T. Pinger, T. Müller, C. Kaucke, Boris Straetmans, W. Wessel
The galvanizability of high‐strength, hot‐finished hollow sections was investigated as part of a test programme. Here, square sections made of steel grades ranging from 355 to 620 MPa were galvanized using two processes: a classic, quasi‐rare zinc melt and a zinc‐5 % aluminium alloy. To determine the influence of galvanizing on the material properties, samples were taken from the galvanized specimens, tensile tests and Charpy‐V‐tests were performed on them, and the results were compared with those in the ungalvanized initial state. Furthermore, we investigated the optical and microstructural characteristics of the zinc coatings, as well as possible cracking due to liquid metal embrittlement (LME). The results show that the two galvanizing processes used in the test programme produce no negative effect, but rather tend to have a positive effect on the mechanical properties of the steels tested. In all cases, stable zinc coatings are formed that exhibit the expected characteristics. Cracking as a result of LME could not be detected.
{"title":"Hot‐dip galvanizing of high‐strength hot‐finished hollow sections","authors":"T. Pinger, T. Müller, C. Kaucke, Boris Straetmans, W. Wessel","doi":"10.1002/stco.202200002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202200002","url":null,"abstract":"The galvanizability of high‐strength, hot‐finished hollow sections was investigated as part of a test programme. Here, square sections made of steel grades ranging from 355 to 620 MPa were galvanized using two processes: a classic, quasi‐rare zinc melt and a zinc‐5 % aluminium alloy. To determine the influence of galvanizing on the material properties, samples were taken from the galvanized specimens, tensile tests and Charpy‐V‐tests were performed on them, and the results were compared with those in the ungalvanized initial state. Furthermore, we investigated the optical and microstructural characteristics of the zinc coatings, as well as possible cracking due to liquid metal embrittlement (LME). The results show that the two galvanizing processes used in the test programme produce no negative effect, but rather tend to have a positive effect on the mechanical properties of the steels tested. In all cases, stable zinc coatings are formed that exhibit the expected characteristics. Cracking as a result of LME could not be detected.","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49213144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on discussions about establishing the design resistance of hollow section joints, which have now been ongoing for 30 years. The question arose once physical experiments could be replaced by numerical tests and was temporarily solved by agreement on a displacement limit within the IIW. With the advent of design using finite element (FE) solutions and the use of high‐strength steels, this question is being raised once more.
{"title":"The strain limit state criterion for hollow section joints","authors":"M. Kozich, F. Wald, Xiao-ding Bu, J. Packer","doi":"10.1002/stco.202100030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202100030","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on discussions about establishing the design resistance of hollow section joints, which have now been ongoing for 30 years. The question arose once physical experiments could be replaced by numerical tests and was temporarily solved by agreement on a displacement limit within the IIW. With the advent of design using finite element (FE) solutions and the use of high‐strength steels, this question is being raised once more.","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45770775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cover Picture: Steel Construction Hollow Sections","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/stco.202280001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202280001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45239289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Soltanalipour, Miquel Ferrer‐Ballester, Frederic Marimon Carvajal, Albert Albareda Valls, Miquel Casafont Ribera, Gorka Iglesias Toquero
Concrete‐filled steel tube (CFST) columns are frequently used in construction due to their high ductility and improved loadbearing capacities. At beam‐to‐CFST column joints, gusset plates are welded to the outer face of the steel tube, and specific elements should ensure the shear transfer between the inner face of the steel tube and the concrete core. The current shear transfer systems are shear studs, internal rings, angles, steel plates, steel bars, tab stiffeners, etc. Although good, these systems also have disadvantages, such as slowing down the construction process, complexity of execution, greater material consumption and restricting the flow when pumping the concrete into the tube. UPCCFST is a new connection system that enhances the shear bond strength of CFST columns and consists of punching the steel tube inwards to produce crown‐shaped protrusions that act as shear connectors. This system also speeds up the construction process, simplifies connections, does not restrict the flow when casting the concrete and has economic and environmental advantages. Push‐out tests were performed to evaluate the shear bond strength. The shear strength improvement using UPCCFST has been compared with the reference conventional CFST columns. The new system increased the shear bond strength by up to 6.67 times for the SHS 200x4 specimens and 2.89 times for the SHS 110x2 specimens. This paper explains the UPCCFST system, the prototyping process, the testing and the most important results and observations.
{"title":"New shear transfer system for concrete‐filled steel tube (CFST) columns","authors":"M. Soltanalipour, Miquel Ferrer‐Ballester, Frederic Marimon Carvajal, Albert Albareda Valls, Miquel Casafont Ribera, Gorka Iglesias Toquero","doi":"10.1002/stco.202100046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202100046","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete‐filled steel tube (CFST) columns are frequently used in construction due to their high ductility and improved loadbearing capacities. At beam‐to‐CFST column joints, gusset plates are welded to the outer face of the steel tube, and specific elements should ensure the shear transfer between the inner face of the steel tube and the concrete core. The current shear transfer systems are shear studs, internal rings, angles, steel plates, steel bars, tab stiffeners, etc. Although good, these systems also have disadvantages, such as slowing down the construction process, complexity of execution, greater material consumption and restricting the flow when pumping the concrete into the tube. UPCCFST is a new connection system that enhances the shear bond strength of CFST columns and consists of punching the steel tube inwards to produce crown‐shaped protrusions that act as shear connectors. This system also speeds up the construction process, simplifies connections, does not restrict the flow when casting the concrete and has economic and environmental advantages. Push‐out tests were performed to evaluate the shear bond strength. The shear strength improvement using UPCCFST has been compared with the reference conventional CFST columns. The new system increased the shear bond strength by up to 6.67 times for the SHS 200x4 specimens and 2.89 times for the SHS 110x2 specimens. This paper explains the UPCCFST system, the prototyping process, the testing and the most important results and observations.","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49497057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Content: Steel Construction Hollow Sections","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/stco.202280002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202280002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44206068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The implementation of the principles of the circular economy in the construction sector has a major impact on global climate policy goals and has great potential to reduce the environmental impact of the manufacture of building products and the dependence on non-renewable natural resources. The paper provides an overview of different strategies for implementing sustainability and the circular economy in general and in relation to construction. In addition, various examples and initiatives are described that deal with the implementation of these strategies in steel and lightweight metal construction. In particular, these are resource efficiency, reuse and refurbishment. Kuhnhenne, M.; Pyschny, D.; Bartsch, H.; Richter, C. (2022) Kreislaufwirtschaft im Stahlund Metallleichtbau. Stahlbau 91, H. 4, S. 236–246. https://doi.org/10.1002/stab.202200013 Circular economy in steel and lightweight metal construction E D I T O R ’ S R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S
在建筑行业实施循环经济原则对全球气候政策目标产生了重大影响，在减少建筑产品制造对环境的影响和对不可再生自然资源的依赖方面具有巨大潜力。本文概述了实施可持续性和循环经济的不同战略，以及与建筑相关的战略。此外，还介绍了在钢铁和轻金属建筑中实施这些战略的各种例子和举措。特别是资源效率、再利用和翻新。Kuhnhenne，M。；Pyschny，D。；Bartsch，H。；Richter，C.（2022）Kreislaufwirtschaft im Stahlund Metallichtbau。Stahlbau 91，H.4，S.236–246。https://doi.org/10.1002/stab.202200013钢和轻金属结构中的循环经济E D I T O R’S R E C O M E N D A T I O N S
{"title":"Circular economy in steel and lightweight metal construction","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/stco.202270203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202270203","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of the principles of the circular economy in the construction sector has a major impact on global climate policy goals and has great potential to reduce the environmental impact of the manufacture of building products and the dependence on non-renewable natural resources. The paper provides an overview of different strategies for implementing sustainability and the circular economy in general and in relation to construction. In addition, various examples and initiatives are described that deal with the implementation of these strategies in steel and lightweight metal construction. In particular, these are resource efficiency, reuse and refurbishment. Kuhnhenne, M.; Pyschny, D.; Bartsch, H.; Richter, C. (2022) Kreislaufwirtschaft im Stahlund Metallleichtbau. Stahlbau 91, H. 4, S. 236–246. https://doi.org/10.1002/stab.202200013 Circular economy in steel and lightweight metal construction E D I T O R ’ S R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41646800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Place and date – Event – Details","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/stco.202270206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202270206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49473709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"News: Steel Construction 2/2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/stco.202270205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202270205","url":null,"abstract":"ECCS News","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45365048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The traditional separation of analysis and verification during the structural design of steel structures is a known source of conservatism and inaccuracy, as the true deformation/rotation capacity of sections and the redistribution of internal forces in systems remains only vaguely known in many cases. This particularly affects structures made of high‐strength steel, since often sections would need to be classified as slender, thus disallowing the possibility to account for plasticity and stress redistribution. Shell‐element FEM‐models with material nonlinearities and imperfections would be suitable to overcome this separation and increase the accuracy and economy of designs, yet are computationally intensive and impractical for design of whole structures. In this paper, a novel approach for carrying out a computationally economical beam‐element analysis that accounts for the nonlinear load‐displacement behaviour of sections of various local slenderness is presented: the ”DNN‐DSM“, which makes use of machine learning techniques (deep neural networks – DNN) to predict the nonlinear stiffness matrix terms in a beam‐element formulation for implementation in the Direct Stiffness Method. Based on trained DNN models from an extensive pool of nonlinear (GMNIA) shell element results. The motivation, general features, and first implementations of this method in the sense of a ”proof‐of‐concept“, for the case of hollow‐section truss members, are presented in the paper, as well as an outlook on the method's on‐going, full implementation.
{"title":"Prediction of the local buckling strength and load‐displacement behaviour of SHS and RHS members using Deep Neural Networks (DNN) \u0000– Introduction to the Deep Neural Network Direct Stiffness Method (DNN‐DSM)","authors":"Andreas Müller, A. Taras","doi":"10.1002/stco.202100047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202100047","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional separation of analysis and verification during the structural design of steel structures is a known source of conservatism and inaccuracy, as the true deformation/rotation capacity of sections and the redistribution of internal forces in systems remains only vaguely known in many cases. This particularly affects structures made of high‐strength steel, since often sections would need to be classified as slender, thus disallowing the possibility to account for plasticity and stress redistribution. Shell‐element FEM‐models with material nonlinearities and imperfections would be suitable to overcome this separation and increase the accuracy and economy of designs, yet are computationally intensive and impractical for design of whole structures. In this paper, a novel approach for carrying out a computationally economical beam‐element analysis that accounts for the nonlinear load‐displacement behaviour of sections of various local slenderness is presented: the ”DNN‐DSM“, which makes use of machine learning techniques (deep neural networks – DNN) to predict the nonlinear stiffness matrix terms in a beam‐element formulation for implementation in the Direct Stiffness Method. Based on trained DNN models from an extensive pool of nonlinear (GMNIA) shell element results. The motivation, general features, and first implementations of this method in the sense of a ”proof‐of‐concept“, for the case of hollow‐section truss members, are presented in the paper, as well as an outlook on the method's on‐going, full implementation.","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43304346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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