{"title":"Children on Display","authors":"M. Winkler","doi":"10.25162/jgo-2019-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/jgo-2019-0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69175483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Children and childhood were key aspects of processes of social engineering in Stalinist and post-Stalinist Czechoslovakia. The article explores the visual dimension of this discourse on childhood by means of an analysis of children’s photographs that were published in books, brochures and illustrated magazines. The images portray children in three different, sometimes contradictory yet overlapping ways: the pioneer as a role model child; the happy, state-sponsored childhood, and the cute child. Together, they mirror the contemporary notion of childhood, which emerged as a combination of traditional and novel concepts.
{"title":"Imagining Socialist Childhoods","authors":"M. Winkler","doi":"10.25162/JGO-2019-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/JGO-2019-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Children and childhood were key aspects of processes of social engineering in Stalinist and post-Stalinist Czechoslovakia. The article explores the visual dimension of this discourse on childhood by means of an analysis of children’s photographs that were published in books, brochures and illustrated magazines. The images portray children in three different, sometimes contradictory yet overlapping ways: the pioneer as a role model child; the happy, state-sponsored childhood, and the cute child. Together, they mirror the contemporary notion of childhood, which emerged as a combination of traditional and novel concepts.","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69175772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The articles within the present special issue highlight recent developments in scholarship on the cultural and intellectual history of post-Second World War Soviet history. Taken together, the texts portray a lively cultural field that formed around the activities of producing, transmitting, listening to or simply speaking and writing about music. The commentary picks up aspects that bind all the texts together. In particular, the author focuses on the intersections between musicology, Soviet history and Cold War studies. Music arguably played a central role in Soviet education and identity politics. In the long run, discussions among musicians, bureaucrats and listeners of music affected the discursive development of the canonical concept of kul’turnost’, and the more general debate about how to differentiate between “modern”, “traditional”, and “classical”, or between “high”, “middlebrow” and “low” culture. Thus the commentary does not only offer new perspectives on the history of the Cultural Cold War, but also on the various ways of producing cultural meaning within the late Soviet Union.
{"title":"Klangwelten des Systemwettbewerbs im Kalten Krieg","authors":"N. Katzer","doi":"10.25162/JGO-2019-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/JGO-2019-0016","url":null,"abstract":"The articles within the present special issue highlight recent developments in scholarship on the cultural and intellectual history of post-Second World War Soviet history. Taken together, the texts portray a lively cultural field that formed around the activities of producing, transmitting, listening to or simply speaking and writing about music. The commentary picks up aspects that bind all the texts together. In particular, the author focuses on the intersections between musicology, Soviet history and Cold War studies. Music arguably played a central role in Soviet education and identity politics. In the long run, discussions among musicians, bureaucrats and listeners of music affected the discursive development of the canonical concept of kul’turnost’, and the more general debate about how to differentiate between “modern”, “traditional”, and “classical”, or between “high”, “middlebrow” and “low” culture. Thus the commentary does not only offer new perspectives on the history of the Cultural Cold War, but also on the various ways of producing cultural meaning within the late Soviet Union.","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69178147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the photographic representation of the evacuations from the former Finnish Karelia in the late 1930s until mid-1940s in military history photobooks. It examines from a comparative perspective the images taken during the evacuation process - before, during and after the Winter War (1939-1940) as well as during and after the Continuation War (1941-1944). Thereby it pays special attention to the construction of pictorial narratives about the evacuation, and it investigates the motives behind the choice of these narratives and how they changed over time. Furthermore, it asks whether the narratives in the photobooks differ from those in the archives - and if so, in what respect. The article seeks to determine whether there are topics that are only reflected in the archived photographs but do not appear in the books, or vice versa. One of the aims of this study is to identify the influence of the images on the Finnish cultural memory of the evacuation processes. The article is ultimately a contribution to the understanding about the iconography of large-scale population transfers in the history of Eastern Europe and the power of photographs in constructing cultural memory
{"title":"The Karelian Refugees during WWII and Their Photographic Narrative from 1940 to 2002","authors":"Olli Kleemola","doi":"10.25162/jgo-2019-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/jgo-2019-0018","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the photographic representation of the evacuations from the former Finnish Karelia in the late 1930s until mid-1940s in military history photobooks. It examines from a comparative perspective the images taken during the evacuation process - before, during and after the Winter War (1939-1940) as well as during and after the Continuation War (1941-1944). Thereby it pays special attention to the construction of pictorial narratives about the evacuation, and it investigates the motives behind the choice of these narratives and how they changed over time. Furthermore, it asks whether the narratives in the photobooks differ from those in the archives - and if so, in what respect. The article seeks to determine whether there are topics that are only reflected in the archived photographs but do not appear in the books, or vice versa. One of the aims of this study is to identify the influence of the images on the Finnish cultural memory of the evacuation processes. The article is ultimately a contribution to the understanding about the iconography of large-scale population transfers in the history of Eastern Europe and the power of photographs in constructing cultural memory","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"215 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69177888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Einführung: Sowjetische Klangwelten und multinationale Erfahrung in der späten Sowjetunion","authors":"M. Zeller, Moritz Florin","doi":"10.25162/jgo-2019-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/jgo-2019-0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69176752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main aim of this article is to examine the rise of famine relief policy in the Russian Empire. It focuses on the institution of the granary, central to eighteenth-century cameralist teaching on famine prevention. At the end of the 18th century the government of Russia began to view communal village granaries as the best means to achieve food sustainability and ensure provision for the people. During the 19th century this developed into an extensive organisation of communal granaries that existed up to 1917 and was of unprecedented scale for all Europe. By the end of the 19th century Russia had accumulated a very large amount of grain in its communal granaries, but still suffered regularly from famines. The idea of communal granaries as a famine relief measure was unrealistic, and the granaries never functioned exactly as regulations foresaw. They did not fulfil their main function - famine relief - but instead created far more problems than solutions for the authorities. However, in spite of all this the Russian government demonstrated at the lowest local level its capacity for pushing through its decisions. From the perspective of administrative capacity, the Russian network of public and communal granaries was a remarkable achievement.
{"title":"Communal Granaries in the Russian Empire","authors":"M. Seppel","doi":"10.25162/jgo-2019-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/jgo-2019-0006","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this article is to examine the rise of famine relief policy in the Russian Empire. It focuses on the institution of the granary, central to eighteenth-century cameralist teaching on famine prevention. At the end of the 18th century the government of Russia began to view communal village granaries as the best means to achieve food sustainability and ensure provision for the people. During the 19th century this developed into an extensive organisation of communal granaries that existed up to 1917 and was of unprecedented scale for all Europe. By the end of the 19th century Russia had accumulated a very large amount of grain in its communal granaries, but still suffered regularly from famines. The idea of communal granaries as a famine relief measure was unrealistic, and the granaries never functioned exactly as regulations foresaw. They did not fulfil their main function - famine relief - but instead created far more problems than solutions for the authorities. However, in spite of all this the Russian government demonstrated at the lowest local level its capacity for pushing through its decisions. From the perspective of administrative capacity, the Russian network of public and communal granaries was a remarkable achievement.","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69176253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Following his victory in the First Polish War (1806-1807), Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw, dictating its constitution. This constitution required the Napoleonic system of government and specifically established six ministries. However, the imposed system of government required functions that went beyond the ministries’ responsibilities. As a result, the duchy’s government established agencies outside of ministry structures. Once the need for agencies was identified, the central authorities struggled to develop an organisation that would ensure accountability to the duchy’s government. This article focuses on five agencies - the Victualling Commission, the Post Office, the Education Commission, the Medical Council, and the Main Controllership Board - to demonstrate the government’s attempts to ensure effective governance and tight accountability while establishing a variety of agency types (operational, advisory, and central). Although Napoleon did not require that the duchy follow French governance practice in their attempt to secure accountability, the Poles came to employ the Napoleonic model.
{"title":"Developing Agency Accountability in the Duchy of Warsaw","authors":"J. Stanley","doi":"10.25162/jgo-2019-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/jgo-2019-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Following his victory in the First Polish War (1806-1807), Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw, dictating its constitution. This constitution required the Napoleonic system of government and specifically established six ministries. However, the imposed system of government required functions that went beyond the ministries’ responsibilities. As a result, the duchy’s government established agencies outside of ministry structures. Once the need for agencies was identified, the central authorities struggled to develop an organisation that would ensure accountability to the duchy’s government. This article focuses on five agencies - the Victualling Commission, the Post Office, the Education Commission, the Medical Council, and the Main Controllership Board - to demonstrate the government’s attempts to ensure effective governance and tight accountability while establishing a variety of agency types (operational, advisory, and central). Although Napoleon did not require that the duchy follow French governance practice in their attempt to secure accountability, the Poles came to employ the Napoleonic model.","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69178216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the first decade after the Russian Revolution, the new Soviet state went through a major mediatization campaign. Deploying various genres and platforms, the state created a diverse network of institutions and mechanisms that could represent and disseminate important Communist ideas and concepts. The essay explores only one dimension of this campaign: the radical turn towards the optical in the early Soviet media. More specifically, it traces the transformation of photomontage by looking closely at a distinctive genre of the illustrated book: the so-called Leniniana for children. Lenin’s death in 1924 generated a wave of publications for children in which their own stories, recollections, and poetry about the leader were accompanied with texts written by adults. Often, these textual collages were interspersed with photo-illustrations and photomontages that prominently featured Lenin surrounded by children. Amalgamating ideology, text, painterly devices, and photographic images, photomontages in children’s literature offered convincing visual models of plausible belonging and connectedness for the young reader: realist and spectacular at the same time. As the essay suggests, the 1924-25 memorial media campaign was instrumental in merging the abstract language of the Russian avant-garde with the concrete visual idioms of the documentary photography. In the memorial books, the Communist abstraction was concretized: the utopian future found its embodiment in multiple images of the first Soviet generation.
{"title":"Realism with Gaze-Appeal: Lenin, Children, and Photomontage","authors":"S. Oushakine","doi":"10.25162/JGO-2019-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/JGO-2019-0002","url":null,"abstract":"During the first decade after the Russian Revolution, the new Soviet state went through a major mediatization campaign. Deploying various genres and platforms, the state created a diverse network of institutions and mechanisms that could represent and disseminate important Communist ideas and concepts. The essay explores only one dimension of this campaign: the radical turn towards the optical in the early Soviet media. More specifically, it traces the transformation of photomontage by looking closely at a distinctive genre of the illustrated book: the so-called Leniniana for children. Lenin’s death in 1924 generated a wave of publications for children in which their own stories, recollections, and poetry about the leader were accompanied with texts written by adults. Often, these textual collages were interspersed with photo-illustrations and photomontages that prominently featured Lenin surrounded by children. Amalgamating ideology, text, painterly devices, and photographic images, photomontages in children’s literature offered convincing visual models of plausible belonging and connectedness for the young reader: realist and spectacular at the same time. As the essay suggests, the 1924-25 memorial media campaign was instrumental in merging the abstract language of the Russian avant-garde with the concrete visual idioms of the documentary photography. In the memorial books, the Communist abstraction was concretized: the utopian future found its embodiment in multiple images of the first Soviet generation.","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69175628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main aim of this article is to show the origins and development of the “Great Terror” in the Young Communist League and to analyse the role played in this context by Aleksandr Kosarev, a well-known Soviet official of the 1930s and Secretary General of the Komsomol. Despite the rich scholarly literature on Stalin’s Terror, many questions remain about the course it took and the impact of the purges on individual Soviet institutions. The Komsomol has received little interest among scholars until recently and the same applies to its chief, Aleksandr Kosarev. Given that 2018 marked the centenary of the founding of the Komsomol, which falls shortly after the 80th anniversary of the beginning of the “Great Purge,” it is necessary to focus researchers’ attention on such forgotten topics. This paper seeks neither to describe the eventful life and political career of Aleksandr Kosarev nor to recount the history of the Komsomol. The main focus is on how Kosarev exercised his power and took decisions during these extraordinary two-and-a-half years. Did he interact with other political players and how are his relations with Stalin during this time to be characterized? Did Kosarev discern a difference between “key decisions” and “routine decisions”? And if so, how did it affect the actions he took? Finally, why was he removed from office and sentenced to death, despite seeming so eager to unmask his enemies?
{"title":"Zwischen Konformität, Unterwerfung und Eigensinn","authors":"P. Kaiser","doi":"10.25162/JGO-2019-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/JGO-2019-0008","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this article is to show the origins and development of the “Great Terror” in the Young Communist League and to analyse the role played in this context by Aleksandr Kosarev, a well-known Soviet official of the 1930s and Secretary General of the Komsomol. Despite the rich scholarly literature on Stalin’s Terror, many questions remain about the course it took and the impact of the purges on individual Soviet institutions. The Komsomol has received little interest among scholars until recently and the same applies to its chief, Aleksandr Kosarev. Given that 2018 marked the centenary of the founding of the Komsomol, which falls shortly after the 80th anniversary of the beginning of the “Great Purge,” it is necessary to focus researchers’ attention on such forgotten topics. This paper seeks neither to describe the eventful life and political career of Aleksandr Kosarev nor to recount the history of the Komsomol. The main focus is on how Kosarev exercised his power and took decisions during these extraordinary two-and-a-half years. Did he interact with other political players and how are his relations with Stalin during this time to be characterized? Did Kosarev discern a difference between “key decisions” and “routine decisions”? And if so, how did it affect the actions he took? Finally, why was he removed from office and sentenced to death, despite seeming so eager to unmask his enemies?","PeriodicalId":54097,"journal":{"name":"JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69176687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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