Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03055477.2020.1806666
{"title":"HISTORIC England RESEARCH REPORTS SERIES 2019","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/03055477.2020.1806666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03055477.2020.1806666","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54043,"journal":{"name":"Vernacular Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03055477.2020.1806666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42670567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03055477.2020.1824509
A. C. Armstrong, David S. Johnson
As part of a broader study of traditional farm buildings in the Ingleborough area of the Yorkshire Dales National Park fifteen early buildings were subjected to Level 2 surveying and tree-ring dating funded by the National Heritage Lottery Fund’s Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership. Felling dates were obtained for all but four of the buildings with an overall total of 45 dates obtained for timbers. Only five post-date the year 1700 and seven — from different timbers in one field barn — pre-date the year 1300. The overall results have severely dented pre-existing assumptions that the fabric of most field barns in upland areas like the Dales is predominantly of the late eighteenth or nineteenth century. The findings have made a significant contribution to the understanding and appreciation of traditional farm buildings in the area.
{"title":"Expanding Horizons: A Tree-Ring Dating Programme Around Ingleborough, North Yorkshire","authors":"A. C. Armstrong, David S. Johnson","doi":"10.1080/03055477.2020.1824509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03055477.2020.1824509","url":null,"abstract":"As part of a broader study of traditional farm buildings in the Ingleborough area of the Yorkshire Dales National Park fifteen early buildings were subjected to Level 2 surveying and tree-ring dating funded by the National Heritage Lottery Fund’s Ingleborough Dales Landscape Partnership. Felling dates were obtained for all but four of the buildings with an overall total of 45 dates obtained for timbers. Only five post-date the year 1700 and seven — from different timbers in one field barn — pre-date the year 1300. The overall results have severely dented pre-existing assumptions that the fabric of most field barns in upland areas like the Dales is predominantly of the late eighteenth or nineteenth century. The findings have made a significant contribution to the understanding and appreciation of traditional farm buildings in the area.","PeriodicalId":54043,"journal":{"name":"Vernacular Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03055477.2020.1824509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49283710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03055477.2020.1821560
N. Loader, D. Miles, D. McCarroll, G. Young, D. Davies, J. James, Roderick J. Bale, N. Nayling
INTRODUCTION Recent developments in UK dendrochronology have shown that cross-dating of annually resolved tree-ring stable isotope sequences from oak latewood cellulose provides an extremely effective precision dating method. The method is outlined in Miles et al. (2019) and is described in more detail in Loader et al. (2019). We report here the second date list for stable isotope dated samples. This list includes dates for timbers from south-west Wales, a region where young, fast-grown timbers frequently occur in the historic buildings archive and ring-width dendrochronology is challenging. We also present isotope dating of elm samples, a timber noted by Martin Bridge (this volume, pp. 94–102) as the second commonest structural timber in British buildings, that has proved very difficult to date using ring-widths. For some buildings where isotope dendrochronology has established or confirmed the dating of more extensive ring-width assemblages, details are given in the main tree-ring date lists, with only the isotope dating presented here. When the date is included only in this list, information on the measured isotope series precedes that for the ring-width samples. All samples are oak unless otherwise stated. For the Welsh sites, historic counties are given, since this is the policy adopted in the Welsh tree-ring date lists. The NPRN numbers at the end of Welsh site descriptions refer to the entry on Coflein, the online database of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historic Monuments of Wales. Stable isotope dating for Twilly Spring, West Hendred, Oxfordshire is reported in Radiocarbon Date List 6, No. 9 (p. 106).
{"title":"Stable Isotope Tree-Ring Dates: List 2","authors":"N. Loader, D. Miles, D. McCarroll, G. Young, D. Davies, J. James, Roderick J. Bale, N. Nayling","doi":"10.1080/03055477.2020.1821560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03055477.2020.1821560","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION Recent developments in UK dendrochronology have shown that cross-dating of annually resolved tree-ring stable isotope sequences from oak latewood cellulose provides an extremely effective precision dating method. The method is outlined in Miles et al. (2019) and is described in more detail in Loader et al. (2019). We report here the second date list for stable isotope dated samples. This list includes dates for timbers from south-west Wales, a region where young, fast-grown timbers frequently occur in the historic buildings archive and ring-width dendrochronology is challenging. We also present isotope dating of elm samples, a timber noted by Martin Bridge (this volume, pp. 94–102) as the second commonest structural timber in British buildings, that has proved very difficult to date using ring-widths. For some buildings where isotope dendrochronology has established or confirmed the dating of more extensive ring-width assemblages, details are given in the main tree-ring date lists, with only the isotope dating presented here. When the date is included only in this list, information on the measured isotope series precedes that for the ring-width samples. All samples are oak unless otherwise stated. For the Welsh sites, historic counties are given, since this is the policy adopted in the Welsh tree-ring date lists. The NPRN numbers at the end of Welsh site descriptions refer to the entry on Coflein, the online database of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historic Monuments of Wales. Stable isotope dating for Twilly Spring, West Hendred, Oxfordshire is reported in Radiocarbon Date List 6, No. 9 (p. 106).","PeriodicalId":54043,"journal":{"name":"Vernacular Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03055477.2020.1821560","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44292952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03055477.2020.1830256
P. Barnwell
{"title":"The Buildings of Ireland: Cork: City and County","authors":"P. Barnwell","doi":"10.1080/03055477.2020.1830256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03055477.2020.1830256","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54043,"journal":{"name":"Vernacular Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03055477.2020.1830256","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44389592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03055477.2020.1827342
D. Hunter
local planning controls which finally led to the end of court housing in the early twentieth century. As a historical and social overview it draws upon contemporary writings, both of the court housing inhabitants themselves and those in authority. There are short vignettes on key personages, expanded quotations and a summary of local and national housing legislation, whilst a wider context is provided by mention of court housing elsewhere in northern England, Scotland, Europe and America. This is a lot to encompass within such a short work of c. 20,000 words, especially as it includes an extensive bibliography, which is referenced throughout the text. The volume deftly balances social and political details within a broader context, whilst demonstrating that this is a thoroughly researched piece of work. It highlights both the good and bad sides of court houses, and the observations about migrant populations (in the mid-nineteenth century the majority of the court housing in Liverpool was occupied by poor first-generation Irish immigrants), and the profits to be made from the poor quality of this rapidly built housing resonate in the third decade of the twenty-first century, with our contemporary worries around housing affordability and urban regeneration. The use of volunteers and the cooperation between museum and university showcase the benefits of widening engagement in what could have been a dry, narrow, academic project. It has already led to a museum exhibition and the promise of a second follow-up study, and in the current study has produced a volume that is a fine introduction to the workers’ housing side of Liverpool’s industrialisation story.
{"title":"The Archaeology of Underground Mines and Quarries in England","authors":"D. Hunter","doi":"10.1080/03055477.2020.1827342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03055477.2020.1827342","url":null,"abstract":"local planning controls which finally led to the end of court housing in the early twentieth century. As a historical and social overview it draws upon contemporary writings, both of the court housing inhabitants themselves and those in authority. There are short vignettes on key personages, expanded quotations and a summary of local and national housing legislation, whilst a wider context is provided by mention of court housing elsewhere in northern England, Scotland, Europe and America. This is a lot to encompass within such a short work of c. 20,000 words, especially as it includes an extensive bibliography, which is referenced throughout the text. The volume deftly balances social and political details within a broader context, whilst demonstrating that this is a thoroughly researched piece of work. It highlights both the good and bad sides of court houses, and the observations about migrant populations (in the mid-nineteenth century the majority of the court housing in Liverpool was occupied by poor first-generation Irish immigrants), and the profits to be made from the poor quality of this rapidly built housing resonate in the third decade of the twenty-first century, with our contemporary worries around housing affordability and urban regeneration. The use of volunteers and the cooperation between museum and university showcase the benefits of widening engagement in what could have been a dry, narrow, academic project. It has already led to a museum exhibition and the promise of a second follow-up study, and in the current study has produced a volume that is a fine introduction to the workers’ housing side of Liverpool’s industrialisation story.","PeriodicalId":54043,"journal":{"name":"Vernacular Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03055477.2020.1827342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49651241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03055477.2020.1821341
C. Tyers, D. Miles, R. Howard, N. Hill
As indicated in Radiocarbon Dates List 1 (Vernacular Architecture 40 (2009)), Vernacular Architecture is including lists of the results for radiocarbon-dated buildings, to accompany the annual list...
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Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03055477.2020.1830676
P. Reed
The question of how medieval carpenters set out their work is an under-investigated topic of research. Advanced craft knowledge is needed for a study of this kind and, in that regard, this article is written from a master craftsman’s point of view. Domestic medieval roofs have consistently common roof pitches of 48°, 52°, 55° 1 and 58°, and roofs were being pitched long before the early scholars brought knowledge from the ancient world to England in the mid-twelfth century. Moreover, it is unlikely that master carpenters and masons had access to this knowledge until the early to mid-thirteenth century, and equally unlikely that the domestic carpenter had any knowledge of geometry until the seventeenth or eighteenth century. Instead, this article argues that medieval carpenters used a simple method of setting out using cord, which would obviate the need for measurement and geometry and whose common divisions correspond to the common pitches found in medieval buildings. This article is on a subject of ongoing debate in which there are a range of views, and it is anticipated that a response will be published in due course.
{"title":"The Knowledge of Carpenters from the Early Medieval Period to the Eighteenth Century in Setting Out Roofs and Buildings Without Geometry and Numerical Measurement","authors":"P. Reed","doi":"10.1080/03055477.2020.1830676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03055477.2020.1830676","url":null,"abstract":"The question of how medieval carpenters set out their work is an under-investigated topic of research. Advanced craft knowledge is needed for a study of this kind and, in that regard, this article is written from a master craftsman’s point of view. Domestic medieval roofs have consistently common roof pitches of 48°, 52°, 55° 1 and 58°, and roofs were being pitched long before the early scholars brought knowledge from the ancient world to England in the mid-twelfth century. Moreover, it is unlikely that master carpenters and masons had access to this knowledge until the early to mid-thirteenth century, and equally unlikely that the domestic carpenter had any knowledge of geometry until the seventeenth or eighteenth century. Instead, this article argues that medieval carpenters used a simple method of setting out using cord, which would obviate the need for measurement and geometry and whose common divisions correspond to the common pitches found in medieval buildings. This article is on a subject of ongoing debate in which there are a range of views, and it is anticipated that a response will be published in due course.","PeriodicalId":54043,"journal":{"name":"Vernacular Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03055477.2020.1830676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45521215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03055477.2020.1794245
M. Bridge
Elm is generally considered to be unsuitable for dendrochronology, usually having too few rings, or having abrupt growth-rate changes that do not result from the external weather conditions. Samples rarely match each other in the same structure. A further difficulty is that even where it is known that the sequence is complete (the bark is still present), it is often not possible to distinguish sapwood rings by their appearance, even under a microscope. This is a significant problem as elm has been an important structural component of many British vernacular buildings over many centuries, but whereas dendrochronological dating of oak has transformed our understanding of thousands of buildings, by 2015 only four instances of dating elm had been made, two of those involving a single timber. When elm has been encountered, it has generally been dismissed from further dendrochronological study as a result of these known issues, but no systematic study has been undertaken to see whether these prejudices are justified. In order to get some evidence-based information about how elm might behave dendrochronologically, Historic England initiated a study: Developing the dendrochronology of elm in historic buildings, Project 7350, funded through its Heritage Protection Commissions. This resulted in over 70 buildings being looked at, with several being sampled, and the results are discussed here. At some sites an elm site master sequence could be derived, but potential matches with local oak chronologies were generally not strong enough to be considered dated. In one instance good matches with local oak sites were found, but subsequent radiocarbon analysis found these matches to be erroneous. At another site, five trees gave an 89-year ring sequence, but no acceptable matches were found with oak chronologies. Radiocarbon dating and oxygen isotope dating both gave the same dating results at this site, however, showing that these two methods appear to give the best hope of dating elm in the future.
{"title":"ELM Dendrochronology","authors":"M. Bridge","doi":"10.1080/03055477.2020.1794245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03055477.2020.1794245","url":null,"abstract":"Elm is generally considered to be unsuitable for dendrochronology, usually having too few rings, or having abrupt growth-rate changes that do not result from the external weather conditions. Samples rarely match each other in the same structure. A further difficulty is that even where it is known that the sequence is complete (the bark is still present), it is often not possible to distinguish sapwood rings by their appearance, even under a microscope. This is a significant problem as elm has been an important structural component of many British vernacular buildings over many centuries, but whereas dendrochronological dating of oak has transformed our understanding of thousands of buildings, by 2015 only four instances of dating elm had been made, two of those involving a single timber. When elm has been encountered, it has generally been dismissed from further dendrochronological study as a result of these known issues, but no systematic study has been undertaken to see whether these prejudices are justified. In order to get some evidence-based information about how elm might behave dendrochronologically, Historic England initiated a study: Developing the dendrochronology of elm in historic buildings, Project 7350, funded through its Heritage Protection Commissions. This resulted in over 70 buildings being looked at, with several being sampled, and the results are discussed here. At some sites an elm site master sequence could be derived, but potential matches with local oak chronologies were generally not strong enough to be considered dated. In one instance good matches with local oak sites were found, but subsequent radiocarbon analysis found these matches to be erroneous. At another site, five trees gave an 89-year ring sequence, but no acceptable matches were found with oak chronologies. Radiocarbon dating and oxygen isotope dating both gave the same dating results at this site, however, showing that these two methods appear to give the best hope of dating elm in the future.","PeriodicalId":54043,"journal":{"name":"Vernacular Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03055477.2020.1794245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45238015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03055477.2020.1833636
V. B. Kurtuluş, Neriman Şahin Güçhan
Çomakdağ is a rural region consisting of five villages and six plateau settlements in the Beşparmak mountain range in Milas district, Muğla province, Turkey. The simple stone masonry buildings on the rocky cliffs and the indigenous lifestyle of the local people form unique characteristics of the region. The historic urban fabric is still visible, and the traditional lifestyle continues in the region. However, the population has been decreasing, and some parts of the traditional fabric have lost their local characteristics. This article presents the typical characteristic of the Çomakdağ houses that date from the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The aim is to introduce the rural architecture of the region and investigate the interactions between spaces and daily life. Moreover, physical interventions to adapt the houses to today’s needs in the Çomakdağ Kızılağaç village are explored through observations and interviews.
{"title":"Characteristics of Rural Architecture and its Use in the Çomakdağ Region: Çomakdağ Kizilağaç Village, Turkey","authors":"V. B. Kurtuluş, Neriman Şahin Güçhan","doi":"10.1080/03055477.2020.1833636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03055477.2020.1833636","url":null,"abstract":"Çomakdağ is a rural region consisting of five villages and six plateau settlements in the Beşparmak mountain range in Milas district, Muğla province, Turkey. The simple stone masonry buildings on the rocky cliffs and the indigenous lifestyle of the local people form unique characteristics of the region. The historic urban fabric is still visible, and the traditional lifestyle continues in the region. However, the population has been decreasing, and some parts of the traditional fabric have lost their local characteristics. This article presents the typical characteristic of the Çomakdağ houses that date from the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The aim is to introduce the rural architecture of the region and investigate the interactions between spaces and daily life. Moreover, physical interventions to adapt the houses to today’s needs in the Çomakdağ Kızılağaç village are explored through observations and interviews.","PeriodicalId":54043,"journal":{"name":"Vernacular Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03055477.2020.1833636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46016779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03055477.2020.1801313
N. Alcock
Manorial accounts for Sidbury, Devon, in 1461 provide almost the full costs for rebuilding a village house. It was thatched, with cob walls and jointed crucks, probably of three bays with one room floored over, and the accounts contain the earliest known written mention of cob. The assumption of responsibility by the manorial lords for building work in the village appears to be a response to a relatively short-lasting economic downturn in the mid fifteenth century.
{"title":"Building a cob house in devon in 1461","authors":"N. Alcock","doi":"10.1080/03055477.2020.1801313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03055477.2020.1801313","url":null,"abstract":"Manorial accounts for Sidbury, Devon, in 1461 provide almost the full costs for rebuilding a village house. It was thatched, with cob walls and jointed crucks, probably of three bays with one room floored over, and the accounts contain the earliest known written mention of cob. The assumption of responsibility by the manorial lords for building work in the village appears to be a response to a relatively short-lasting economic downturn in the mid fifteenth century.","PeriodicalId":54043,"journal":{"name":"Vernacular Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03055477.2020.1801313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48921421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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