The Parametric FEM Toolbox is a plug‐in for the visual programming environment Grasshopper which implements the RF‐COM API of the Dlubal RFEM finite element software to establish a connection between these two platforms. Both the transfer of data from Grasshopper into RFEM and back from RFEM into Grasshopper are supported. Thus, new possibilities are enabled beyond the options of the conventional graphical user interface (GUI) of RFEM: the use of the Rhino 3D modelling tools to create NURBS curves and surfaces; the possibility of the parametric modification of an existing FE model or part of it; the export and processing of FE model data, which sometimes is not even available through the program GUI, e.g. 3D shapes of beam elements; etc. With these functionalities, the object‐oriented structure and compact GUI, this tool can easily be adapted to numerous workflows and optimization processes. This paper explores which possibilities exist for implementing a commercial FEM software in a parametric design platform. Existing approaches are reviewed, the development of the Parametric FEM Toolbox is described and some of the possible workflows with this new tool are explored through a collection of real‐world case studies.
参数化FEM工具箱是可视化编程环境Grasshopper的插件，该环境实现Dlubal RFEM有限元软件的RF COM API，以在这两个平台之间建立连接。支持将数据从Grasshopper传输到RFEM和从RFEM返回到Grasshoper。因此，除了RFEM的传统图形用户界面（GUI）选项之外，还提供了新的可能性：使用Rhino 3D建模工具创建NURBS曲线和曲面；对现有有限元模型或其一部分进行参数修改的可能性；有限元模型数据的导出和处理，有时甚至无法通过程序GUI获得，例如梁元件的3D形状；等。有了这些功能、面向对象的结构和紧凑的GUI，该工具可以很容易地适应许多工作流和优化过程。本文探讨了在参数化设计平台上实现商业有限元软件的可能性。回顾了现有的方法，描述了参数化有限元工具箱的开发，并通过一系列真实世界的案例研究探索了使用该新工具的一些可能的工作流程。
{"title":"Enhancing structural design with a parametric FEM toolbox","authors":"Diego Apellániz, R. Vierlinger","doi":"10.1002/stco.202200004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202200004","url":null,"abstract":"The Parametric FEM Toolbox is a plug‐in for the visual programming environment Grasshopper which implements the RF‐COM API of the Dlubal RFEM finite element software to establish a connection between these two platforms. Both the transfer of data from Grasshopper into RFEM and back from RFEM into Grasshopper are supported. Thus, new possibilities are enabled beyond the options of the conventional graphical user interface (GUI) of RFEM: the use of the Rhino 3D modelling tools to create NURBS curves and surfaces; the possibility of the parametric modification of an existing FE model or part of it; the export and processing of FE model data, which sometimes is not even available through the program GUI, e.g. 3D shapes of beam elements; etc. With these functionalities, the object‐oriented structure and compact GUI, this tool can easily be adapted to numerous workflows and optimization processes. This paper explores which possibilities exist for implementing a commercial FEM software in a parametric design platform. Existing approaches are reviewed, the development of the Parametric FEM Toolbox is described and some of the possible workflows with this new tool are explored through a collection of real‐world case studies.","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48653856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatigue enhancement by way of high‐frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment can enable effective design and construction of steel bridges. However, bridges may experience high and varying mean stresses, the effects of which are not covered today by any design recommendation or in the literature on HFMI‐treated joints. In this study, fatigue experiments were conducted with realistic in‐service bridge loading, which revealed the same high fatigue performance as for constant amplitude loading. The effect of mean stress in spectrum loading was quantified and a method to account for it in an equivalent manner is proposed. A design framework has been developed for design and engineering purposes.
{"title":"High‐cycle variable amplitude fatigue experiments and design framework for bridge welds with high‐frequency mechanical impact treatment","authors":"Poja Shams‐Hakimi, H. Al‐Karawi, M. Al‐Emrani","doi":"10.1002/stco.202200003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202200003","url":null,"abstract":"Fatigue enhancement by way of high‐frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment can enable effective design and construction of steel bridges. However, bridges may experience high and varying mean stresses, the effects of which are not covered today by any design recommendation or in the literature on HFMI‐treated joints. In this study, fatigue experiments were conducted with realistic in‐service bridge loading, which revealed the same high fatigue performance as for constant amplitude loading. The effect of mean stress in spectrum loading was quantified and a method to account for it in an equivalent manner is proposed. A design framework has been developed for design and engineering purposes.","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42038691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the case of fine-grained structural steels with the currently highest nominal yield strengths of up to 1300MPa, the execution of high-quality welded joints represents a particular challenge. Innovative welding processes, such as laser beam and laser hybrid welding, show high application potential, but have only rarely been used due to a lack of experience so far. Part 1, therefore, presents a weld characterisation carried out on four different materials (S960MC, S1100M, S1100QL, S1300QL) and two welding process variants (laser beam welding without filler metal, laser-GMAW-hybrid welding). The investigations of butt welds include visual, dye penetration and X-ray tests as well as transverse tensile tests and hardness field measurements. The weld zones show remarkably small dimensions and only moderate softening, which is particularly concentrated in the tempering zone. Exceptions are the joints of the S1100M, where no softening is observed in the tempering zone.
{"title":"Laser beam and laser‐GMAW‐hybrid welded joints made of high‐strength fine‐grained structural steels","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/stco.202270305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202270305","url":null,"abstract":"In the case of fine-grained structural steels with the currently highest nominal yield strengths of up to 1300MPa, the execution of high-quality welded joints represents a particular challenge. Innovative welding processes, such as laser beam and laser hybrid welding, show high application potential, but have only rarely been used due to a lack of experience so far. Part 1, therefore, presents a weld characterisation carried out on four different materials (S960MC, S1100M, S1100QL, S1300QL) and two welding process variants (laser beam welding without filler metal, laser-GMAW-hybrid welding). The investigations of butt welds include visual, dye penetration and X-ray tests as well as transverse tensile tests and hardness field measurements. The weld zones show remarkably small dimensions and only moderate softening, which is particularly concentrated in the tempering zone. Exceptions are the joints of the S1100M, where no softening is observed in the tempering zone.","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47532687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Place and date – Event – Details","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/stco.202270307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202270307","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41948064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During an earthquake, steel frame buildings with bracings are prone to high absolute floor acceleration demands, thereby causing damage to acceleration-sensitive non-structural elements and building content. Inelastic deformations in steel bracings and/or their end connections often necessitate the use of capacity design rules to meet the life safety requirements established by seismic design standards. This paper presents an alternative steel frame building configuration where energy dissipation is mostly achieved through friction dampers acting as dissipative connectors between the floor diaphragms and the steel frame(s) with bracings. The dampers consist of friction pads made from composite materials which are not susceptible to galvanic corrosion. Physical experiments suggest that the friction pads are effective in dissipating the seismic energy through friction. Nonlinear response history analyses of a prototype 6-storey steel frame building featuring friction dampers as dissipative floor connectors demonstrate that a) higher mode effects are mitigated; b) capacity-design in the steel frame(s) with bracings is not imperative to ensure a uniform lateral drift distribution; and c) the seismic response variability in storey-based engineering demand parameters is reduced remarkably compared with that of the conventional counterpart with rigid diaphragms. All-inall, the alternative building configuration has high potential to minimize earthquake-induced repairs over a building’s service life.
{"title":"Low‐damage steel structures for enhanced life‐cycle seismic performance","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/stco.202270303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202270303","url":null,"abstract":"During an earthquake, steel frame buildings with bracings are prone to high absolute floor acceleration demands, thereby causing damage to acceleration-sensitive non-structural elements and building content. Inelastic deformations in steel bracings and/or their end connections often necessitate the use of capacity design rules to meet the life safety requirements established by seismic design standards. This paper presents an alternative steel frame building configuration where energy dissipation is mostly achieved through friction dampers acting as dissipative connectors between the floor diaphragms and the steel frame(s) with bracings. The dampers consist of friction pads made from composite materials which are not susceptible to galvanic corrosion. Physical experiments suggest that the friction pads are effective in dissipating the seismic energy through friction. Nonlinear response history analyses of a prototype 6-storey steel frame building featuring friction dampers as dissipative floor connectors demonstrate that a) higher mode effects are mitigated; b) capacity-design in the steel frame(s) with bracings is not imperative to ensure a uniform lateral drift distribution; and c) the seismic response variability in storey-based engineering demand parameters is reduced remarkably compared with that of the conventional counterpart with rigid diaphragms. All-inall, the alternative building configuration has high potential to minimize earthquake-induced repairs over a building’s service life.","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49165039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"News: Steel Construction 3/2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/stco.202270306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202270306","url":null,"abstract":"ECCS News","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47346803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a welding process used to build up three-dimensional structures in steel. Like other Additive Manufacturing technologies, it allows for geometricallyexceptional structures to be fabricated which are otherwise unfeasible or very expensive to manufacture using traditional methods. This paper presents an integrated design approach to the use of WAAM in the context of large scaled applications, focusing on columns with exceptional geometric complexity. It combines material behaviour and process parameter research, with the aim of providing a digital tool to design and print structures using WAAM. To achieve the desired geometries, necessary welding parameters are stored and applied to a rudimentary digital twin model. This is complimented by multiple process-control checks, which are implemented during the printing process to ensure that an object is generated as planned. Finally, the structures are manufactured and are subjected to a critical evaluation in order to identify the possible future potential. The challenge of combining geometric complexity with manufacturing for large scale represents a next step in the integration of WAAM in steel constructions. Lange, J.; Waldschmitt, B.; Costanzi, C. B. (2022) 3D-gedruckte Stützen mit außergewöhnlicher Geometrie. Stahlbau 91, H. 6, S. 365–374. https://doi. org/10.1002/stab.202200020 3D printed columns with exceptional geometry E D I T O R ’ S R E C O M M E N D A T I O N
电弧增材制造(WAAM)是一种用于在钢中建立三维结构的焊接工艺。与其他增材制造技术一样，它允许制造几何形状特殊的结构，否则使用传统方法制造是不可行的或非常昂贵的。本文提出了一种在大规模应用环境中使用WAAM的集成设计方法，重点关注具有特殊几何复杂性的列。它结合了材料性能和工艺参数研究，目的是提供使用WAAM设计和打印结构的数字工具。为了实现所需的几何形状，必要的焊接参数被存储并应用到基本的数字孪生模型中。这是由多个过程控制检查补充的，这些检查在打印过程中实现，以确保按计划生成对象。最后，这些结构被制造出来，并受到严格的评估，以确定未来可能的潜力。将几何复杂性与大规模制造相结合的挑战代表了WAAM在钢结构中集成的下一步。兰格,j .;Waldschmitt b;Costanzi, C. B. (2022) 3D-gedruckte st tzen mit außergewöhnlicher Geometrie。李建平，李建平，李建平，等。https://doi。org/10.1002/stab。202200020具有特殊几何形状的3D打印列E D I T O R ' S R E C O M M E N D A T O O N
{"title":"3D printed columns with exceptional geometry","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/stco.202270304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202270304","url":null,"abstract":"Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a welding process used to build up three-dimensional structures in steel. Like other Additive Manufacturing technologies, it allows for geometricallyexceptional structures to be fabricated which are otherwise unfeasible or very expensive to manufacture using traditional methods. This paper presents an integrated design approach to the use of WAAM in the context of large scaled applications, focusing on columns with exceptional geometric complexity. It combines material behaviour and process parameter research, with the aim of providing a digital tool to design and print structures using WAAM. To achieve the desired geometries, necessary welding parameters are stored and applied to a rudimentary digital twin model. This is complimented by multiple process-control checks, which are implemented during the printing process to ensure that an object is generated as planned. Finally, the structures are manufactured and are subjected to a critical evaluation in order to identify the possible future potential. The challenge of combining geometric complexity with manufacturing for large scale represents a next step in the integration of WAAM in steel constructions. Lange, J.; Waldschmitt, B.; Costanzi, C. B. (2022) 3D-gedruckte Stützen mit außergewöhnlicher Geometrie. Stahlbau 91, H. 6, S. 365–374. https://doi. org/10.1002/stab.202200020 3D printed columns with exceptional geometry E D I T O R ’ S R E C O M M E N D A T I O N","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48988628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Content: Steel Construction 3/22","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/stco.202270302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202270302","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43102981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes finite element simulations of the structural deformation and material fracture behaviour of high‐strength steel RHS K gap truss joints. The fundamental scope was to examine whether the joint strength predictions based on the behaviour of lower strength and more ductile steel with a yield stress of 355 MPa or less would hold good for higher strength 450 MPa steel with a lower ductility. The FEA reliability analysis indicates that for failure modes associated with local buckling, yielding and deformation (chord side wall failure, chord face plastification and brace failures due to reduced effective width), the existing approach could, with modifications, be extended to cover higher strength tubes, but for failure modes associated with fracture or ductility or modes liable to brittle failure (tearing in the tension brace and chord punching shear), a strength reduction modifying factor was required. The finite element simulations incorporated a damage mechanics approach to calibrate experimental results in both the fracture and deformation modes of failure. The paper proposes a new formulation for strength and incorporates reduced ductility in high‐grade steel with a modifier function that is not based on yield stress, instead recognizes the reduced ultimate strains, damage parameter for fracture and ultimate stress of the material.
{"title":"Damage criterion approach to high‐strength steel RHS truss joints","authors":"Meera Mohan, T. Wilkinson","doi":"10.1002/stco.202100027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/stco.202100027","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes finite element simulations of the structural deformation and material fracture behaviour of high‐strength steel RHS K gap truss joints. The fundamental scope was to examine whether the joint strength predictions based on the behaviour of lower strength and more ductile steel with a yield stress of 355 MPa or less would hold good for higher strength 450 MPa steel with a lower ductility. The FEA reliability analysis indicates that for failure modes associated with local buckling, yielding and deformation (chord side wall failure, chord face plastification and brace failures due to reduced effective width), the existing approach could, with modifications, be extended to cover higher strength tubes, but for failure modes associated with fracture or ductility or modes liable to brittle failure (tearing in the tension brace and chord punching shear), a strength reduction modifying factor was required. The finite element simulations incorporated a damage mechanics approach to calibrate experimental results in both the fracture and deformation modes of failure. The paper proposes a new formulation for strength and incorporates reduced ductility in high‐grade steel with a modifier function that is not based on yield stress, instead recognizes the reduced ultimate strains, damage parameter for fracture and ultimate stress of the material.","PeriodicalId":54183,"journal":{"name":"Steel Construction-Design and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46993691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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