued by Western countries under the pressure of the US, or under the influence of major crises in the region (for example, the Iran-Iraq War). Japan continues to face this “Middle Eastern dilemma” in present times as well. It could partly have been solved by the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on the Iranian nuclear program in 2015, were it not for the fact that, two years later, under the US administration of Donald Trump, the US-Iran relations worsened significantly. Nevertheless, in this period, Japan successfully tried its mediatory potential, making use of its good relations with both parties of the conflict: on the one hand, it refused to participate in the US operation in the Strait of Hormuz, on the other, it halted the unfreezing of Iran’s funds in its banks, which had been blocked after the introduction of sanctions by the US administration of Donald Trump. Recently, the activization of China in the region has become a factor of risk for Japan’s Middle Eastern policy, as China tries to use the weaking positions of the US and to occupy the vacuum that was left in its wake, which is illustrated by the signing of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership agreement between Beijing and Tehran in March 2021. This forces Japan to deliberately strengthen its positions and expand its presence in Iran. It appears that Japan’s approaches to solving the “Middle Eastern dilemma” deserve special attention in the future as well.
1979年伊斯兰革命后,伊朗没有改变对日本的政策,日本不仅被视为与西方不同,而且是其原始资源的主要客户和潜在的经济捐助者。反过来,日本不得不对伊朗采取不稳定的平衡政策,与战略盟友美国协调其中东政策,同时努力保持与伊朗的密切关系,这从维护能源安全的角度来看很重要。这篇文章展示了日本是如何试图在这两个国家之间周旋的:它采取措施在伊朗能源部门实现大规模经济项目,限制对其来说微不足道的制裁等,同时参与了西方国家在美国压力下推行的反伊运动,或者受到该地区重大危机的影响(例如两伊战争)。日本目前也继续面临这种“中东困境”。如果不是因为两年后,在唐纳德·特朗普的美国政府领导下,美伊关系显著恶化,2015年签署的《伊朗核计划联合全面行动计划》本可以在一定程度上解决这一问题。尽管如此,在这一时期,日本利用其与冲突双方的良好关系,成功地尝试了其调解潜力:一方面,日本拒绝参与美国在霍尔木兹海峡的行动,另一方面,它停止了对伊朗银行资金的解冻,在唐纳德·特朗普(Donald Trump)的美国政府实施制裁后,该计划被阻止。最近,中国在该地区的活动已成为日本中东政策的一个风险因素,因为中国试图利用美国的武器地位,占领其留下的真空,北京和德黑兰于2021年3月签署的《全面战略伙伴关系协定》就说明了这一点。这迫使日本有意加强其立场,并扩大其在伊朗的存在。看来,日本解决“中东困境”的方法在未来也值得特别关注。
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引用次数: 0
Roundtable “The Legacy of Shinzo Abe Cabinets: Politics, Economics, Diplomacy” 圆桌会议“安倍晋三内阁的遗产:政治、经济、外交”
IF 0.1 Q4 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-10-08 DOI: 10.55105/2500-2872-2022-3-105-130
A. Panov, V. Nelidov, D. Streltsov, V. Shvydko, A. Belov, I. Lebedeva, S. Chugrov
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引用次数: 0
The image of China and Chinese in setsuyōshū. Case study of “The Complete Compendium of Urban Knowledge” (Tokai setsuyō hyakkatsū, Osaka, 1801) 中国和中国人的形象在setsuyōshū。《城市知识大全》个案研究(Tokai setsuyki hyakkatsji,大阪,1801)
IF 0.1 Q4 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-10-08 DOI: 10.55105/2500-2872-2022-3-50-68
M. M. Kikteva
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引用次数: 0
Artistic features of pedestals, halos, mandorlas of Japanese Buddhist sculptures 日本佛教雕塑的底座、光圈、曼多拉的艺术特征
IF 0.1 Q4 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-10-08 DOI: 10.55105/2500-2872-2022-3-6-22
Yuri Kuzhel, T. I. Breslavets
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引用次数: 0
Ōbaku Zen portrait painting as part of the chinzō tradition of Buddhist art 作为中国传统佛教艺术的一部分的八股禅宗肖像画
IF 0.1 Q4 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-10-08 DOI: 10.55105/2500-2872-2022-3-23-38
A. P. Lugavtsova
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引用次数: 0
To the origins of the originality of the Ainu culture. Review of the collective monograph “New Sources on the History and Culture of the Ainu” 阿伊努文化的起源。集体专著《阿伊努人历史与文化的新来源》述评
IF 0.1 Q4 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-10-08 DOI: 10.55105/2500-2872-2022-3-131-143
Y. S. Pestushko
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Japanese Studies in Russia
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