Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2022.2124143
M. Dueñas-Garcia, Miriam S. Campos-Martínez, Nicola Lercari
ABSTRACT The study of conflict, warfare, and their impact on settlement patterns in the Northern Frontier of Mesoamerica during the Late Classic (500–900 CE) is hindered by colonial notions of warfare and fragmented archaeological records. This article proposes a new geospatial analytical framework to investigate conflict in ancient West Mexico. We present the results of our UAV-based aerial survey at Cerro de en medio, Aguascalientes, and using a GIS approach, this study investigates the relationship between defensiveness and conflict as a range from sporadic raids carried by small bands to Inter-polity/Interregional warfare. We found visual control was not an essential concern during this period and based on the site’s hiddenness and capacity to sustain small-scale conflict, we argue that Cerro de en medio was a refuge rather than a fortress. Thus, the evidence of sporadic or seasonal conflict in the region challenges previous interpretations and calls for renewed investigations.
古典晚期(公元500-900年)中美洲北部边境地区冲突、战争及其对定居模式影响的研究受到战争殖民观念和支离破碎的考古记录的阻碍。本文提出了一个新的地理空间分析框架来研究古代西墨西哥的冲突。我们展示了我们在阿瓜斯卡连特斯Cerro de en medio的基于无人机的空中调查结果，并使用GIS方法，本研究调查了防御与冲突之间的关系，从小团伙进行的零星袭击到国家间/地区间战争。我们发现在这一时期，视觉控制并不是一个重要的问题，基于场地的隐蔽性和维持小规模冲突的能力，我们认为Cerro de en medio是一个避难所，而不是一个堡垒。因此，该地区零星或季节性冲突的证据挑战了以前的解释，并要求重新进行调查。
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Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2023.2183784
Martin Weber, D. Passmore, David Capps-Tunwell, H. Davie
ABSTRACT During the final days of World War II, the Red Army’s Berlin Operation culimnated in the capture of the Reich’s capital and the unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht. Between 16 and 19 April 1945, the most intense fighting of the operation ensued in what is now called the Battle of the Seelow Heights. Due to the vast quantities of men and matériel involved in the fighting, an extensive militarised landscape has developed within the forests of East Brandenburg that has largely evaded archaeological scrutiny. A combination of airborne laser scanning data, archival research, and GIS-analysis reveals a highly diverse archaeological assemblage, including trenches, firing positions, dugouts, logistics facilities, along with other types of war- and conflict-related infrastructure. This unprecedented degree of preservation distinguishes the Seelow battlefield from other WWII contexts in Europe and provides a unique opportunity to investigate the combat activities and supply infrastructures of two combatting forces.
{"title":"The Battle of the Seelow Heights, April 1945: conflict archaeology in the forests of Eastern Brandenburg, Germany","authors":"Martin Weber, D. Passmore, David Capps-Tunwell, H. Davie","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2023.2183784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2023.2183784","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During the final days of World War II, the Red Army’s Berlin Operation culimnated in the capture of the Reich’s capital and the unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht. Between 16 and 19 April 1945, the most intense fighting of the operation ensued in what is now called the Battle of the Seelow Heights. Due to the vast quantities of men and matériel involved in the fighting, an extensive militarised landscape has developed within the forests of East Brandenburg that has largely evaded archaeological scrutiny. A combination of airborne laser scanning data, archival research, and GIS-analysis reveals a highly diverse archaeological assemblage, including trenches, firing positions, dugouts, logistics facilities, along with other types of war- and conflict-related infrastructure. This unprecedented degree of preservation distinguishes the Seelow battlefield from other WWII contexts in Europe and provides a unique opportunity to investigate the combat activities and supply infrastructures of two combatting forces.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49360197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2022.2201161
I. Banks
In Volume 4 of the Journal of Conflict Archaeology, Professor Tony Pollard and I produced an editorial entitled ‘Nazis, We Hate Those Guys!’ (Pollard and Banks 2008). Largely the work of Tony, it was a look at the world of Holocaust denial and a consideration of the issues of free speech that arise when dealing with ideas that are morally repugnant. It serves today as a snapshot of the situation in 2008 and is interesting if for no other reason because it shows how much better things were in 2008. Holocaust denial was very much a fringe issue, albeit with a worrying upsurge of antisemitism and Holocaust denial in the Middle East, led largely by then-President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. He had recently (2006) held an ‘International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust’, which was basically just a platform for deniers to present their ideas in a public forum with a veneer of respectability (Pollard and Banks 2008, vii). Despite this, there was no apparent risk that such ideas might become mainstream in 2008. Fast forward to 2022, nearly 15 years later, and we cannot be as certain that Holocaust denial is out in the far fringes. Issues of free speech have become weaponised in the febrile political climate that has developed since 2008. Since 2008, the world has changed dramatically. That was the year that finance capitalism appeared to implode, and the banking world was saved from the disasters that bankers’ follies had created by huge inputs of public money that left public finances across the world struggling to cope. In the wake of this, austerity became a part of life in Britain at least for the foreseeable future. The Middle East remained in crisis, with Israel a constant potential flashpoint; it was joined by a long and bloody civil war in Syria and the apparently unstoppable growth of the ISIS caliphate that murdered its way across Iraq and Syria, with offshoots creating havoc across the Muslim world as organised terrorism. This, along with the economic chaos that afflicted the world, caused waves of immigration as people fled starvation, economic collapse, and violent conflict. As the refugees streamed away from the Middle East and Africa, their destination tended to be Europe. Here they faced an uncertain welcome as an international game of pass the parcel meant that each nation gave lip service to the idea of taking a share of the refugees while some did everything that they could to avoid taking a share. It created tensions within the EU, especially as the Germans seemed to be taking the most refugees as Chancellor Merkel kept Germany’s borders open. Britain, in contrast, took as few as we could get away with. At the same time as all this, nationalism was becoming more and more apparent within national politics across Europe. In Ukraine, the tensions between the largely pro-Western Ukrainian population and the largely pro-Russia Russian-speaking population came to a head with the Maidan Revolution of 2014. This result
{"title":"Nazis, we still hate those guys!","authors":"I. Banks","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2022.2201161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2022.2201161","url":null,"abstract":"In Volume 4 of the Journal of Conflict Archaeology, Professor Tony Pollard and I produced an editorial entitled ‘Nazis, We Hate Those Guys!’ (Pollard and Banks 2008). Largely the work of Tony, it was a look at the world of Holocaust denial and a consideration of the issues of free speech that arise when dealing with ideas that are morally repugnant. It serves today as a snapshot of the situation in 2008 and is interesting if for no other reason because it shows how much better things were in 2008. Holocaust denial was very much a fringe issue, albeit with a worrying upsurge of antisemitism and Holocaust denial in the Middle East, led largely by then-President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. He had recently (2006) held an ‘International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust’, which was basically just a platform for deniers to present their ideas in a public forum with a veneer of respectability (Pollard and Banks 2008, vii). Despite this, there was no apparent risk that such ideas might become mainstream in 2008. Fast forward to 2022, nearly 15 years later, and we cannot be as certain that Holocaust denial is out in the far fringes. Issues of free speech have become weaponised in the febrile political climate that has developed since 2008. Since 2008, the world has changed dramatically. That was the year that finance capitalism appeared to implode, and the banking world was saved from the disasters that bankers’ follies had created by huge inputs of public money that left public finances across the world struggling to cope. In the wake of this, austerity became a part of life in Britain at least for the foreseeable future. The Middle East remained in crisis, with Israel a constant potential flashpoint; it was joined by a long and bloody civil war in Syria and the apparently unstoppable growth of the ISIS caliphate that murdered its way across Iraq and Syria, with offshoots creating havoc across the Muslim world as organised terrorism. This, along with the economic chaos that afflicted the world, caused waves of immigration as people fled starvation, economic collapse, and violent conflict. As the refugees streamed away from the Middle East and Africa, their destination tended to be Europe. Here they faced an uncertain welcome as an international game of pass the parcel meant that each nation gave lip service to the idea of taking a share of the refugees while some did everything that they could to avoid taking a share. It created tensions within the EU, especially as the Germans seemed to be taking the most refugees as Chancellor Merkel kept Germany’s borders open. Britain, in contrast, took as few as we could get away with. At the same time as all this, nationalism was becoming more and more apparent within national politics across Europe. In Ukraine, the tensions between the largely pro-Western Ukrainian population and the largely pro-Russia Russian-speaking population came to a head with the Maidan Revolution of 2014. This result","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43743942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2022.2113354
Boyd Dixon
ABSTRACT This study focuses on the US Coast Guard LORAN station at Afetna Point in Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, to discern what social impact the Cold War facility and servicemen had on the local community. Archaeological and archival investigations indicate that the facility was built a few months after the American WWII invasion of Japanese-held Saipan in June 1944. Oral histories gathered from senior members of the indigenous Chamorro community in the village of San Antonio revealed that the station and US Coast Guard service members played a complex and vital role in the social and economic life of the local community during the Cold War.
{"title":"Cold War conflicts and the USCG Afetna Point LORAN station in Saipan, CNMI","authors":"Boyd Dixon","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2022.2113354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2022.2113354","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study focuses on the US Coast Guard LORAN station at Afetna Point in Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, to discern what social impact the Cold War facility and servicemen had on the local community. Archaeological and archival investigations indicate that the facility was built a few months after the American WWII invasion of Japanese-held Saipan in June 1944. Oral histories gathered from senior members of the indigenous Chamorro community in the village of San Antonio revealed that the station and US Coast Guard service members played a complex and vital role in the social and economic life of the local community during the Cold War.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43969806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2022.2111538
W. Gheyle, J. Bourgeois, N. Note, T. Saey, V. Van Eetvelde, M. Van Meirvenne, B. Stichelbaut
ABSTRACT Integrated research using aerial photography, proximal soil sensing, historical research and excavations of an unusual First World War site in Flanders (Belgium) is presented. Aerial photography revealed a grid of 5x6 huts unusually close to the front line. Geophysical research indicates good preservation of these structures. A targeted excavation was carried out. The results give insight into the structure of a military camp built in autumn 1917, used until the German offensive of April 1918. Research on excavated objects and historical sources revealed the camp was as the winter quarters for British and Australian pioneers. The unusual location and the fact that the pioneers occupied the camp themselves means that the huts found were not standard and dug in to provide extra protection. This research shows that barracks camps can be well preserved in the soil archives and have the potential to uncover stories from everyday life behind the front.
{"title":"‘Winter camp’ 1917: integrated conflict archaeology on the Messines Ridge 1914-1918 (Belgium)","authors":"W. Gheyle, J. Bourgeois, N. Note, T. Saey, V. Van Eetvelde, M. Van Meirvenne, B. Stichelbaut","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2022.2111538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2022.2111538","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Integrated research using aerial photography, proximal soil sensing, historical research and excavations of an unusual First World War site in Flanders (Belgium) is presented. Aerial photography revealed a grid of 5x6 huts unusually close to the front line. Geophysical research indicates good preservation of these structures. A targeted excavation was carried out. The results give insight into the structure of a military camp built in autumn 1917, used until the German offensive of April 1918. Research on excavated objects and historical sources revealed the camp was as the winter quarters for British and Australian pioneers. The unusual location and the fact that the pioneers occupied the camp themselves means that the huts found were not standard and dug in to provide extra protection. This research shows that barracks camps can be well preserved in the soil archives and have the potential to uncover stories from everyday life behind the front.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49516549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2022.2111539
Stein Farstadvoll, Ingar Figenschau, Bjørnar J. Olsen, Christopher L. Witmore
ABSTRACT For the last decade, the World War II prisoner-of-war camp and battery at Sværholt in northernmost Norway have been objects of archaeological investigation. This article presents the results from excavations and associated studies, including new descriptions of extant structures and found artefacts, comparative osteological analyses of middens, and their implications. Our purpose in presenting these results is to: 1) explore what an extraordinary array of unearthed material can reveal about the conditions and fates of those involved in, or affected by, the German occupation during the war; 2) to show how the archaeology of Sværholt, with all its heterogeneity, leads us in a direction at variance with historical generalizations and expectations; 3) to convey how the extant ruins and remains provide affective glimpses into their formative causes: the abandonment and near-complete destruction of the battery, garrison, hamlet, and POW camp, during a few intense days of evacuation in November 1944.
{"title":"EXCAVATING WAR AND IDLENESS: THE CASE OF SVÆRHOLT","authors":"Stein Farstadvoll, Ingar Figenschau, Bjørnar J. Olsen, Christopher L. Witmore","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2022.2111539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2022.2111539","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT For the last decade, the World War II prisoner-of-war camp and battery at Sværholt in northernmost Norway have been objects of archaeological investigation. This article presents the results from excavations and associated studies, including new descriptions of extant structures and found artefacts, comparative osteological analyses of middens, and their implications. Our purpose in presenting these results is to: 1) explore what an extraordinary array of unearthed material can reveal about the conditions and fates of those involved in, or affected by, the German occupation during the war; 2) to show how the archaeology of Sværholt, with all its heterogeneity, leads us in a direction at variance with historical generalizations and expectations; 3) to convey how the extant ruins and remains provide affective glimpses into their formative causes: the abandonment and near-complete destruction of the battery, garrison, hamlet, and POW camp, during a few intense days of evacuation in November 1944.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45582748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2022.2106810
R. Tipping, J. Harrison, D. Paterson, G. Cook, D. Hamilton
ABSTRACT In this second part, we analyse from new radiocarbon (14C) dating of landforms, palaeo-environmental analyses of sediment stratigraphies and documentary evidence for land use, the ‘high road’ to Stirling, across high ground west of the coastal plain, in the early 14th century. We identify a number of significant mis-perceptions of the landscape in the literature, and again stress the need for linked multi-proxy data sources. We re-think the obstacles imagined by some workers to have faced the advancing English to Stirling and show that few were obstacles, particularly in comparison to a path across the coastal plain. We show that the distribution of peat in basins and deep river valleys will have presented problems, however, and this may have been influential.
{"title":"The terrain around Stirling at the Battle of Bannockburn 1314: combined scientific and documentary approaches to reconstruction. II. The ‘High Road’","authors":"R. Tipping, J. Harrison, D. Paterson, G. Cook, D. Hamilton","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2022.2106810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2022.2106810","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this second part, we analyse from new radiocarbon (14C) dating of landforms, palaeo-environmental analyses of sediment stratigraphies and documentary evidence for land use, the ‘high road’ to Stirling, across high ground west of the coastal plain, in the early 14th century. We identify a number of significant mis-perceptions of the landscape in the literature, and again stress the need for linked multi-proxy data sources. We re-think the obstacles imagined by some workers to have faced the advancing English to Stirling and show that few were obstacles, particularly in comparison to a path across the coastal plain. We show that the distribution of peat in basins and deep river valleys will have presented problems, however, and this may have been influential.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42838639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2022.2106809
R. Tipping, J. Harrison, D. Paterson, G. Cook, D. Hamilton
ABSTRACT Bannockburn is of immense importance in the Medieval histories of England and Scotland. Where the battle took place is still unknown, as is the terrain, what the place looked like. The two parts of this paper examine these problems by generating new data on environmental and land use reconstruction. The physical appearance of the landscape was reconstructed from radiocarbon (14C) dating of landforms and palaeo-environmental analyses of sediment stratigraphies; new documentary evidence, specifically on the local environment and land use provided much detail. In Part I, we analyse the early 14th century landscape of the ‘low road’ to Stirling, across the coastal plain. This has been mis-interpreted by historians less concerned than us with detail. We have re-defined the complexity of the coastal plain, emphasized its dynamism, identified natural hazards that may have influenced decision-making by the combatants, including a new understanding of the Bannock Burn itself, debated with new evidence but not resolved key aspects of the land cover, and suggested a setting for the battle itself.
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Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2021.1980757
J. Fonte, José Manuel Costa-García, Manuel Gago
ABSTRACT A new Roman military site was recently detected in Galicia, Spain, an area where the army presence had been challenging to trace until date. O Penedo dos Lobos is a playing-card shaped camp with very distinctive, fortified entrances. The archaeological survey conducted on this site in the summer of 2018 allowed us to recover some elements of Roman militaria, as well as numismatic evidence dating back to late 1st c. BC, thus suggesting a connection with the Cantabrian-Asturian Wars of Augustan times. However, there is still some uncertainty regarding the specific task undertaken by the military contingent that occupied this site. Besides its historical implications, a focus will be given to the methodology applied for the archaeological survey of this site. This has shed new light on the Roman military presence in Galicia, allowing its integration into wider European debates on Roman conquest and expansion.
摘要最近在西班牙加利西亚发现了一处新的罗马军事遗址，迄今为止，该地区的军队存在一直难以追踪。O Penedo dos Lobos是一个纸牌形状的营地，有非常独特的设防入口。2018年夏天在该遗址进行的考古调查使我们能够找到罗马军事的一些元素，以及可以追溯到公元前1世纪末的钱币证据，从而表明这与奥古斯塔时代的坎塔布里亚-阿斯图里亚斯战争有关。然而，占领该地点的军事特遣队所承担的具体任务仍然存在一些不确定性。除了其历史意义外，还将重点关注该遗址考古调查所采用的方法。这为罗马在加利西亚的军事存在提供了新的线索，使其能够融入欧洲关于罗马征服和扩张的更广泛辩论。
{"title":"O Penedo dos Lobos: Roman military activity in the uplands of the Galician Massif (Northwest Iberia)","authors":"J. Fonte, José Manuel Costa-García, Manuel Gago","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2021.1980757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2021.1980757","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A new Roman military site was recently detected in Galicia, Spain, an area where the army presence had been challenging to trace until date. O Penedo dos Lobos is a playing-card shaped camp with very distinctive, fortified entrances. The archaeological survey conducted on this site in the summer of 2018 allowed us to recover some elements of Roman militaria, as well as numismatic evidence dating back to late 1st c. BC, thus suggesting a connection with the Cantabrian-Asturian Wars of Augustan times. However, there is still some uncertainty regarding the specific task undertaken by the military contingent that occupied this site. Besides its historical implications, a focus will be given to the methodology applied for the archaeological survey of this site. This has shed new light on the Roman military presence in Galicia, allowing its integration into wider European debates on Roman conquest and expansion.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44045971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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