Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2021.1961112
Sarah I. Ashbridge, D. O’Mara
ABSTRACT Germany was the first Western nation to formally implement an object designed to assist with the identification of wounded and dead soldiers, introducing the Rekognitionmarke in 1869 following the trial of an identity disc system in 1866. A new design, the Erkennungsmarke, was introduced in 1878, shaping the systems utilized in later wars. The German experience of wearing identifying objects would later influence the identification systems of other European armies, including France and Britain; ultimately resulting in the addition of new articles within the 1906 Geneva Convention to reflect changing attitudes and expectations towards those who died fighting for their country. The Erkennungsmarke presented the possibility of identification, even where immediate burial was not possible, thus facilitating the development of German military burial cultures. This paper explores the development and use of Erkennungsmarken between 1866–1918, information which can assist with the identification of German soldiers recovered during archaeological works.
{"title":"The Erkennungsmarke: the humanitarian duty to identify fallen German soldiers 1866-1918","authors":"Sarah I. Ashbridge, D. O’Mara","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2021.1961112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2021.1961112","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Germany was the first Western nation to formally implement an object designed to assist with the identification of wounded and dead soldiers, introducing the Rekognitionmarke in 1869 following the trial of an identity disc system in 1866. A new design, the Erkennungsmarke, was introduced in 1878, shaping the systems utilized in later wars. The German experience of wearing identifying objects would later influence the identification systems of other European armies, including France and Britain; ultimately resulting in the addition of new articles within the 1906 Geneva Convention to reflect changing attitudes and expectations towards those who died fighting for their country. The Erkennungsmarke presented the possibility of identification, even where immediate burial was not possible, thus facilitating the development of German military burial cultures. This paper explores the development and use of Erkennungsmarken between 1866–1918, information which can assist with the identification of German soldiers recovered during archaeological works.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"15 1","pages":"192 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46659248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2020.1926859
Stephanie Selover
ABSTRACT This article explores what the archaeological study of female-identified burials with weapons as grave goods reveals about our understanding and imposition of gender roles in past societies, and in particular, in Early Bronze Age central Anatolia (modern Turkey). By reframing our perceptions of gender roles through a study of weapons, violence and gender and their place in society, we can hope to avoid previous mistakes in past interpretations to better comprehend violence and warfare in early urban communities. Although the deposition of weapons in burials has long been typically considered a marker of masculine identity, this notion is re-examined through the study of the mortuary context of early urban societies of Early Bronze central Anatolia, reflecting instead the role of armed women in times of violence and stress.
{"title":"Weapons, warfare, and women: the dangerous lives of Early Bronze Age women in central Anatolia","authors":"Stephanie Selover","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2020.1926859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2020.1926859","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores what the archaeological study of female-identified burials with weapons as grave goods reveals about our understanding and imposition of gender roles in past societies, and in particular, in Early Bronze Age central Anatolia (modern Turkey). By reframing our perceptions of gender roles through a study of weapons, violence and gender and their place in society, we can hope to avoid previous mistakes in past interpretations to better comprehend violence and warfare in early urban communities. Although the deposition of weapons in burials has long been typically considered a marker of masculine identity, this notion is re-examined through the study of the mortuary context of early urban societies of Early Bronze central Anatolia, reflecting instead the role of armed women in times of violence and stress.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"15 1","pages":"176 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15740773.2020.1926859","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41652833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-03DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2021.1889273
Jan Hasil, P. Hasil, Petr Kočár, René Kyselý
ABSTRACT The paper deals with archaeological, osteological and archaeobotanical analysis of the artefacts and ecofacts obtained by excavation in waste landfills from the Second World War. The settlement waste was produced by three communities with different social status, which were connected with the Rolava mining and processing plant in the Ore Mountains in western Bohemia. The plant was built to supply the war industry of the Third Reich with non-ferrous metals, especially tin, and after World War II it was abandoned and turned into a complex archaeological site. The communities settled here included German civilian specialists, but also prisoners of war performing forced labour from the ranks of members of the Allied armies and the Red Army. The interdisciplinary analysis of the settlement waste has brought numerous new insights into one of the most significant modern archaeological sites in Central Europe and everyday life in the context of the largest war conflict in human history.
{"title":"The materiality of forced labour: settlement waste of communities at WWII mining plant and PoW camp in Rolava (North-West Bohemia)","authors":"Jan Hasil, P. Hasil, Petr Kočár, René Kyselý","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2021.1889273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2021.1889273","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper deals with archaeological, osteological and archaeobotanical analysis of the artefacts and ecofacts obtained by excavation in waste landfills from the Second World War. The settlement waste was produced by three communities with different social status, which were connected with the Rolava mining and processing plant in the Ore Mountains in western Bohemia. The plant was built to supply the war industry of the Third Reich with non-ferrous metals, especially tin, and after World War II it was abandoned and turned into a complex archaeological site. The communities settled here included German civilian specialists, but also prisoners of war performing forced labour from the ranks of members of the Allied armies and the Red Army. The interdisciplinary analysis of the settlement waste has brought numerous new insights into one of the most significant modern archaeological sites in Central Europe and everyday life in the context of the largest war conflict in human history.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"15 1","pages":"91 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15740773.2021.1889273","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46314338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-03DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2020.1889256
Sarah E. Beaulieu
ABSTRACT To date, very little is known archaeologically about First World War-era internment camps, especially in Canada, where this history was actively erased through the destruction of the Federal Internment records in the 1950s. Archaeologists can play a fundamental role in contributing knowledge where oral and documentary evidence is lacking. This paper focuses on one of Canada’s 24 WWI internment camps: the Morrissey Internment Camp. Through GPR survey and excavation, archival records retrieval, and oral histories, the PoW diet is analysed in order to confirm whether it was as poor as many prisoners had claimed. The material record adds a new line of evidence, contributing to a more nuanced perspective that aids in reducing the gaps in this dark facet of Canadian history.
{"title":"The Prisoner of War Diet: A Material and Faunal Analysis of the Morrisey WWI Internment Camp","authors":"Sarah E. Beaulieu","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2020.1889256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2020.1889256","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT To date, very little is known archaeologically about First World War-era internment camps, especially in Canada, where this history was actively erased through the destruction of the Federal Internment records in the 1950s. Archaeologists can play a fundamental role in contributing knowledge where oral and documentary evidence is lacking. This paper focuses on one of Canada’s 24 WWI internment camps: the Morrissey Internment Camp. Through GPR survey and excavation, archival records retrieval, and oral histories, the PoW diet is analysed in order to confirm whether it was as poor as many prisoners had claimed. The material record adds a new line of evidence, contributing to a more nuanced perspective that aids in reducing the gaps in this dark facet of Canadian history.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"15 1","pages":"118 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15740773.2020.1889256","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41629607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-03DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2020.1919452
Uroš Košir
ABSTRACT Mt. Rombon, located in north-western Slovenia, was a part of the Soča Front during the First World War. The conflict that lasted from the end of May 1915 until the end of October 1917 left numerous traces in the landscape, whose social meanings and understandings changed as it shifted from a landscape of peace to a place associated with war. Alongside social meanings, the human experiences with the landscape also changed. This is evident through every main episode of the landscapes constructed biography. It also became clear that this alpine landscape has had a great impact on human activities and vice versa, which is noticeable in the nature of anthropogenic features and organization of the landscape itself throughout history.
{"title":"Rombon: biography of a great war landscape","authors":"Uroš Košir","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2020.1919452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2020.1919452","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mt. Rombon, located in north-western Slovenia, was a part of the Soča Front during the First World War. The conflict that lasted from the end of May 1915 until the end of October 1917 left numerous traces in the landscape, whose social meanings and understandings changed as it shifted from a landscape of peace to a place associated with war. Alongside social meanings, the human experiences with the landscape also changed. This is evident through every main episode of the landscapes constructed biography. It also became clear that this alpine landscape has had a great impact on human activities and vice versa, which is noticeable in the nature of anthropogenic features and organization of the landscape itself throughout history.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"15 1","pages":"146 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15740773.2020.1919452","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48981730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-03DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2020.1925519
I. Banks
At the time of writing, we are beginning to emerge from our bunkers, blinking in the unaccustomed daylight of a world easing lockdown measures. The future is starting to look cautiously optimistic; still, however, there are clouds on the horizon in the shape of new Covid variants which might have us all retreating to our bunkers before we know it. With all the optimism of the moment, however, it is hoped that there will be some kind of return to normality in the summer and coming academic year. This will be a blessing to the Journal of Conflict Archaeology, as it may mean that reviewers will be easier to get in future. The biggest obstacle facing the Journal in publication is getting reviewers. We would very much like to thank those stalwart souls who have reviewed for us during the pandemic. The Journal relies heavily on reviewers, as they provide the academic credibility that validates the papers we publish. The reviewing process is incredibly important to academia as a whole; it is something that we all have to face at some time or another. Being reviewed can be an exceptionally gruelling process; having someone pass judgment on what we have written, telling us that parts need to be re-written, occasionally saying that the hours and years of work put into gathering, interpreting, and writing up the data have resulted in a flawed or even unpublishable result. Reviewing is also gruelling: it is something that we do unpaid, and it is no small job. We must read the work, consider the arguments, and pass judgment on the piece, preferably with constructive criticisms to help the author improve the work. No one really wants to be the cliché of ‘Reviewer Two’, a reviewer who is acerbic, destructive, and more focused on flexing their muscles than improving the work. Nonetheless, there are plenty of Reviewer Twos around, and most academics have had a bruising encounter with one of these at some stage. We might feel that the whole process is unwieldy and longwinded, and that it would be better to rely solely on the instincts of the academic editors. While it is certainly tempting, it would be a mistake. Peer reviewing means that we are not reliant on the opinion of a single person to validate a paper, and that reduces the risk of a cosy Old Boys’ club around academic publishing. This will only work, however, if people are prepared to participate in the process. The reason I have taken up a chunk of the editorial for this edition to talk about peer review is because all journals depend on reviewers. Please, if you are asked to review a paper, take the opportunity to pay forward the efforts of reviewers who have worked on your own papers and the papers we all benefit from reading. We all benefit from the work of others to get a paper into publication. Turning to this issue of the Journal of Conflict Archaeology, we have a good range of material and hopefully a good range of different topics. We have three papers that all have a Slavic connection, albeit no
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"I. Banks","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2020.1925519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2020.1925519","url":null,"abstract":"At the time of writing, we are beginning to emerge from our bunkers, blinking in the unaccustomed daylight of a world easing lockdown measures. The future is starting to look cautiously optimistic; still, however, there are clouds on the horizon in the shape of new Covid variants which might have us all retreating to our bunkers before we know it. With all the optimism of the moment, however, it is hoped that there will be some kind of return to normality in the summer and coming academic year. This will be a blessing to the Journal of Conflict Archaeology, as it may mean that reviewers will be easier to get in future. The biggest obstacle facing the Journal in publication is getting reviewers. We would very much like to thank those stalwart souls who have reviewed for us during the pandemic. The Journal relies heavily on reviewers, as they provide the academic credibility that validates the papers we publish. The reviewing process is incredibly important to academia as a whole; it is something that we all have to face at some time or another. Being reviewed can be an exceptionally gruelling process; having someone pass judgment on what we have written, telling us that parts need to be re-written, occasionally saying that the hours and years of work put into gathering, interpreting, and writing up the data have resulted in a flawed or even unpublishable result. Reviewing is also gruelling: it is something that we do unpaid, and it is no small job. We must read the work, consider the arguments, and pass judgment on the piece, preferably with constructive criticisms to help the author improve the work. No one really wants to be the cliché of ‘Reviewer Two’, a reviewer who is acerbic, destructive, and more focused on flexing their muscles than improving the work. Nonetheless, there are plenty of Reviewer Twos around, and most academics have had a bruising encounter with one of these at some stage. We might feel that the whole process is unwieldy and longwinded, and that it would be better to rely solely on the instincts of the academic editors. While it is certainly tempting, it would be a mistake. Peer reviewing means that we are not reliant on the opinion of a single person to validate a paper, and that reduces the risk of a cosy Old Boys’ club around academic publishing. This will only work, however, if people are prepared to participate in the process. The reason I have taken up a chunk of the editorial for this edition to talk about peer review is because all journals depend on reviewers. Please, if you are asked to review a paper, take the opportunity to pay forward the efforts of reviewers who have worked on your own papers and the papers we all benefit from reading. We all benefit from the work of others to get a paper into publication. Turning to this issue of the Journal of Conflict Archaeology, we have a good range of material and hopefully a good range of different topics. We have three papers that all have a Slavic connection, albeit no","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"15 1","pages":"168 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15740773.2020.1925519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49620129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2020.1822102
S. Carr, J. Pringle, P. Doyle, K. Wisniewski, I. Stimpson
ABSTRACT In 1940, with the fall of France imminent, Britain prepared secret ‘Auxiliary Units’ tasked with guerrilla activities [Scallywagging] in the invading army’s rear. Patrols of four to eight highly skilled men used below-ground Operational Bases (OBs) in remote locations to avoid detection. No official records are released, but OBs were ‘Mark I’, enlarged deer setts, smuggler caves, etc., and Mark II, prefabricated designs by the Royal Engineers. This paper details three sites in Suffolk: one unknown Mark I was destroyed, a Mark II was partially intact and a Mark II was fully intact, all in secluded woods. Geophysical surveys found metal detectors optimal for location, with mid-frequency GPR/ERT optimal for characterisation. Archaeological finds included home-made braziers, 1940 kerosene heater stove, metal pans, ventilation systems and escape tunnels. This study shows OBs varied in construction and condition, with surveys detecting and characterising them, bringing WWII British ‘invasion’ history into the wider scientific community and public domain.
{"title":"Scallywag bunkers: geophysical investigations of WW2 Auxiliary Unit Operational Bases (OBs) in the UK","authors":"S. Carr, J. Pringle, P. Doyle, K. Wisniewski, I. Stimpson","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2020.1822102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2020.1822102","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 1940, with the fall of France imminent, Britain prepared secret ‘Auxiliary Units’ tasked with guerrilla activities [Scallywagging] in the invading army’s rear. Patrols of four to eight highly skilled men used below-ground Operational Bases (OBs) in remote locations to avoid detection. No official records are released, but OBs were ‘Mark I’, enlarged deer setts, smuggler caves, etc., and Mark II, prefabricated designs by the Royal Engineers. This paper details three sites in Suffolk: one unknown Mark I was destroyed, a Mark II was partially intact and a Mark II was fully intact, all in secluded woods. Geophysical surveys found metal detectors optimal for location, with mid-frequency GPR/ERT optimal for characterisation. Archaeological finds included home-made braziers, 1940 kerosene heater stove, metal pans, ventilation systems and escape tunnels. This study shows OBs varied in construction and condition, with surveys detecting and characterising them, bringing WWII British ‘invasion’ history into the wider scientific community and public domain.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"181 ","pages":"4 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15740773.2020.1822102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41315064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2020.1853365
I. Banks
ABSTRACT A project to investigate stories of escape attempts at the Second World War Prisoner of War camp at Cultybraggan in Perthshire undertook geophysical survey and excavation to try to locate escape tunnels. While the limited fieldwork did not locate any traces of the tunnels themselves, the work provided insights into the psychology and practice of escape attempts amongst the German PoWs.
{"title":"‘For you, the war is over? Not a chance!’ Captivity and escape at Cultybraggan prisoner of war camp, Comrie, Perthshire","authors":"I. Banks","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2020.1853365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2020.1853365","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A project to investigate stories of escape attempts at the Second World War Prisoner of War camp at Cultybraggan in Perthshire undertook geophysical survey and excavation to try to locate escape tunnels. While the limited fieldwork did not locate any traces of the tunnels themselves, the work provided insights into the psychology and practice of escape attempts amongst the German PoWs.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"15 1","pages":"32 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15740773.2020.1853365","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44906122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2020.1859907
J. Adeney
ABSTRACT The defence of West Australia Hill was a day-long encounter between 30 West Australians and 300-400 Boers during the South African War (1899-1902). An archaeological survey to test the applicability of Battlefield Patterning Analysis (PBA: as used on the Battle of Little Big Horn site, Montana, USA) was conducted to determine how the West Australians maintained tactical superiority throughout the encounter. The locations of fired cartridges, artillery artefacts and archival evidence showed that the successful all-day defence was due to good tactical positioning on West Australia Hill and fire discipline, aided by accurate British artillery. Dynamic Patterning, a component of PBA, was developed further by the use of two innovative methods of recording spent ammunition characteristics: off-centredness of firing pin indentations, and marks within firing pin indentations of the fired cartridges. The ammunition finds for both Australian and Boers soldiers demonstrated the application of BPA on 20th century battlefields.
{"title":"‘Our shooting was far superior to theirs’: an archaeological investigation of the defence of West Australia Hill during the South African War (1899-1902)","authors":"J. Adeney","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2020.1859907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2020.1859907","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The defence of West Australia Hill was a day-long encounter between 30 West Australians and 300-400 Boers during the South African War (1899-1902). An archaeological survey to test the applicability of Battlefield Patterning Analysis (PBA: as used on the Battle of Little Big Horn site, Montana, USA) was conducted to determine how the West Australians maintained tactical superiority throughout the encounter. The locations of fired cartridges, artillery artefacts and archival evidence showed that the successful all-day defence was due to good tactical positioning on West Australia Hill and fire discipline, aided by accurate British artillery. Dynamic Patterning, a component of PBA, was developed further by the use of two innovative methods of recording spent ammunition characteristics: off-centredness of firing pin indentations, and marks within firing pin indentations of the fired cartridges. The ammunition finds for both Australian and Boers soldiers demonstrated the application of BPA on 20th century battlefields.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"15 1","pages":"65 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/15740773.2020.1859907","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48511677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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