Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2022.2119918
David W. Keller
ABSTRACT The Porvenir Massacre of 1918 was one of the darkest chapters in U.S.-Mexico relations during the bloody Mexican Revolution of 1910. It was an episode that saw fifteen men and boys of Mexican descent murdered in front of a low rock bluff on the U.S. side of the border. In spite of a military and a Texas Congressional investigation, no criminal charges were ever filed and the location of the massacre was lost to time. For nearly a century, major questions surrounding the incident remained unanswered. In 2015, an archaeological investigation confirmed the alleged location of the massacre site and determined that both civilian and military ammunition was used. This project represents the first and only archaeological examination of this important site and challenges the long-standing historical record in presenting material evidence that suggests U.S. military involvement.
{"title":"Archaeological investigations of the Porvenir Massacre, Presidio County, Texas","authors":"David W. Keller","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2022.2119918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2022.2119918","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Porvenir Massacre of 1918 was one of the darkest chapters in U.S.-Mexico relations during the bloody Mexican Revolution of 1910. It was an episode that saw fifteen men and boys of Mexican descent murdered in front of a low rock bluff on the U.S. side of the border. In spite of a military and a Texas Congressional investigation, no criminal charges were ever filed and the location of the massacre was lost to time. For nearly a century, major questions surrounding the incident remained unanswered. In 2015, an archaeological investigation confirmed the alleged location of the massacre site and determined that both civilian and military ammunition was used. This project represents the first and only archaeological examination of this important site and challenges the long-standing historical record in presenting material evidence that suggests U.S. military involvement.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"16 1","pages":"134 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43582305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2021.2038477
David Ulke, R. Akhanemhe, Elly Steinberg, N. Greenberg
ABSTRACT Engaging on challenging duties, and returning to civilian life, are part of a routine military life both of which may negatively impact on their wellbeing. Numerous initiatives exist which aim to support the wellbeing of serving/transitioning personnel including, more recently, archaeology-based programs. However, little is known about the impact of archaeology – based programs making it difficult to know if they should be recommended or not. This study sought to empirically determine if involvement in the Waterloo Uncovered (WU) archaeology-based program had a positive impact on mental wellbeing in veterans and serving military personnel (VSMP). VSMP (n=36) who participated in WU programs in 2017 or 2019 completed questionnaires assessing their mental wellbeing using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) at baseline, immediately after the dig and 11 weeks later. Results indicate measurable and sustained improvements in psychological well-being in VSMP although further work is required to measure how this influences transition to civilian life.
{"title":"The legacy of Mars: battlefield archaeology and improved military wellbeing","authors":"David Ulke, R. Akhanemhe, Elly Steinberg, N. Greenberg","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2021.2038477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2021.2038477","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Engaging on challenging duties, and returning to civilian life, are part of a routine military life both of which may negatively impact on their wellbeing. Numerous initiatives exist which aim to support the wellbeing of serving/transitioning personnel including, more recently, archaeology-based programs. However, little is known about the impact of archaeology – based programs making it difficult to know if they should be recommended or not. This study sought to empirically determine if involvement in the Waterloo Uncovered (WU) archaeology-based program had a positive impact on mental wellbeing in veterans and serving military personnel (VSMP). VSMP (n=36) who participated in WU programs in 2017 or 2019 completed questionnaires assessing their mental wellbeing using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) at baseline, immediately after the dig and 11 weeks later. Results indicate measurable and sustained improvements in psychological well-being in VSMP although further work is required to measure how this influences transition to civilian life.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"16 1","pages":"69 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47434451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2021.2051895
T. Pollard
ABSTRACT This paper uses the writings of early visitors to the field of Waterloo to examine the treatment of the dead following the battle fought on 18 June 1815. It is proposed that these memoirs and journals, along with various artworks, contain information that can assist not only in the explanation of the complexities of body disposal, but also guide us to the location of grave sites on the battlefield. It is further suggested, on the basis of the picture building from recent archaeological investigations, that at least some of the larger graves were exploited for human and animal bone, which in the first half of the nineteenth century served as an important source of phosphate fertilizer.
{"title":"These spots of excavation tell: using early visitor accounts to map the missing graves of waterloo","authors":"T. Pollard","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2021.2051895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2021.2051895","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper uses the writings of early visitors to the field of Waterloo to examine the treatment of the dead following the battle fought on 18 June 1815. It is proposed that these memoirs and journals, along with various artworks, contain information that can assist not only in the explanation of the complexities of body disposal, but also guide us to the location of grave sites on the battlefield. It is further suggested, on the basis of the picture building from recent archaeological investigations, that at least some of the larger graves were exploited for human and animal bone, which in the first half of the nineteenth century served as an important source of phosphate fertilizer.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"16 1","pages":"75 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41696701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This issue of the Journal of Conflict Archaeology is slightly different to previous issues in having a single theme and only two papers. The theme of the issue is the Battle of Waterloo and the work being undertaken there by the organization Waterloo Uncovered. This organization is a charity established in 2015 by two Coldstream Guards officers, one former and one serving, Mark Evans and Charlie Foinette. They had an interest in Waterloo as soldiers, and particularly in Hougoumont Farm as Coldstream Guards given the regiment’s role during the battle; they also were aware of the potential of archaeological fieldwork for recovery and rehabilitation of service personnel after combat tours. Waterloo Uncovered is building on the success of groups such as the excellent Operation Nightingale, which has been running since 2011 through the Ministry of Defence and Wessex Archaeology; the value of the work for the veterans was recognized in January 2022 when the MoD archaeologist Richard Osgood was awarded an MBE for his work with Operation Nightingale. In the United States, American Veterans Archaeological Recovery (AVAR) is an offshoot of Operation Nightingale which involves experts of the calibre of Doug Scott, who is undoubtedly the most celebrated conflict archaeologist of us all. Waterloo Uncovered, like the other organizations, has a central mission to include service personnel (both serving and former), who have been marked by their combat experience. Archaeology has been shown to help both physical and mental rehabilitation for veterans, which is reason enough for these organizations to exist. However, the fact is that they all have excellent records in producing first class archaeological results. These organizations are collaborations between service personnel and archaeologists, and the humanitarian mission in no way has compromised the quality of the archaeology being undertaken. Nor is this activity the result of Archaeology saviours swooping in to rescue the poor service personnel; Operation Nightingale relies heavily on two veterans’ organizations, Breaking Ground Heritage and Defence Archaeology Group (DAG), who also run archaeological projects but provide a lot of the volunteers for Operation Nightingale. Veterans are fully involved in the projects at all levels and contribute hugely to the success of these organizations. Waterloo Uncovered is the initiative of veterans and it remains a veteran-focused operation. The Waterloo Uncovered project has provided the first opportunity to undertake substantial archaeological investigation of the battlefield and its environs. It is reliant on grant funding and public donations, but that has so far meant that the project has been undertaken on a large scale, using cutting edge technology, and expanding the scope of what an archaeological project might include. Along with veterans, professional archaeologists, and students, the project has brought in professional photographers, artists, and poets to
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"I. Banks","doi":"10.33235/ajcfhn.19.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33235/ajcfhn.19.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"This issue of the Journal of Conflict Archaeology is slightly different to previous issues in having a single theme and only two papers. The theme of the issue is the Battle of Waterloo and the work being undertaken there by the organization Waterloo Uncovered. This organization is a charity established in 2015 by two Coldstream Guards officers, one former and one serving, Mark Evans and Charlie Foinette. They had an interest in Waterloo as soldiers, and particularly in Hougoumont Farm as Coldstream Guards given the regiment’s role during the battle; they also were aware of the potential of archaeological fieldwork for recovery and rehabilitation of service personnel after combat tours. Waterloo Uncovered is building on the success of groups such as the excellent Operation Nightingale, which has been running since 2011 through the Ministry of Defence and Wessex Archaeology; the value of the work for the veterans was recognized in January 2022 when the MoD archaeologist Richard Osgood was awarded an MBE for his work with Operation Nightingale. In the United States, American Veterans Archaeological Recovery (AVAR) is an offshoot of Operation Nightingale which involves experts of the calibre of Doug Scott, who is undoubtedly the most celebrated conflict archaeologist of us all. Waterloo Uncovered, like the other organizations, has a central mission to include service personnel (both serving and former), who have been marked by their combat experience. Archaeology has been shown to help both physical and mental rehabilitation for veterans, which is reason enough for these organizations to exist. However, the fact is that they all have excellent records in producing first class archaeological results. These organizations are collaborations between service personnel and archaeologists, and the humanitarian mission in no way has compromised the quality of the archaeology being undertaken. Nor is this activity the result of Archaeology saviours swooping in to rescue the poor service personnel; Operation Nightingale relies heavily on two veterans’ organizations, Breaking Ground Heritage and Defence Archaeology Group (DAG), who also run archaeological projects but provide a lot of the volunteers for Operation Nightingale. Veterans are fully involved in the projects at all levels and contribute hugely to the success of these organizations. Waterloo Uncovered is the initiative of veterans and it remains a veteran-focused operation. The Waterloo Uncovered project has provided the first opportunity to undertake substantial archaeological investigation of the battlefield and its environs. It is reliant on grant funding and public donations, but that has so far meant that the project has been undertaken on a large scale, using cutting edge technology, and expanding the scope of what an archaeological project might include. Along with veterans, professional archaeologists, and students, the project has brought in professional photographers, artists, and poets to ","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"16 1","pages":"65 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49365308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2021.1986684
A. Andersson
The Cold War did not only affect the USSR and the USA, since it also influenced the rest of the world, directly as well as indirectly. This conflict between West and East formed the second half of the 20 century, and its effects in the form of material remains and mindsets are integrated parts of our contemporary society. In Sweden, which was a neutral country located between the two military alliances, NATO and the Warsaw Pact, this conflict was a part of daily life due to the country’s policy of neutrality. Sweden, which had remained neutral ever since the end of the Napoleonic Wars was, therefore forced to turn inward and rely on its own capabilities and selfreliance. It could be argued that Sweden was never truly neutral and if a conflict had broken out, there are signs which indicate that Sweden was prepared to side with NATO (Zetterberg 2007; Karlsson 1995, 38–40). This fact is something which echoes also in Sweden’s contemporary foreign policy, where the country is taking part in military exercises with NATO, and where Sweden is also involved in joint military operations. An example of this partnership was Sweden’s involvement in Libya in 2014, an operation where Sweden worked together with NATO to safe-guard the no-fly zone over the nation’s airspace (Doeser 2014, 196–213). However, one consequence of the Swedish policy of neutrality was the military and civil mobilization of every aspect of the Swedish society during the Cold War period. It is estimated that Sweden was one of the nations which spent most per capita of its GNP on its military complex (Zetterberg 2007; Försvarsmakten 2021). The military preparation took many shapes and forms, but Sweden’s spending on its military is perhaps the primary example of this rearmament. The goal was that Sweden would be able to either withhold, or at least, delay a ground invasion. It was due to the goal of rearmament and the policy of neutrality that Sweden made full use of the mandatory military service, developed a strong air force, and took steps towards its own nuclear programme (Jonter 2008, 61–65; Axelsson et al. 2018).
{"title":"Preparation for the war which never came; the examination of a shelter inside an apartment building from the 1960’s","authors":"A. Andersson","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2021.1986684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2021.1986684","url":null,"abstract":"The Cold War did not only affect the USSR and the USA, since it also influenced the rest of the world, directly as well as indirectly. This conflict between West and East formed the second half of the 20 century, and its effects in the form of material remains and mindsets are integrated parts of our contemporary society. In Sweden, which was a neutral country located between the two military alliances, NATO and the Warsaw Pact, this conflict was a part of daily life due to the country’s policy of neutrality. Sweden, which had remained neutral ever since the end of the Napoleonic Wars was, therefore forced to turn inward and rely on its own capabilities and selfreliance. It could be argued that Sweden was never truly neutral and if a conflict had broken out, there are signs which indicate that Sweden was prepared to side with NATO (Zetterberg 2007; Karlsson 1995, 38–40). This fact is something which echoes also in Sweden’s contemporary foreign policy, where the country is taking part in military exercises with NATO, and where Sweden is also involved in joint military operations. An example of this partnership was Sweden’s involvement in Libya in 2014, an operation where Sweden worked together with NATO to safe-guard the no-fly zone over the nation’s airspace (Doeser 2014, 196–213). However, one consequence of the Swedish policy of neutrality was the military and civil mobilization of every aspect of the Swedish society during the Cold War period. It is estimated that Sweden was one of the nations which spent most per capita of its GNP on its military complex (Zetterberg 2007; Försvarsmakten 2021). The military preparation took many shapes and forms, but Sweden’s spending on its military is perhaps the primary example of this rearmament. The goal was that Sweden would be able to either withhold, or at least, delay a ground invasion. It was due to the goal of rearmament and the policy of neutrality that Sweden made full use of the mandatory military service, developed a strong air force, and took steps towards its own nuclear programme (Jonter 2008, 61–65; Axelsson et al. 2018).","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"16 1","pages":"46 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47621444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2021.1978208
Ryan K. McNutt
ABSTRACT The military terrain analysis system KOCOA (Key Terrain, Observation, Cover/concealment, Obstacles, and Avenues of approach; also OAKOC or OCOKA) was developed as part of the burgeoning discipline of military science around the start of the American Civil War. It is now part of the National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program’s survey methodology, was introduced to conflict archaeology by Scott and McFeaters and Scott and Bleed and has been used as a tool for predicting battlefield locations. However, it has potential applications beyond battlefields. This paper explores how applying KOCOA elucidates conflict landscapes of power, dominance, and control. An analysis of the internment landscape of Camp Lawton, an 1864 Confederate POW camp, with KOCOA, will highlight how principles of dominance were applied, and how concealment and obstacles actively disrupted the ‘unequal gaze’ of Foucault. But also how KOCOA functions in determining the grammar of space for elements of the constructed environment of a military complex; with aspects like defence and observation of equal weight with domination and control. KOCOA delivers the visualization of these abstracts within a GIS environment, and thus guides excavation and interpretation.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2021.2037271
I. Banks
Welcome to the first issue of Volume 16 of the Journal. We have been somewhat delayed in our publishing programme, which is the result of the review process. The peer review process is paramount to academic publishing; without it, there is no guarantee of the veracity and quality of the material published. One problem that the world faces at the moment is that so much of the information on the Information Superhighway of the internet is not peer-reviewed; journalists and bloggers put out their assertions without review. In many cases, that is okay because there is no intention to deceive, even although the sincerity with which false information is presented matters little in terms of the amount of damage it does. However, we have far too many examples of deliberate and intentional publishing of false information with an agenda. It is a particular problem in journalism but holds true for blogging as well. We have a British Prime Minister who, in his days as a journalist, published a whole series of news stories about stupid things that the EU was doing, all of which were fabrications on his part (Purnell 2011, 115–128; Henkel 2018, 88; Rankin and Waterson 2019; Greenslade 2020). We have bloggers who present information that is false to push an anti-vaccination agenda (e.g. tayswaymovement.com. au [now defunct]), or to stoke up nationalist tensions (e.g. The Right Stuff [neo-Nazi, USbased]; DPNI [Russian nationalist website linked to a range of nationalist blogs]; Infowars [far right, British-based]). One of the most important things about academic publication is that there are safeguards in the form of peer review to make sure that the information being published is accurate, evidence-based, and not fabricated. Journalists would say the same of their work, but one of the differences between academic publication and journalism is the requirement for academic work to be grounded in the body of knowledge, based on quantifiable data rather than anonymous sources, and as objective as it is possible to be. This puts a lot of responsibility on the peer reviewers, who are the bastion against falsified data and poor scholarship. It doesn’t always work, and there are occasions where papers have to be retracted years after publication because it has emerged that the data has been falsified. However, these cases – while inevitably high profile – are the exception. By and large, the system works. It works because of the expertise and diligence of the reviewers, who are the unsung heroes of academic publishing. They work anonymously, for no reward, and are expected to do reviews as part of the long list of activities that demonstrate collegiality and esteem. Not unexpectedly, as the requirements of the academic workplace constantly increase, the peer review task becomes less and less attractive as an academic activity. When workloads are so massive, an optional extra like reviewing is one of the first things to go. However, without review, academic publishing c
欢迎收看《华尔街日报》第16卷第1期。我们的出版计划有些延迟，这是审查过程的结果。同行评审过程对学术出版至关重要；没有它，就无法保证出版材料的真实性和质量。目前世界面临的一个问题是，互联网信息高速公路上的许多信息没有经过同行评审；记者和博客作者在未经审查的情况下发表了他们的断言。在许多情况下，这是可以的，因为没有欺骗的意图，即使就其造成的损害而言，提供虚假信息的诚意无关紧要。然而，我们有太多蓄意和故意发布带有议程的虚假信息的例子。这是新闻界的一个特殊问题，但博客也是如此。我们有一位英国首相，他在记者时代发表了一系列关于欧盟正在做的愚蠢事情的新闻报道，所有这些都是他捏造的（Purnell 2011115-128；汉高201888；兰金和沃特森2019；Greenslade 2020）。我们有一些博客作者提供虚假信息，以推动反疫苗接种议程（例如tayswaymovement.com.au[现已失效]），或煽动民族主义紧张局势（例如The Right Stuff[新纳粹，美国]；DPNI[与一系列民族主义博客链接的俄罗斯民族主义网站]；Infowars[极右翼，英国]）。学术出版物最重要的一点是，有同行评审形式的保障措施，以确保所发布的信息是准确的、基于证据的，而不是捏造的。记者会对他们的工作说同样的话，但学术出版和新闻之间的区别之一是，学术工作必须以知识为基础，以可量化的数据而非匿名来源为基础，并尽可能客观，他们是对抗伪造数据和糟糕学术的堡垒。它并不总是有效的，有时论文在发表几年后就不得不撤回，因为数据被篡改了。然而，这些案例虽然不可避免地引人注目，但却是个例外。总的来说，这个系统是可行的。它之所以成功，是因为评论者的专业知识和勤奋，他们是学术出版界的无名英雄。他们匿名工作，不收取任何报酬，并被期望作为一长串展示同事关系和尊重的活动的一部分进行评论。不出所料，随着学术工作场所的要求不断提高，同行评审任务作为一项学术活动的吸引力越来越小。当工作量如此之大时，首先要做的是一项可选的额外工作，比如复习。然而，如果没有审查，学术出版就不再具有应有的权威性，它有可能陷入灰色地带，在那里它的地位不比博客或新闻报道更高。一个显而易见的解决方案是获得经济奖励，但这可能会在一定程度上破坏这一过程，使其受到经济驱动。此外，这也是出版公司的一个问题，《冲突考古杂志2021》，第16卷，第1，1-4号https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2021.2037271
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2021.1973873
Camilla Damlund
ABSTRACT In Denmark, the most obvious and persistent evidence of the Second World War is concrete bunkers dotting the landscape. On the west coast of Jutland, facing the North Sea, the structures formed the Danish part of the Atlantic Wall, and today these bunkers have become an integral part of the landscape. This paper explores the ways in which this tangible proof of the Nazi occupation has been assimilated into Danish culture, and how the Danish people engage with these structures both on an official and an unofficial level. It will also explore the strange juxtaposition of attitudes towards the preservation and presentation of these extant remains from the war.
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Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2020.1985913
I. Banks
As we bring the fifteenth volume to a close, there is conflict that is affecting Archaeology as a whole. Both Archaeology and History have become enmeshed in the Culture Wars that have been weaponized by the Right in America; where America leads, these days the UK appears to follow. The rumblings could be heard when, on a 2019 edition of BBC TV’s Question Time, Jacob Rees-Mogg spoke about the British concentration camps of the Boer War and said that the death rate was the same as it was in Glasgow at the time. He also spoke about the camps having been established to protect civilians during all-out war. Both he and his opponent, Grace Blakeley, showed a lack of specific knowledge: Ms Blakeley stated that concentration camps were invented by the British, when in fact they were first developed as ‘reconcentrados’ in the War of Cuban Independence as Spain tried to suppress the Cuban rebels. Both Britain and the USA subsequently adapted the idea to their own situations, and in all cases, the camps were appalling breaches of human rights. Rees-Mogg spoke as though there was a consistent mortality rate in the British camps, when in fact the rate varied considerably and dropped below mortality rates in British urban environments when they were taken out of military control and put under the Civil Service. However, for much of the existence of the camps, the death rate was considerably higher than in late Victorian Glasgow; it also ignores the terrible loss of life in the camps for the black population. Furthermore, both speakers missed the fact that the camps themselves were not the main crime against humanity. Rather, it was the scorched earth policy that made the camps a necessity. Rees-Mogg was correct to say that they were ‘put in the camps for their protection’ (BBC 2019, 00:21), but there would have been no need to provide facilities for the civilians if their farms had not been destroyed, their cattle slaughtered, and the waterholes poisoned. The point here is that history and archaeology are being used in current political debates but without due attention to the full historical picture. For Rees-Mogg, there were elements of the historical situation that could present the British Empire as an entity that made mistakes but which was fundamentally decent and benign – not a description that many Indian or Boer academics might accept. The full picture shows that while there was not a genocidal intent to the British camps in South Africa, the camps were nevertheless a crime against humanity, as was the scorched earth policy. As any other empire, the British Empire was coercive and met protest and dissent with violence – it was certainly not benign. Rees-Mogg was using history to support his conservative world view, but he was not prepared to consider the parts of history that did not fit his chosen narrative. More recently, statues have come to the fore, and there has been a spate of statue removals or non-removals. Statues have become politicized, a
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"I. Banks","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2020.1985913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2020.1985913","url":null,"abstract":"As we bring the fifteenth volume to a close, there is conflict that is affecting Archaeology as a whole. Both Archaeology and History have become enmeshed in the Culture Wars that have been weaponized by the Right in America; where America leads, these days the UK appears to follow. The rumblings could be heard when, on a 2019 edition of BBC TV’s Question Time, Jacob Rees-Mogg spoke about the British concentration camps of the Boer War and said that the death rate was the same as it was in Glasgow at the time. He also spoke about the camps having been established to protect civilians during all-out war. Both he and his opponent, Grace Blakeley, showed a lack of specific knowledge: Ms Blakeley stated that concentration camps were invented by the British, when in fact they were first developed as ‘reconcentrados’ in the War of Cuban Independence as Spain tried to suppress the Cuban rebels. Both Britain and the USA subsequently adapted the idea to their own situations, and in all cases, the camps were appalling breaches of human rights. Rees-Mogg spoke as though there was a consistent mortality rate in the British camps, when in fact the rate varied considerably and dropped below mortality rates in British urban environments when they were taken out of military control and put under the Civil Service. However, for much of the existence of the camps, the death rate was considerably higher than in late Victorian Glasgow; it also ignores the terrible loss of life in the camps for the black population. Furthermore, both speakers missed the fact that the camps themselves were not the main crime against humanity. Rather, it was the scorched earth policy that made the camps a necessity. Rees-Mogg was correct to say that they were ‘put in the camps for their protection’ (BBC 2019, 00:21), but there would have been no need to provide facilities for the civilians if their farms had not been destroyed, their cattle slaughtered, and the waterholes poisoned. The point here is that history and archaeology are being used in current political debates but without due attention to the full historical picture. For Rees-Mogg, there were elements of the historical situation that could present the British Empire as an entity that made mistakes but which was fundamentally decent and benign – not a description that many Indian or Boer academics might accept. The full picture shows that while there was not a genocidal intent to the British camps in South Africa, the camps were nevertheless a crime against humanity, as was the scorched earth policy. As any other empire, the British Empire was coercive and met protest and dissent with violence – it was certainly not benign. Rees-Mogg was using history to support his conservative world view, but he was not prepared to consider the parts of history that did not fit his chosen narrative. More recently, statues have come to the fore, and there has been a spate of statue removals or non-removals. Statues have become politicized, a","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"15 1","pages":"171 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44225211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/15740773.2020.1973849
Helena van der Riet, J. Fyfe
ABSTRACT The Japanese occupation of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean has been little mentioned in Australian wartime histories. There is scant reference during Australian memorials or in historical publications about the island’s experiences during the World War II (WWII), when ties with Australia were close. Christmas Island is 488 km from Jakarta and in WWII was in a key position between Japanese-occupied Papua New Guinea and the Indian sub-continent, the coveted next step in Japanese control of the Indian Ocean during this major conflict. Highly strategic, but poorly defended, the island fell to the Japanese in early 1942, and was occupied for 3 years. Recording and reporting on the remains of the Japanese occupation of Christmas Island places the island and its people more securely within the Australian wartime narrative, and within the pantheon of occupied territories.
{"title":"Occupied! A preliminary archaeological examination of the remains of the Japanese invasion and occupation of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean during World War II","authors":"Helena van der Riet, J. Fyfe","doi":"10.1080/15740773.2020.1973849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2020.1973849","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Japanese occupation of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean has been little mentioned in Australian wartime histories. There is scant reference during Australian memorials or in historical publications about the island’s experiences during the World War II (WWII), when ties with Australia were close. Christmas Island is 488 km from Jakarta and in WWII was in a key position between Japanese-occupied Papua New Guinea and the Indian sub-continent, the coveted next step in Japanese control of the Indian Ocean during this major conflict. Highly strategic, but poorly defended, the island fell to the Japanese in early 1942, and was occupied for 3 years. Recording and reporting on the remains of the Japanese occupation of Christmas Island places the island and its people more securely within the Australian wartime narrative, and within the pantheon of occupied territories.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"15 1","pages":"224 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49419631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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