Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2979/een.2023.a899190
Jared M. Adams
Abstract: Ecofeminism refers to a broad range philosophical and political movements that call attention to the link between social oppression and environmental destruction. Despite their relevance and potential theoretical and practical utility, ecofeminisms are largely absent from extant approaches to environmental governance (E-Governance). In addition to calling attention to the absence of ecofeminist voices in this arena, this paper explores the consequences of said exclusion and assesses the potential for ecofeminism to inform and ultimately improve E-Governance initiatives. I find that E-Governance research often disregards or fails to explicitly acknowledge and incorporate the inseparable and mutually reinforcing nature of social and environmental forms of domination and oppression. The consequences of this are twofold. First, many extant approaches forgo any opportunity to leverage the resolution of social inequities as a potential mechanism for reducing environmental harm. Second, initiatives that appear to be equity-driven often emerge as paternalistic and perpetuate the marginalization of oppressed groups. Accordingly, I develop and apply a novel collection of ecofeminist-informed design principles for evaluating, informing, and improving existing E-Governance initiatives. Ultimately, this paper yields fresh insight into the way ecofeminist voices can help researchers, communities, and societies transform how they think about societal interactions with the environment and equips E-Governance with the capacity to challenge social and environmental exploitation simultaneously.
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Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2979/een.2023.a899191
Rezvaneh Erfani
Abstract: Ecofeminists have called for adding an ecological dimension to gender research to address various forms of oppression that women experience in their daily lives and to explain how feminine exploitation of the planet results from the same logic of patriarchal domination. Now that the flow of essentialism-phobia (Field 2000, 39) has decreased, it seems that it is time to deal with the risky topic of the body in ecofeminist research and theory to make it more central in feminist epistemologies. Yet feminist theory needs to avoid repeating the past mistakes in theorizing embodiment from an ecofeminist point of view and pay proper attention to the questions of difference and diversity: whose body is being discussed and generalized? This paper builds upon the postcolonial ecofeminist perspectives of embodiment and highlights the diversity of lives and experiences of living in Others of cisgender heterosexual male bodies with a focus on covered raced body.
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Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2979/een.2023.a899192
Reviewed by: Mapping Gendered Ecologies: Engaging with and Beyond Ecowomanism and Ecofeminism by K. Melchor Quick Hall and Gwyn Kirk Cecilia Herles (bio) K. Melchor Quick Hall and Gwyn Kirk, Mapping Gendered Ecologies: Engaging with and Beyond Ecowomanism and Ecofeminism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2021. ISBN- 978-1-7936-3946-2 K. Melchor Quick Hall and Gwyn Kirk are leading feminist authors who have beautifully woven together an inspiring and diverse collection of essays in the anthology, Mapping Gendered Ecologies: Engaging with and beyond Ecowomanism and Ecofeminism. What does it take to gather together some of the most eloquent voices of activists, teachers, farmers, artists, and organizers in an anthology focused on engaging with and beyond ecowomanism and ecofeminism, and what could this cultivate? I find Hall and Kirk's reflections on the process and their approach to collaboration illustrate some of the tools needed to address complex issues of disasters, the global pandemic, climate justice, white supremacy, gender oppression, and practices of domination. Their approach is to build relationships, acknowledge vulnerability, and appreciate differences in experiences. It seems fitting that this project initially began with Margo Okazawa-Rey who connected Hall and Kirk together. Okazawa-Rey's introduction generated the openness needed to bring this collection to fruition. Mapping as the thematic image of this collection is found in destructive boundary-making, the violence of enslavement, wars, and the dumping of contaminants in the environment. Mapping is also evident in the physical, temporal, and evolving locations in which Okazawa-Rey's work of sustaining community and recognizing interconnections across locations opens up the time and spaces to envision peace. This collection marks a shift away from the elitism of academic spaces by illuminating connections between community and university, and actively resisting against patriarchal notions of what counts as expertise and scholarship. The anthology draws attention to personal experiences as fundamentally relevant to perspectives about place, location, and [End Page 97] belonging and relations with land, water, sky and nonhumans. It begins with an autobiographical account by Hall who brilliantly weaves together her life story with her analytical insight in illustrating how Black geographies show spaces as often hard to map and in flux for the marginalized. In "Darkness All around Me: Black Waters, Land, Animals, and Sky" Hall notes how she is unable to discuss her understanding and relationship with Nature outside of being a Black Woman. When she poses the question, "how would our maps be different if they were rooted in the histories and realities of people of color?" (23) Hall pivots mapping to the contingent, unstable complexities that mark Black people's relations with land and food. In doing so, Hall reveals compelling insights into trauma, anxieties, and relationships with l
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Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2979/een.2023.a899187
Tricia Glazebrook
Karen J. Warren:Her Work in The Making of Ecofeminism Tricia Glazebrook (bio) Karen J. Warren was born on Long Island, New York, on September 10, 1947. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Minnesota in 1970, and a Master's degree (1974) and Doctorate (1978) from the University of Massachusetts—Amherst. Her dissertation was one of the first on environmental ethics. In the early years of her career, she taught at St. Olaf College in Northfield Minnesota, until 1985 when she joined the Philosophy department at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 1995, she was the second Ecofeminist Scholar-in-Residence at Murdoch University in Australia. In 2002, she was a Round Table Scholar at Oxford University. In 2004, she held the Women's Chair in Humanistic Studies at Marquette. Throughout these achievements, Warren was a dynamic thinker committed to 'real world' issues and strongly committed to public engagement. She took philosophy to be a democratic practice and was committed to the social impacts of philosophy. In her outreach, she taught prison inmates and developed award-winning environmental curricula for schoolchildren, for which she received awards. She was an international scholar who faced issues in peace studies, feminism, and environmental ethics, and is known for bringing those areas of research together. In feminism, her Unconventional History of Philosophy: Conversations Between Men and Women Philosophers (2009), a fifteen-chapter book that pairs female and male philosophers throughout the centuries, is a fascinating book that breaks down the gender bias in philosophy that has rarely recognized women's contributions to the discipline, and seems to be continuing that practice. She is most known for her work as an ecofeminist, that is the focal topic of this paper. [End Page 1] The first time I met Karen was in 1995 when I invited her to Colgate University in upstate New York to celebrate its twenty-fifth year since it began accepting female students. She changed everything—epistemology, ontology, ethics … I learned from her what, beyond contemporary science-based definitions of knowledge, is another kind of knowing from generations of experience built in long-standing cultures. For quite some time, ethics was not considered in philosophy really to be philosophy that, like science, was expected to be grounded on logic. Contemporary 'science,' a generalization that actually covers a wide range of disciplines—e.g., biology, physics, actuarial science, computer science, etc.—is logical in so far as it is more or less based on quantitative assessment using numerical data and mathematics. Ethics, that is inherently qualitative, is not taken to carry the neutrality of mathematics and science. Warren rejected that view and instead, as I will show in more detail below, argued for a different logic based on care. She also argued that understanding what knowledge is is unique to culture, and on this basis, she has advocat
卡伦·j·沃伦(Karen J. Warren) 1947年9月10日出生于纽约长岛。她于1970年获得明尼苏达大学文学学士学位，1974年获得马萨诸塞大学阿姆赫斯特分校硕士学位和1978年获得博士学位。她的论文是最早的关于环境伦理的论文之一。在她职业生涯的早期，她在明尼苏达州诺斯菲尔德的圣奥拉夫学院任教，直到1985年她加入明尼苏达州圣保罗的马卡莱斯特学院哲学系。1995年，她成为澳大利亚莫道克大学第二位生态女性主义驻校学者。2002年，她成为牛津大学圆桌学者。2004年，她在马凯特大学担任人文研究女性主席。通过这些成就，沃伦是一个充满活力的思想家，致力于“现实世界”的问题，并坚定地致力于公众参与。她将哲学视为一种民主实践，并致力于哲学的社会影响。在她的外展活动中，她教监狱囚犯，并为学童开发了屡获殊荣的环境课程，并因此获得了奖项。她是一位面对和平研究、女权主义和环境伦理问题的国际学者，并以将这些研究领域结合在一起而闻名。在女权主义方面，她的《非传统哲学史:男女哲学家之间的对话》(2009)是一本15章的书，将几个世纪以来的女性和男性哲学家配对，这是一本引人入胜的书，它打破了哲学中的性别偏见，这种偏见很少承认女性对这一学科的贡献，而且似乎还在继续这种做法。她最为人所知的是她作为生态女性主义者的工作，这也是本文的重点话题。我第一次见到凯伦是在1995年，当时我邀请她去纽约北部的科尔盖特大学庆祝该校招收女学生25周年。她改变了一切——认识论、本体论、伦理学……我从她那里学到了，超越当代基于科学的知识定义，是另一种建立在悠久文化中的世代经验的认识。在相当长的一段时间里，伦理学在哲学中并不被认为是真正的哲学，像科学一样，被认为是建立在逻辑基础上的。当代的“科学”实际上涵盖了广泛的学科。如生物学、物理学、精算学、计算机科学等，它或多或少地基于使用数字数据和数学的定量评估，因此是合乎逻辑的。伦理，本质上是定性的，不被认为具有数学和科学的中立性。沃伦拒绝了这种观点，相反，正如我将在下面更详细地展示的那样，他提出了一种基于关心的不同逻辑。她还认为，对知识的理解是文化所特有的，在此基础上，她主张倾听土著和全球南方的声音，尽管受到殖民主义的影响，但这些声音不在以欧洲为中心的知识体系之外。然而，在讨论这些问题之前，必须首先讨论沃伦在生态女权主义中的作用，这是她在哲学高等教育中出现的，以及她在生态女权主义思想的发展。实际上，沃伦为生态女权主义所做的最重要的事情就是维持它。20世纪70年代，生态女性主义兴起，认为女性的权力受到女性与自然的联系的挑战，因为她的生殖能力，因此重新唤醒了女性生物学的本质主义铭文，再次暗示了母亲对家庭生活的自然限制。生态女权主义者回应了这一挑战。奥特纳(1974)认为，女性并不比男性更接近自然，只是被构造成这样，因此只有在文化假设和社会制度中实现变革才有可能。在这些争论中，新的医疗技术正在占用分娩过程。生态女性主义作家，如玛丽·戴利在《妇科/生态学》(戴利1978)和苏珊·格里芬在《女人与自然:她内心的咆哮》(格里芬1978)中，都是在1978年出版的，他们希望通过“伟大的女神”作为“宇宙中生死力量和盛衰能量的象征”，从父权制中夺回权力。
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Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2979/een.2023.a899189
Joel Jay Kassiola
Abstract: In this essay, I argue for what I term, following Karen Warren's wording, "a complementary love conception," and advocate for her non-dominating, non-self-centered, complementary love conception, in part, to refute the arrogant "oneness" or fusion ideal of love that is hegemonic and deeply embedded in the Western patriarchal worldview. I attempt to clarify the concept of "oneness" by distinguishing among its distinct types of meaning by drawing upon the work of Phillip J. Ivanhoe who analyzes this understudied, yet important, concept to ethics, and I would add, environmental ethics, as well. Various conceptions of oneness do not apply and, moreover, harm individuals and the environment in contrast to Warren's complementary love conception. Finally, I compare Warren's account of complementary love and Ivanhoe's understanding of oneness to gain insight into the study of the environment and how best to care for it.
摘要:本文根据卡伦·沃伦(Karen Warren)的说法，提出了“互补爱情观”，并倡导她的非支配性、非自我中心的互补爱情观，部分原因是为了反驳西方父权世界观中霸道的、傲慢的“一体性”或融合性爱情观。我试图通过区分其不同类型的含义来澄清“一体”的概念，通过借鉴菲利普·j·艾芬豪(Phillip J. Ivanhoe)的工作，他分析了这个未被充分研究但重要的伦理概念，我想补充一下，环境伦理也是如此。与沃伦的互补爱情观相比，各种“一体”的概念并不适用，而且对个人和环境有害。最后，我比较了沃伦对互补之爱的描述和艾芬豪对合一的理解，以深入了解对环境的研究以及如何最好地照顾它。
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Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2979/een.2023.a899188
M. Laurel-Leigh Meierdiercks
Abstract: In this paper I argue that ecofeminist theory needs a clearly stated ontological grounding in order to strengthen its ethical framework. In Karen Warren's work, she proposes an ecofeminist ethic delineated by "boundary conditions" which determine the approaches that cohere to ecofeminist concerns. One such condition is a reconceptualization of "what it is to be human." Here I trace the ontological assumptions present in Karen Warren's work in order to argue for the acceptance of a feminist, relational and context-dependent ontology as a boundary condition of an ecofeminist ethic. I propose that Karen Warren's approach to ontology functions similarly to her ethic in that she allows for a pluralistic approach to ontology and presents a number of boundary conditions that limit which ontologies can be deemed "ecofeminist ontologies." I conclude that Warren's ethic and ontology are closely intertwined and suggest that further ontological analysis of ecofeminist work could strengthen the growing field of ecofeminist ethics.
{"title":"Ecofeminist Ontology in Karen Warren's Ethic","authors":"M. Laurel-Leigh Meierdiercks","doi":"10.2979/een.2023.a899188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/een.2023.a899188","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In this paper I argue that ecofeminist theory needs a clearly stated ontological grounding in order to strengthen its ethical framework. In Karen Warren's work, she proposes an ecofeminist ethic delineated by \"boundary conditions\" which determine the approaches that cohere to ecofeminist concerns. One such condition is a reconceptualization of \"what it is to be human.\" Here I trace the ontological assumptions present in Karen Warren's work in order to argue for the acceptance of a feminist, relational and context-dependent ontology as a boundary condition of an ecofeminist ethic. I propose that Karen Warren's approach to ontology functions similarly to her ethic in that she allows for a pluralistic approach to ontology and presents a number of boundary conditions that limit which ontologies can be deemed \"ecofeminist ontologies.\" I conclude that Warren's ethic and ontology are closely intertwined and suggest that further ontological analysis of ecofeminist work could strengthen the growing field of ecofeminist ethics.","PeriodicalId":54127,"journal":{"name":"Ethics and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.2979/een.2023.a899193
'I am cringe, but I am free':A Reparative Reading of Assuming the Ecosexual Position Vanesa Raditz (bio) and Jess Martinez (bio) Annie Sprinkle, Beth Stephens, Jennie Klein, and Linda Montano. Assuming the Ecosexual Position: The Earth as Lover. University of Minnesota Press, 2021. ISBN 9781452965796. INTRODUCTION Ecosexual: Eco from the ancient Greek oikos; sexual from Latin, sexuales 1. a person who finds nature romantic, sensual, erotic, or sexy, which can include humans or not. 2. A new sexual identity (self-identified). 3. A person who takes the Earth as their lover. 4. A term used in dating advertisements. 5. An environmental activist strategy. 6. A grassroots movement. 7. A person who has a more expanded concept of what sex and orgasm are beyond mainstream definitions. 8. A person who imagines sex as an ecology that extends beyond the physical body. Assuming the Ecosexual Position: The Earth As Lover (Sprinkle and Stephens 2021, 2) What does it mean to take the Earth as a lover? How does it change our experiences of pleasure in our bodies to give attention to the eroticism of air in our lungs, mud on our skin, or water in our throats? How would it shape our ethical commitments to these elements that we depend upon for life if we were to reconnect with them as pleasurable extensions of our own bodies? These questions are at the heart of the decades-long research-creation performance-art collaboration between Annie Sprinkle and Beth Stephens that has built an international "ecosexual" identity and movement, a tale that they document in their new book, Assuming the Ecosexual Position: The Earth as Lover. Part travelog, part relationship memoir, part how-to guide, Assuming the Ecosexual Position chronicles [End Page 105] the emergence and evolution of their ecosex concept and community through a playful recounting of over a decade of productions: performative weddings to the earth, moon, lakes, rocks and beyond; theatrical two-women sexecology performances that culminate in explicit sex in piles of earth; ecosex walking tours; workshops; public sex clinics; documentary films; and so much more. Woven throughout are philosophical reflections on the entanglements between bodies, land, sex, eroticism, and love, many of which emerge from ecofeminist thought, pollinated with the post-porn, sex-positive, queer feminism of the 80s and 90s. In introducing their philosophical inspirations, they name Greta Gaard's classic piece on queering ecofeminism (18) which stimulated a body of work describing the ways that patriarchal systems of power simultaneously oppress women, the erotic, and nature (1997). Drawing upon Sprinkle's background in porn and post-porn modernist theater, Stephens' background as a queer artist with a doctorate in Performance Studies, their mutual interest in sex education, and their love for the redwoods of Santa Cruz, the pair crafted ecosexuality as a particular lens for expanding queer ecofeminist inquiry into the power of sexual l
{"title":"'I am cringe, but I am free': A Reparative Reading of Assuming the Ecosexual Position","authors":"","doi":"10.2979/een.2023.a899193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/een.2023.a899193","url":null,"abstract":"'I am cringe, but I am free':A Reparative Reading of Assuming the Ecosexual Position Vanesa Raditz (bio) and Jess Martinez (bio) Annie Sprinkle, Beth Stephens, Jennie Klein, and Linda Montano. Assuming the Ecosexual Position: The Earth as Lover. University of Minnesota Press, 2021. ISBN 9781452965796. INTRODUCTION Ecosexual: Eco from the ancient Greek oikos; sexual from Latin, sexuales 1. a person who finds nature romantic, sensual, erotic, or sexy, which can include humans or not. 2. A new sexual identity (self-identified). 3. A person who takes the Earth as their lover. 4. A term used in dating advertisements. 5. An environmental activist strategy. 6. A grassroots movement. 7. A person who has a more expanded concept of what sex and orgasm are beyond mainstream definitions. 8. A person who imagines sex as an ecology that extends beyond the physical body. Assuming the Ecosexual Position: The Earth As Lover (Sprinkle and Stephens 2021, 2) What does it mean to take the Earth as a lover? How does it change our experiences of pleasure in our bodies to give attention to the eroticism of air in our lungs, mud on our skin, or water in our throats? How would it shape our ethical commitments to these elements that we depend upon for life if we were to reconnect with them as pleasurable extensions of our own bodies? These questions are at the heart of the decades-long research-creation performance-art collaboration between Annie Sprinkle and Beth Stephens that has built an international \"ecosexual\" identity and movement, a tale that they document in their new book, Assuming the Ecosexual Position: The Earth as Lover. Part travelog, part relationship memoir, part how-to guide, Assuming the Ecosexual Position chronicles [End Page 105] the emergence and evolution of their ecosex concept and community through a playful recounting of over a decade of productions: performative weddings to the earth, moon, lakes, rocks and beyond; theatrical two-women sexecology performances that culminate in explicit sex in piles of earth; ecosex walking tours; workshops; public sex clinics; documentary films; and so much more. Woven throughout are philosophical reflections on the entanglements between bodies, land, sex, eroticism, and love, many of which emerge from ecofeminist thought, pollinated with the post-porn, sex-positive, queer feminism of the 80s and 90s. In introducing their philosophical inspirations, they name Greta Gaard's classic piece on queering ecofeminism (18) which stimulated a body of work describing the ways that patriarchal systems of power simultaneously oppress women, the erotic, and nature (1997). Drawing upon Sprinkle's background in porn and post-porn modernist theater, Stephens' background as a queer artist with a doctorate in Performance Studies, their mutual interest in sex education, and their love for the redwoods of Santa Cruz, the pair crafted ecosexuality as a particular lens for expanding queer ecofeminist inquiry into the power of sexual l","PeriodicalId":54127,"journal":{"name":"Ethics and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.2979/ethicsenviro.26.1.bm
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.2979/ethicsenviro.26.1.bm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ethicsenviro.26.1.bm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54127,"journal":{"name":"Ethics and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69697132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.2979/ethicsenviro.26.2.bm
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.2979/ethicsenviro.26.2.bm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ethicsenviro.26.2.bm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54127,"journal":{"name":"Ethics and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69697229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.2979/ethicsenviro.26.2.0127
{"title":"Thank You to Referees 2019-2021","authors":"","doi":"10.2979/ethicsenviro.26.2.0127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ethicsenviro.26.2.0127","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54127,"journal":{"name":"Ethics and the Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69697177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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