{"title":"Einleitung","authors":"Yaman Kouli, U. Müller","doi":"10.25162/jgo-2020-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/jgo-2020-0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69177938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is no doubt that the redrawing of the Polish borders after 1945 had a significant impact on the Polish economy. The former eastern territories of Germany made up around one third of the new Poland. However, analysis of the productivity of the territories Poland lost in the east - the so-called Kresy - has been scarce, as have calculations showing the “economic gains” in the Polish west when parts of the former German Reich were attached to Poland. The following article attempts to conduct plausible calculations on the economic productivity of both the Kresy and the former eastern German territories. The paper argues that, while the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Kresy amounted to roughly 9.4 billion 1990 Geary- Khamis dollars (or 19 percent of Poland’s GDP; all figures for 1936), the former East Germany had a GDP of 25.4 billion Geary-Khamis dollars.
{"title":"Ein guter Deal?","authors":"Yaman Kouli","doi":"10.25162/JGO-2020-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/JGO-2020-0002","url":null,"abstract":"There is no doubt that the redrawing of the Polish borders after 1945 had a significant impact on the Polish economy. The former eastern territories of Germany made up around one third of the new Poland. However, analysis of the productivity of the territories Poland lost in the east - the so-called Kresy - has been scarce, as have calculations showing the “economic gains” in the Polish west when parts of the former German Reich were attached to Poland. The following article attempts to conduct plausible calculations on the economic productivity of both the Kresy and the former eastern German territories. The paper argues that, while the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Kresy amounted to roughly 9.4 billion 1990 Geary- Khamis dollars (or 19 percent of Poland’s GDP; all figures for 1936), the former East Germany had a GDP of 25.4 billion Geary-Khamis dollars.","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"26 1","pages":"27-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87264643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"„Der Feind ist wieder in unser Land einmarschiert […]“","authors":"Dmytro Tytarenko","doi":"10.25162/jgo-2020-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/jgo-2020-0017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69178664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The reign of Alexander II (1855-1881) provided room for new ideas in the Russian Empire. In Finland, it was a time of liberal socio-economic reform and dawning nationalism, which led to reconsideration of the relationship between the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and St Petersburg, and between the Finnish Senate and the Diet. This study focuses on these relations and explores the political conditions for the government’s response to the famine of the 1860s. It shows that the decisions made at the Finnish Diet of 1863-1864 pushed the Senate aside from the markets and reduced its means to cope with severe economic fluctuations in the short term. The lack of defined support from the estates also affected the Senate’s ability to acquire foreign credit in Finland’s name. The study examines the pivotal position of Johan Vilhelm Snellman, an early promoter of Hegelian state theory in Finland and the main controller of the Finnish Senate’s expenditure during the period 1863-1868. It is argued that Snellman’s ideas about national state development and the autonomous position of the Senate led to reservedness in government action concerning credit supply, the initiation of grain purchases and co-operation with the Russian authorities; this reservedness contributed to the outcome of the famine. Finally, the study shows that the credit provided by the Imperial government for seed grain purchase in the spring of 1868 was essential to avoid prolonging the crisis in Finland.
{"title":"A Pitfall on a Nation’s Path of Politics?","authors":"Lari Rantanen","doi":"10.25162/jgo-2019-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/jgo-2019-0007","url":null,"abstract":"The reign of Alexander II (1855-1881) provided room for new ideas in the Russian Empire. In Finland, it was a time of liberal socio-economic reform and dawning nationalism, which led to reconsideration of the relationship between the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and St Petersburg, and between the Finnish Senate and the Diet. This study focuses on these relations and explores the political conditions for the government’s response to the famine of the 1860s. It shows that the decisions made at the Finnish Diet of 1863-1864 pushed the Senate aside from the markets and reduced its means to cope with severe economic fluctuations in the short term. The lack of defined support from the estates also affected the Senate’s ability to acquire foreign credit in Finland’s name. The study examines the pivotal position of Johan Vilhelm Snellman, an early promoter of Hegelian state theory in Finland and the main controller of the Finnish Senate’s expenditure during the period 1863-1868. It is argued that Snellman’s ideas about national state development and the autonomous position of the Senate led to reservedness in government action concerning credit supply, the initiation of grain purchases and co-operation with the Russian authorities; this reservedness contributed to the outcome of the famine. Finally, the study shows that the credit provided by the Imperial government for seed grain purchase in the spring of 1868 was essential to avoid prolonging the crisis in Finland.","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69176299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the last decades of the Soviet Union, composers and musicians witnessed a dissolution of the contexts in which they were used to inventing and performing music. “Soviet Music”, a vague but inclusive umbrella term for serious music production, took one of two different directions: on the one hand, it increasingly became part of a global musical avant-garde, on the other hand it was forced to adapt to increasingly narrow, Russocentric and even nationalistic attitudes. This contribution investigates ambiguities surrounding these attributes as well as the concrete problems they created for three composers - Sofia Gubaidulina, Alfred Schnittke and Edison Denisov. In particular, it concentrates on fictions of authenticity created by a milestone of Soviet cinema: Farewell to Matera by Ėlem Klimov and Larisa Shepitko. In doing so, the article questions “1991” as an important caesura and instead makes a case for conceptualizing late and post-Soviet socialism as one common period in Russian musical history.
{"title":"Wie sowjetische Musik „vaterländisch“ wurde, oder: Die Avantgarde im Spät- und Postsozialismus neu erfinden (1970–1998)","authors":"Boris Belge","doi":"10.25162/JGO-2019-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/JGO-2019-0015","url":null,"abstract":"During the last decades of the Soviet Union, composers and musicians witnessed a dissolution of the contexts in which they were used to inventing and performing music. “Soviet Music”, a vague but inclusive umbrella term for serious music production, took one of two different directions: on the one hand, it increasingly became part of a global musical avant-garde, on the other hand it was forced to adapt to increasingly narrow, Russocentric and even nationalistic attitudes. This contribution investigates ambiguities surrounding these attributes as well as the concrete problems they created for three composers - Sofia Gubaidulina, Alfred Schnittke and Edison Denisov. In particular, it concentrates on fictions of authenticity created by a milestone of Soviet cinema: Farewell to Matera by Ėlem Klimov and Larisa Shepitko. In doing so, the article questions “1991” as an important caesura and instead makes a case for conceptualizing late and post-Soviet socialism as one common period in Russian musical history.","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69177610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on the samizdat and tamizdat versions of the journal Political Diary, edited between 1964 and 1970 by the Soviet dissident Roy Medvedev. Based on an analysis of the nearly full collection of issues from the Moscow Memorial archives and interviews with Roy Medvedev, the author explores the functions of the journal during its samizdat and tamizdat periods, its place in the history of socialist dissent in the USSR, the transformations the text underwent for publication abroad, and its reception. The article argues that the journal’s functions were to aggregate reliable information on current Soviet politics, history, and culture gathered through various official and non-official channels; to offer Medvedev and his like-minded reformist socialist readers a space to reflect on current events and socialist democracy, primarily in opposition to attempts by neo-Stalinists to rehabilitate Stalin; and to give Medvedev an outlet and feedback mechanism for his current historical and political research. With the publication of the journal abroad in the 1970s, however, its perception shifted, influenced by the political context and Roy Medvedev’s reputation as a left-wing dissident. As a result, the dissident connections of the journal were downplayed and it was labelled a “loyal” samizdat publication.
{"title":"Roy Medvedev’s Political Diary: An Experiment in Free Socialist Press","authors":"Barbara Martin","doi":"10.25162/jgo-2019-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/jgo-2019-0019","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the samizdat and tamizdat versions of the journal Political Diary, edited between 1964 and 1970 by the Soviet dissident Roy Medvedev. Based on an analysis of the nearly full collection of issues from the Moscow Memorial archives and interviews with Roy Medvedev, the author explores the functions of the journal during its samizdat and tamizdat periods, its place in the history of socialist dissent in the USSR, the transformations the text underwent for publication abroad, and its reception. The article argues that the journal’s functions were to aggregate reliable information on current Soviet politics, history, and culture gathered through various official and non-official channels; to offer Medvedev and his like-minded reformist socialist readers a space to reflect on current events and socialist democracy, primarily in opposition to attempts by neo-Stalinists to rehabilitate Stalin; and to give Medvedev an outlet and feedback mechanism for his current historical and political research. With the publication of the journal abroad in the 1970s, however, its perception shifted, influenced by the political context and Roy Medvedev’s reputation as a left-wing dissident. As a result, the dissident connections of the journal were downplayed and it was labelled a “loyal” samizdat publication.","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69177905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores aspects of nostalgia for Soviet childhoods in contemporary Russia. First it describes the complex phenomenon of documentary fiction today and shows how documentary texts create generational and collective memoirs of Soviet childhoods. It then goes on to discuss the position of Liudmila Ulitskaia within this discursive framework and argues that her collection Childhood 45-53 re-creates Soviet childhood as a multifaceted phenomenon. In a next step, the article examines how the photographs in this book contribute to the narrative of growing up Soviet in the 1940s and 1950s, examining the conjoining of childhood and adult spaces in the text. In sum, this article discusses the childhood memories with regard to phenomena of childhood nostalgia and post-socialist nostalgia, and shows that in contrast to common opinion this type of nostalgia is not predominantly regressive or escapist but also conveys elements of cultural critique.
{"title":"Ulitskaia’s Childhood 45–53: Documenting Nostalgic Images and Memories of Growing Up Soviet after the Great War in Literature","authors":"Anja Tippner","doi":"10.25162/JGO-2019-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/JGO-2019-0005","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores aspects of nostalgia for Soviet childhoods in contemporary Russia. First it describes the complex phenomenon of documentary fiction today and shows how documentary texts create generational and collective memoirs of Soviet childhoods. It then goes on to discuss the position of Liudmila Ulitskaia within this discursive framework and argues that her collection Childhood 45-53 re-creates Soviet childhood as a multifaceted phenomenon. In a next step, the article examines how the photographs in this book contribute to the narrative of growing up Soviet in the 1940s and 1950s, examining the conjoining of childhood and adult spaces in the text. In sum, this article discusses the childhood memories with regard to phenomena of childhood nostalgia and post-socialist nostalgia, and shows that in contrast to common opinion this type of nostalgia is not predominantly regressive or escapist but also conveys elements of cultural critique.","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69175359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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