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Sensitivity mapping informs mitigation of bird mortality by collision with high-voltage power lines Sensitivity测绘有助于减少与高压电线碰撞造成的鸟类死亡
IF 1.7 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.47.73710
J. Paquet, Kristijn R. R. Swinnen, A. Derouaux, K. Devos, Dominique Verbelen
Mapping the relative risk of impact on nature by a human infrastructure at a landscape scale (“sensitivity mapping”) is an essential tool for minimising the future impact of new development or for prioritising mitigation of existing impacts. High-voltage power lines (“transmission lines”) are known to increase bird mortality by collision. Here we present a method to derive a high resolution map of relative risk of transmission line impacts across one entire country, Belgium, from existing bird distribution data. First, all the bird species observed in Belgium were systematically assessed using literature and casualty records to select those to be included in the sensitivity map. Species were selected on the basis of their intrinsic susceptibility to collision and the conservation relevance of avoiding additional mortality for that species in Belgium. Each of the selected species was included in one or several spatial layer constructed from existing data, emerging from citizen science bird monitoring schemes. The resulting 17 layers were then combined into one final sensitivity map, where a “risk score” estimates the relative collision risk across Belgium at a 1×1 km resolution. This risk score is relatively robust to the subtraction of any of the 17 layers. The map identifies areas where building new transmission lines would create high risk of collision and, if overlapped with existing power lines, helps to prioritise spans where mitigation measures should be placed. Wetlands and river valleys stand out as the most potentially dangerous areas for collision with transmission lines. This sensitivity map could be regularly updated with new bird data or adapted to other countries where similar bird data are available.
在景观尺度上绘制人类基础设施对自然影响的相对风险("敏感性绘图"),是尽量减少新发展对未来影响或优先减轻现有影响的重要工具。众所周知,高压电线(“传输线”)会因碰撞而增加鸟类的死亡率。在这里,我们提出了一种方法,从现有的鸟类分布数据中得出比利时整个国家输电线路影响的相对风险的高分辨率地图。首先,利用文献和伤亡记录对比利时观察到的所有鸟类进行系统评估,以选择包括在敏感性图中的鸟类。物种的选择是基于它们对碰撞的固有易感性和避免该物种在比利时额外死亡的保护相关性。每个选定的物种都包括在一个或几个空间层中,这些空间层是根据现有数据构建的,这些数据来自公民科学鸟类监测计划。最终的17层被合并成一张敏感度图,其中的“风险评分”以1×1公里的分辨率估计了比利时的相对碰撞风险。这个风险评分对于17层中的任何一层的减法都是相对稳健的。该地图确定了建设新输电线路将产生高碰撞风险的地区,如果与现有电力线重叠,则有助于确定应采取缓解措施的优先跨度。湿地和河谷是最容易与输电线路发生碰撞的潜在危险区域。这一敏感性图可以定期更新新的鸟类数据,或适用于有类似鸟类数据的其他国家。
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引用次数: 1
Ecological Solutions for Linear Infrastructure Networks: The key to green infrastructure development 线性基础设施网络的生态解决方案:绿色基础设施发展的关键
IF 1.7 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.47.81795
S. Santos, Clara Grilo, F. Shilling, M. Bhardwaj, Cristian Papp
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引用次数: 0
Speed thrills but kills: A case study on seasonal variation in roadkill mortality on National highway 715 (new) in Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape, Assam, India 速度刺激但死亡:印度阿萨姆邦Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape的715国道(新)道路死亡死亡率季节性变化的案例研究
IF 1.7 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.47.73036
Somoyita Sur, P. Saikia, M. K. Saikia
Animal-vehicle collision on the roads is a major cause of mortality of a wide range of animal taxa both within and around protected areas. This study has been conducted in the National Highway 715 (new) covering a continuous stretch of 64 km that passes through Kaziranga National Park (KNP) of Assam (India). The area falls between the boundary of KNP on its north and North Karbi Anglong Wildlife sanctuary on the south. The survey concentrated on the mortality study of four groups of vertebrates viz., amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals resulting from collisions with vehicles from October 2016 through September, 2017. A total of 6036 individual roadkills were registered, belonging to 53 species, 23 other taxa and 30 families of vertebrates, with herpetofauna being the most affected group followed by birds and mammals. The study evaluated seasonal variation in the overall roadkill pattern with highest mortality in the monsoon season 38.27% (n = 2310) and with peak casualties starting with the onset of rainfall (February and March) and during monsoons (July and August). The amphibian mortality was also found to be highest during the monsoon with 43.28% (n = 1575) of kills, as compared to the other three groups. NH-715 (new), therefore serves as a challenging passage for the animals, forming a major barrier for the faunal component of the Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong landscape. This study thus tried to reflect the often overlooked issue of roads and highways in terms of direct mortality of animals due to traffic and thereby can be helpful in understanding the seriousness of the situation and identifying prospective measures to be taken for sustainable coexistence of both animals and human.
动物与车辆在道路上的碰撞是造成保护区内和周围许多动物类群死亡的主要原因。这项研究是在715国道(新)上进行的,这条国道全长64公里,穿过阿萨姆邦的卡齐兰加国家公园(KNP)。该地区位于北部的KNP边界和南部的北Karbi Anglong野生动物保护区之间。该调查集中研究了2016年10月至2017年9月期间与车辆碰撞导致的四类脊椎动物(两栖动物、爬行动物、鸟类和哺乳动物)的死亡率。共登记了6036例道路死亡,属于53个物种,23个其他分类群和30个脊椎动物科,其中受影响最大的是爬行动物,其次是鸟类和哺乳动物。该研究评估了总体道路死亡模式的季节变化,季风季节死亡率最高,为38.27% (n = 2310),伤亡高峰始于降雨开始(2月和3月)和季风期间(7月和8月)。与其他3组相比,季风期间两栖动物的死亡率最高,为43.28% (n = 1575)。因此,NH-715(新)对动物来说是一个具有挑战性的通道,形成了Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong景观的动物组成部分的主要障碍。因此,这项研究试图反映经常被忽视的道路和高速公路问题,即交通造成的动物直接死亡,从而有助于了解情况的严重性,并确定为动物和人类的可持续共存而采取的前瞻性措施。
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引用次数: 6
‘Animals under wheels’: Wildlife roadkill data collection by citizen scientists as a part of their nature recording activities “车轮下的动物”:由公民科学家收集的野生动物道路死亡数据,作为他们自然记录活动的一部分
IF 1.7 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.47.72970
Kristijn R. R. Swinnen, A. Jacobs, Katja Claus, Sanne C. Ruyts, Diemer Vercayie, Jorg Lambrechts, M. Herremans
‘Animals under wheels’ is a citizen science driven project that has collected almost 90,000 roadkill records from Flanders, Belgium, mainly between 2008 and 2020. However, until now, the platform and results have never been presented comprehensively to the scientific community and we highlight strengths and challenges of this system. Data collection occurred using the subsite www.dierenonderdewielen.be (‘animals under wheels’) or the multi-purpose biodiversity platform observation.org and the apps, allowing the registration of roadkill and living organisms alike. We recorded 4,314 citizen scientists who contributed with at least a single roadkill record (207-1,314 active users per year). Non-roadkill records were registered by 85% of these users and the median time between registration of the first and last record was over 6 years, indicating a very high volunteer retention. Based on photographs presented with the roadkill records (n = 7,687), volunteer users correctly identified 98.2% of the species. Vertebrates represent 99% of all roadkill records. Over 145,000 km of transects were monitored, resulting in 1,726 mammal and 2,041 bird victims. Carcass encounter rates and composition of the top 10 detected species list was dependent on monitoring speed. Roadkill data collected during transects only represented 6% of all roadkill data available in the dataset. The remaining 60,478 bird and mammal roadkill records were opportunistically collected. The top species list, based on the opportunistically collected roadkill data, is clearly biased towards larger, enigmatic species. Although indirect evidence showed an increase in search effort for roadkill from 2010-2020, the number of roadkill records did not increase, indicating that roadkills are diminishing. Mitigation measures preventing roadkill could have had an effect on this, but decrease in population densities was likely to (partially) influence this result. As a case study, the mammal roadkill data were explored. We used linear regressions for the 17 most registered mammal species, determining per species if the relative proportion per year changed significantly between 2010 and 2020 (1 significant decrease, 7 significant increases). We investigated the seasonal patterns in roadkill for the 17 mammal species, and patterns per species were consistent over the years, although restrictions on human movement, due to COVID-19, influenced the seasonal pattern for some species in 2020. In conclusion, citizen scientists are a very valuable asset in investigating wildlife roadkill. While we present the results from Flanders, the platform and apps are freely available for projects anywhere in the world.
“车轮下的动物”是一个公民科学驱动的项目,该项目收集了来自比利时法兰德斯的近9万份道路死亡记录,主要发生在2008年至2020年之间。然而,到目前为止,该平台和结果从未向科学界全面展示,我们强调该系统的优势和挑战。数据收集是通过子网站www.dierenonderdewielen.be(“车轮下的动物”)或多用途生物多样性平台observation.org和应用程序进行的,允许对道路死亡和活生物体进行登记。我们记录了4314名公民科学家,他们至少有一个道路杀戮记录(每年207- 1314名活跃用户)。这些用户中有85%的人登记了非道路杀戮记录,第一次和最后一次记录登记之间的中位数时间超过6年,表明志愿者的保留率非常高。根据道路死亡记录提供的照片(n = 7687),志愿者用户正确识别了98.2%的物种。脊椎动物占所有公路死亡记录的99%。监测了超过14.5万公里的样带,导致1726只哺乳动物和2041只鸟类死亡。尸体偶遇率和前10种检测物种的组成取决于监测速度。在样带期间收集的道路死亡数据仅占数据集中所有道路死亡数据的6%。其余60,478只鸟类和哺乳动物被公路撞死的记录是偶然收集的。排名靠前的物种名单,是根据偶然收集的道路死亡数据得出的,显然偏向于体型更大、更神秘的物种。尽管间接证据显示,2010-2020年期间,对公路杀人动物的搜寻力度有所增加,但公路杀人动物记录的数量并没有增加,这表明公路杀人动物正在减少。防止道路死亡的缓解措施可能会对这一结果产生影响,但人口密度的下降可能会(部分)影响这一结果。以哺乳动物的道路死亡数据为例进行了研究。对17种登记最多的哺乳动物物种进行了线性回归,确定了各物种在2010 - 2020年间的相对比例是否有显著变化(1种显著减少,7种显著增加)。我们调查了17种哺乳动物的道路死亡季节模式,尽管由于COVID-19对人类活动的限制影响了2020年一些物种的季节模式,但每个物种的模式多年来都是一致的。总之,公民科学家在调查野生动物的道路死亡方面是非常宝贵的资产。当我们展示法兰德斯的成果时,该平台和应用程序可免费用于世界任何地方的项目。
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引用次数: 8
Rapid linear transport infrastructure development in the Carpathians: A major threat to the integrity of ecological connectivity for large carnivores Rapid喀尔巴阡山脉的线性交通基础设施发展:对大型食肉动物生态连接完整性的主要威胁
IF 1.7 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.47.71807
Cristian Papp, I. Dostál, Václav Hlaváč, G. M. Berchi, D. Romportl
The development of sustainable transport is a key challenge in societies where there is an accelerated need for socio-economic development. This is the case for seven countries from central and south-eastern Europe that share the Carpathian Mountains. The challenge of developing sustainable transport requires transdisciplinary, or at least cross-sectoral cooperation, between the transport development and nature conservation sectors. Such cooperation is not in the culture of the Carpathian countries, which together host some of the most remarkable biodiversity values in Europe, including the largest populations of brown bear, grey wolf and Eurasian lynx. The overall length of motorways in these countries more than quintupled in the last 30 years and the rapid expansion of Linear Transport Infrastructure (LTI) continues at exacerbating rates. The rich biodiversity habitats are being fragmented and the concept of ecological connectivity is poorly understood and implemented by the national authorities. Ecological networks for large carnivores are not defined nor officially recognised in the Carpathian countries, with little exceptions. The legislation is not consistent across the strands of ecological connectivity and is not harmonised between the countries to effectively support transnational conservation efforts. Thus, the critical intersections between planned or even existing LTI and ecological corridors for large carnivores cannot be identified, in most cases leading to increasing habitat fragmentation and isolation of wildlife populations in the region. We summarised all this key context-related information for the Carpathians in relation to LTI development and ecological connectivity. To counteract this trend in the Carpathian ecoregion, we propose a set of recommendations to: improve and harmonise the legislation; develop and endorse methodologies for designating ecological corridors; address the cumulative impact on ecological connectivity; define other threats on landscape permeability; improve stakeholder engagement, cooperation and communication; develop comprehensive and transparent biodiversity and transport databases; monitor wildlife and transport for implementing most appropriate mitigation measures and strategies; build capacity to address the issue of sustainable transportation; and foster transnational cooperation and dialogue. Bringing these elements together will support the design of ecological networks in a way that considers the needs and location of both current and future habitats and contribute to efforts to address the climate crisis. These specific recommendations are relevant also for other areas of the world facing similar problems as the Carpathians.
在社会经济发展需要加速的社会中,发展可持续交通是一项关键挑战。这就是来自中欧和东南欧共享喀尔巴阡山脉的七个国家的情况。发展可持续运输的挑战需要在运输发展和自然保护部门之间进行跨学科或至少是跨部门的合作。喀尔巴阡山脉国家的文化中没有这种合作,这些国家共同拥有欧洲最具生物多样性价值的一些物种,包括数量最多的棕熊、灰狼和欧亚猞猁。在过去30年里,这些国家的高速公路总长度增加了五倍多,线性交通基础设施(LTI)的快速扩张仍在加速。生物多样性丰富的栖息地正在支离破碎,国家当局对生态连通性的概念理解和实施不力。在喀尔巴阡山脉国家,除了少数例外,大型食肉动物的生态网络既没有定义,也没有得到官方承认。在生态连通性的各个方面,立法并不一致,在各国之间也没有协调一致,无法有效地支持跨国保护工作。因此,无法确定规划或甚至现有的LTI与大型食肉动物生态走廊之间的关键交叉点,在大多数情况下,导致该地区野生动物种群的栖息地破碎化和隔离加剧。我们总结了喀尔巴阡山脉与LTI发展和生态连通性有关的所有关键环境相关信息。为了应对喀尔巴阡生态地区的这一趋势,我们提出了一系列建议:改善和协调立法;制订和核准指定生态走廊的方法;应对生态互联互通的累积影响;确定对景观渗透性的其他威胁;改善利益相关者的参与、合作和沟通;建立全面和透明的生物多样性和运输数据库;监测野生动物和运输,以实施最适当的缓解措施和战略;建设解决可持续交通问题的能力;促进跨国合作与对话。将这些要素结合在一起,将以一种考虑当前和未来栖息地的需求和位置的方式支持生态网络的设计,并有助于解决气候危机。这些具体建议也适用于世界上与喀尔巴阡山脉面临类似问题的其他地区。
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引用次数: 7
Are several small wildlife crossing structures better than a single large? Arguments from the perspective of large wildlife conservation 几个小型的野生动物交叉结构比一个大型的好吗?从大型野生动物保护的角度进行论证
IF 1.7 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.47.67979
J. Helldin
Crossing structures for large wildlife are increasingly being constructed at major roads and railways in many countries and current guidelines for wildlife mitigation at linear infrastructures tend to advocate for large crossing structures sited at major movement corridors for the target species. The concept of movement corridors has, however, been challenged and pinching animal movements into bottlenecks entails risks. In this paper, I address the SLOSS dilemma of road ecology, i.e. the discussion whether a Single Large Or Several Small crossing structures along a linear barrier would produce the most benefit for wildlife, using the case of crossing structures for large wildlife in Sweden. I point out risks, ecological as well as practical, with investing in one large crossing structure and list a number of situations where it may be more beneficial to distribute the conservation efforts in the landscape by constructing several smaller crossing structures; for example, when the ecological knowledge is insufficient, when animal interactions are expected to be significant, when the landscape changes over time or when future human development cannot be controlled. I argue that such situations are often what infrastructure planning faces and that the default strategy, therefore, should be to distribute, rather than to concentrate passage opportunities along major transport infrastructures. I suggest that distributing passage opportunities over several smaller crossing structures would convey a risk diversification and that this strategy could facilitate the planning of wildlife mitigation. What to choose would however depend on, inter alia, landscape composition and ecology and on relationships amongst target species. A single large structure should be selected where it is likely that it can serve a large proportion of target animals and where the long-term functionality of the crossing structure can be guaranteed. New research is needed to support trade-offs between size and number of crossing structures. Cost-effectiveness analyses of wildlife crossing structures are currently rare and need to be further explored. Camera trapping and video surveillance of crossing structures provide opportunities to analyse details concerning, for example, any individual biases according to sex, age, status and grouping and any antagonism between species and individuals. Wildlife ecology research needs to better address questions posed by road and railway planning regarding the importance of specific movement routes and movement distances.
许多国家越来越多地在主要公路和铁路上建造大型野生动物穿越结构,目前关于线性基础设施中野生动物缓解的准则倾向于主张在目标物种的主要活动走廊上建造大型穿越结构。然而,运动走廊的概念受到了挑战,将动物运动限制在瓶颈中会带来风险。在本文中,我解决了道路生态学的SLOSS困境,即讨论沿线性屏障的单个大型或多个小型交叉结构是否会为野生动物带来最大的利益,并以瑞典大型野生动物的交叉结构为例。我指出了投资于一个大型交叉结构的生态和实际风险,并列举了一些情况,在这些情况下,通过建造几个较小的交叉结构,在景观中分配保护工作可能更有益;例如,当生态知识不足时,当动物相互作用预计会很重要时,当景观随着时间的推移而变化时,或者当未来人类发展无法控制时。我认为,这种情况往往是基础设施规划面临的情况,因此,默认策略应该是分散,而不是集中在主要交通基础设施上的通行机会。我建议将通行机会分布在几个较小的交叉结构上,这样可以分散风险,而且这种战略可以促进野生动物缓解规划。然而,选择什么取决于景观组成和生态以及目标物种之间的关系。应该选择一个单一的大型结构,它可能可以为大部分目标动物服务,并且可以保证交叉结构的长期功能。需要新的研究来支持在交叉结构的大小和数量之间进行权衡。野生动物穿越结构的成本效益分析目前很少,需要进一步探索。交叉结构的摄像机陷阱和视频监控提供了分析细节的机会,例如,根据性别、年龄、地位和分组的任何个体偏见,以及物种和个体之间的任何对抗。野生动物生态学研究需要更好地解决公路和铁路规划所提出的关于特定运动路线和运动距离的重要性的问题。
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引用次数: 3
Germany’s federal waterways – A linear infrastructure network for nature and transport Germany的联邦水道-自然和交通的线性基础设施网络
IF 1.7 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.47.70732
V. Steege, D. Engelbart, Nicole T. Hädicke, K. Schäfer, J. Wey
Major rivers are unique linear structures because they serve different purposes simultaneously: A habitat and dispersal route for flora and fauna as well as a navigation route, the site for recreational and economic activities and a source for drinking water and irrigation. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that waterways must be developed in an environmentally and economically sustainable and socially responsible manner. The Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI) and its specialised agencies – the Waterways and Shipping Administration of the German Federal Government (WSV), the Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) and the Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute (BAW) – are aiming to achieve this goal by integrating environmental issues into the development and maintenance of waterways. This paper aims to fill the gap on the one hand between scientific analyses of ecological freshwater status and proposals for its improvement, and, on the other hand, bringing this knowledge into practical realisation. Recent activities at the German federal waterways are exemplarily reviewed on the basis of applied research projects, local projects, political programmes and progressive legislation.
主要河流是独特的线性结构,因为它们同时具有不同的用途:动植物的栖息地和传播路线,以及导航路线,娱乐和经济活动的场所,以及饮用水和灌溉的来源。近年来,越来越清楚的是,必须以环境和经济可持续以及对社会负责的方式开发水道。联邦交通和数字基础设施部(BMVI)及其专门机构——德国联邦政府水道和航运管理局(WSV)、联邦水文学研究所(BfG)和联邦水道工程研究所(BAW)——正致力于通过将环境问题纳入水道的开发和维护来实现这一目标。本文旨在一方面填补淡水生态状况的科学分析与改善建议之间的空白,另一方面将这些知识付诸实践。根据应用研究项目、地方项目、政治方案和进步立法,典型地审查了德国联邦水道最近的活动。
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引用次数: 2
Do the roadkills of different mammal species respond the same way to habitat and matrix? 不同种类的哺乳动物对栖息地和基质的反应是否相同?
IF 1.7 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.47.73010
Douglas William Cirino, Artur Lupinetti-Cunha, C. H. Freitas, Simone Rodrigues de Freitas
While road network expansion connects human settlements between themselves, it also leads to deforestation and land use changes, reducing the connectivity between natural habitat patches, and increasing roadkill risk. More than 30% of registered mammal roadkills in Brazil are concentrated in four species: Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox); Euphractus sexcinctus (six-banded armadillo); Tamandua tetradactyla (collared anteater) and Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater), the latter being categorized as vulnerable by IUCN redlist. Our aim was to understand how these animals’ roadkills could be related to the land use proportions on landscapes all over the Brazilian territory, and investigate if the roadkill patterns differ among species. We collected secondary data on mammal roadkills (N = 2698) from several studies in different regions of Brazil. Using MapBiomas’ data on land use and land cover, we extracted landscape composition around each roadkill sample. Through the proportion of land use and land cover in the area of influence where the roadkill occurred, we built binomial GLM models and selected the best ones by Akaike Information Criteria. For crab-eating fox and the six-banded armadillo, the best models include matrix coverage resulting in increased roadkill risk, while both anteaters’ species have a habitat and a matrix component in their best models, with an interaction between the variables. These four species seem to be roadkilled in different landscape arrangements, but in all scenarios, anthropic areas had an important influence over the models. For habitat-dependent and more sensible species, such as Tamandua tetradactyla and Myrmecophaga tridactyla, the amount of matrix influencing the roadkill risk depends on habitat availability in the landscape. It changes the strength and direction of the effect according to the proportion of natural areas in the region, while with generalist species such as Cerdocyon thous and Euphractus sexcinctus, the quantity of human-modified coverage increases the risk.
虽然道路网络的扩张将人类住区彼此连接起来,但它也导致了森林砍伐和土地利用的变化,减少了自然栖息地斑块之间的连通性,并增加了被道路杀死的风险。在巴西,超过30%的被公路撞死的哺乳动物集中在四种:千尾狐(食蟹狐);六带犰狳;Tamandua tetradactyla(颈食蚁兽)和Myrmecophaga tridactyla(巨食蚁兽),后者被世界自然保护联盟列为易危物种。我们的目的是了解这些动物的道路死亡与巴西境内土地利用比例之间的关系,并调查不同物种的道路死亡模式是否不同。我们从巴西不同地区的几项研究中收集了关于哺乳动物道路死亡的次要数据(N = 2698)。利用MapBiomas的土地利用和土地覆盖数据,我们提取了每个道路死亡样本周围的景观组成。通过道路死亡发生影响区域的土地利用和土地覆盖比例,建立二项GLM模型,并根据Akaike信息准则选择最佳模型。对于吃螃蟹的狐狸和六带犰狳来说,最好的模型包括导致道路死亡风险增加的基质覆盖,而这两种食蚁兽的物种在他们的最佳模型中都有栖息地和基质成分,变量之间存在相互作用。这四种物种似乎在不同的景观安排下被道路杀死,但在所有情况下,人为区域对模型都有重要影响。对于依赖栖息地和更敏感的物种,如Tamandua tetradactyla和Myrmecophaga triidactyla,影响道路死亡风险的基质数量取决于景观中栖息地的可用性。它根据区域内自然面积的比例来改变影响的强度和方向,而对于Cerdocyon thousand和Euphractus sexcinctus等多面手物种,人为修改覆盖的数量增加了风险。
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引用次数: 7
Assessing behaviour states of a forest carnivore in a road-dominated landscape using Hidden Markov Models 使用隐马尔可夫模型评估道路主导景观中森林食肉动物的行为状态
IF 1.7 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.47.72781
Eduardo M. Ferreira, Francesco Valerio, D. Medinas, N. Fernandes, J. Craveiro, P. Costa, J. P. Silva, Carlos Carrapato, A. Mira, S. Santos
Anthropogenic infrastructures and land-use changes are major threats to animal movements across heterogeneous landscapes. Yet, the behavioural consequences of such constraints remain poorly understood. We investigated the relationship between the behaviour of the Common genet (Genetta genetta) and road proximity, within a dominant mixed forest-agricultural landscape in southern Portugal, fragmented by roads. Specifically, we aimed to: (i) identify and characterise the behavioural states displayed by genets and related movement patterns; and (ii) understand how behavioural states are influenced by proximity to main paved roads and landscape features. We used a multivariate Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to characterise the fine-scale movements (10-min fixes GPS) of seven genets tracked during 187 nights (mean 27 days per individual) during the period 2016–2019, using distance to major paved roads and landscape features as predictors. Our findings indicated that genet’s movement patterns were composed of three basic behavioural states, classified as “resting” (short step-lengths [mean = 10.6 m] and highly tortuous), “foraging” (intermediate step-lengths [mean = 46.1 m] and with a wide range in turning angle) and “travelling” (longer step-lengths [mean = 113.7 m] and mainly linear movements). Within the genet’s main activity-period (17.00 h-08.00 h), the movement model predicts that genets spend 36.7% of their time travelling, 35.4% foraging and 28.0% resting. The probability of genets displaying the travelling state was highest in areas far away from roads (> 500 m), whereas foraging and resting states were more likely in areas relatively close to roads (up to 500 m). Landscape features also had a pronounced effect on behaviour state occurrence. More specifically, travelling was most likely to occur in areas with lower forest edge density and close to riparian habitats, while foraging was more likely to occur in areas with higher forest edge density and far away from riparian habitats. The results suggest that, although roads represent a behavioural barrier to the movement of genets, they also take advantage of road proximity as foraging areas. Our study demonstrates that the HMM approach is useful for disentangling movement behaviour and understanding how animals respond to roadsides and fragmented habitats. We emphasise that road-engaged stakeholders need to consider movement behaviour of genets when targeting management practices to maximise road permeability for wildlife.
人为基础设施和土地利用变化是动物在异质景观中迁徙的主要威胁。然而,人们对这些约束的行为后果仍然知之甚少。在葡萄牙南部一个主要的森林-农业混合景观中,我们调查了普通植物(Genetta Genetta)的行为与道路邻近程度之间的关系,该景观被道路分散。具体来说,我们的目标是:(i)识别和描述基因和相关运动模式所显示的行为状态;以及(ii)了解邻近主要铺砌道路和景观特征对行为状态的影响。我们使用多元隐马尔可夫模型(HMM)来描述2016-2019年期间187个夜晚(平均每个人27天)跟踪的7个基因的精细尺度运动(10分钟固定GPS),使用到主要铺装道路的距离和景观特征作为预测因子。研究结果表明,基因的运动模式由三种基本行为状态组成,即“休息”(短步长[平均= 10.6 m]且高度曲折)、“觅食”(中间步长[平均= 46.1 m]且转弯角度范围大)和“行进”(较长步长[平均= 113.7 m]且以直线运动为主)。在基因的主要活动期(17.00 h-08.00 h),运动模型预测基因花费36.7%的时间旅行,35.4%的时间觅食,28.0%的时间休息。在距离道路较远的地区(约500米),基因表现出行进状态的概率最高,而在距离道路较近的地区(约500米),基因表现出觅食和休息状态的概率更高。景观特征对行为状态的发生也有显著影响。更具体地说,森林边缘密度较低且靠近河岸生境的地区最容易发生旅行,而森林边缘密度较高且远离河岸生境的地区更容易发生觅食。结果表明,尽管道路是基因移动的行为障碍,但它们也利用了道路附近作为觅食区域的优势。我们的研究表明,HMM方法对于解开运动行为和理解动物如何对路边和破碎的栖息地做出反应是有用的。我们强调,道路利益相关者在制定管理措施时需要考虑基因的运动行为,以最大限度地提高野生动物的道路渗透性。
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引用次数: 4
Drivers of snow leopard poaching and trade in Pakistan and implications for management 在巴基斯坦的雪豹偷猎和贸易以及对管理的影响Drivers
IF 1.7 Q3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.46.76036
J. U. Din, F. Bari, Hussain Ali, E. Rehman, D. S. Adli, N. A. Abdullah, Y. Norma-Rashid, M. Kabir, Shoaib Hameed, D. A. Nawaz, M. Nawaz
The snow leopard is one of the highly valued species from high-altitude mountain ecosystems of Central and Southeast Asia, including Pakistan. This keystone species is facing a myriad of conventional and emerging threats, including poaching and trade, that are poorly documented in Pakistan. To understand the dynamics and drivers of the poaching and trading of snow leopards in Pakistan, we investigated the issue in depth through a multifaceted survey in the snow leopard range of the country. We recorded 101 snow leopard poaching incidences from 11 districts during 2005–2017. The reported poaching incidences varied spatially (x̄ = 9 ± 2.6 [95% Cl: 3–15]) and temporally (x̄ = 7.8 ± 1.09) and accounted for 2–4% annual population loss (n = 200–420) in a period of 13 years. Poaching and trade together constituted 89% of the total incidence reported and animals were mostly shot (66%), poisoned (12%), snared (12%) and captured (4%), respectively. Only a fraction (3%) of the incidences were reported to the relevant law enforcement agencies. Trade routes included large cities and neighbouring countries, even the Middle East and Europe. The average base and end prices for each item were 245 ± 36 USD and 1,736 ± 520 USD, respectively, while maximum monetary fines set as per the law were 275 USD. Our results establish the need for developing multi-stakeholder coordination mechanisms at regional, national and international levels and information sharing to curb this menace. Improving the existing laws and surveillance system, while taking the local communities onboard, will further help to this end.
雪豹是中亚和东南亚(包括巴基斯坦)高海拔山地生态系统中价值很高的物种之一。这一重要物种正面临着无数传统的和新出现的威胁,包括偷猎和贸易,这些在巴基斯坦都没有记录在案。为了了解巴基斯坦雪豹偷猎和交易的动态和驱动因素,我们通过对该国雪豹范围的多方面调查深入调查了这一问题。2005-2017年间,我们记录了来自11个地区的101起雪豹偷猎事件。报告的偷猎事件在空间上(x′= 9±2.6 [95% Cl: 3-15])和时间上(x′= 7.8±1.09)存在差异,在13年期间占年种群损失率的2-4% (n = 200-420)。偷猎和贸易共占报告的总发生率的89%,动物主要分别被射杀(66%)、毒死(12%)、诱捕(12%)和捕获(4%)。只有一小部分(3%)的事件报告给了相关的执法机构。贸易路线包括大城市和邻国,甚至中东和欧洲。每项产品的平均基本价格和最终价格分别为245±36美元和1736±520美元,而法律规定的最高罚款为275美元。我们的研究结果表明,有必要在区域、国家和国际各级建立多方利益相关者协调机制,并进行信息共享,以遏制这一威胁。改善现有的法律和监测系统,同时让当地社区参与进来,将进一步有助于实现这一目标。
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引用次数: 3
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Nature Conservation Research
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