Dear Editor, This letter studies a real-world issue in leader-follower multi-agent systems (MASs) named open topology, which permits the variations of agent set and network connections. Specially, a novel transition process is developed to explain how the involved variation of network scale affects the dynamic behavior of the MASs. From a resource limited perspective, the distributed saturated impulsive control is then designed, under which some sufficient criteria are integrated into local quasi-consensus performance. We also provide a combined optimization algorithm for all agents to make the estimated domain of initial errors closer to the real one, thereby resulting in less conservativeness. Finally, a numerical example validates our results.
{"title":"Distributed Saturated Impulsive Quasi-Consensus for Leader-Follower Multi-Agent Systems: An Open Topology Framework","authors":"Haitao Zhu;Jianquan Lu;Yijun Lou;Xinsong Yang","doi":"10.1109/JAS.2024.124743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2024.124743","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Editor, This letter studies a real-world issue in leader-follower multi-agent systems (MASs) named open topology, which permits the variations of agent set and network connections. Specially, a novel transition process is developed to explain how the involved variation of network scale affects the dynamic behavior of the MASs. From a resource limited perspective, the distributed saturated impulsive control is then designed, under which some sufficient criteria are integrated into local quasi-consensus performance. We also provide a combined optimization algorithm for all agents to make the estimated domain of initial errors closer to the real one, thereby resulting in less conservativeness. Finally, a numerical example validates our results.","PeriodicalId":54230,"journal":{"name":"Ieee-Caa Journal of Automatica Sinica","volume":"12 9","pages":"1941-1943"},"PeriodicalIF":19.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11208748","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dear Editor, This letter presents a novel approach to the data-driven control of unknown nonlinear systems. By leveraging online sparse identification based on the Koopman operator, a high-dimensional linear system model approximating the actual system is obtained online. The upper bound of the discrepancy between the identified model and the actual system is estimated using real-time prediction error, which is then utilized in the design of a tube-based robust model predictive controller. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated by numerical simulation.
{"title":"Koopman-Based Robust Model Predictive Control with Online Identification for Nonlinear Dynamical Systems","authors":"Ruiqi Ke;Jingchuan Tang;Zongyu Zuo;Yan Shi","doi":"10.1109/JAS.2025.125546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2025.125546","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Editor, This letter presents a novel approach to the data-driven control of unknown nonlinear systems. By leveraging online sparse identification based on the Koopman operator, a high-dimensional linear system model approximating the actual system is obtained online. The upper bound of the discrepancy between the identified model and the actual system is estimated using real-time prediction error, which is then utilized in the design of a tube-based robust model predictive controller. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated by numerical simulation.","PeriodicalId":54230,"journal":{"name":"Ieee-Caa Journal of Automatica Sinica","volume":"12 9","pages":"1947-1949"},"PeriodicalIF":19.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11208720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the widespread application of global navigation satellite system (GNSS), spoofing attacks pose a threat to the security and reliability of GNSS. It is of great significance to design effective GNSS spoofing detection technology to ensure the security and reliability of GNSS system applications for receiver users. Traditional spoofing detection techniques generally only determine whether a spoofing attack has occurred by monitoring the feature changes of one or two data information in the receiver. However, some spoofing modes can cleverly make the monitored data very close to the real data, thus avoiding these detection methods and easily making them ineffective. In this study, a GNSS spoofing jamming detection method based on hybrid kernel relevance vector machine (RVM) is proposed. The improved signal quality monitoring (SQM) movement variance, carrier noise ratio movement variance, pseudo range Doppler consistency, pseudorange residual, Doppler frequency, clock offset and clock drift are used as detection characteristics. This technology can detect GNSS spoofing signals, effectively improving the safety and reliability of GNSS systems. The experimental results show that this technology has high detection accuracy and anti-interference ability and can effectively respond to various forms of spoofing attacks.
{"title":"The Application of RVM in GNSS Anti-Spoofing Field Based on the Hybrid Kernel Function","authors":"Junzhi Li;Qiuying Yu;Gangqiang Li;Yu He","doi":"10.1109/JAS.2025.125522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2025.125522","url":null,"abstract":"With the widespread application of global navigation satellite system (GNSS), spoofing attacks pose a threat to the security and reliability of GNSS. It is of great significance to design effective GNSS spoofing detection technology to ensure the security and reliability of GNSS system applications for receiver users. Traditional spoofing detection techniques generally only determine whether a spoofing attack has occurred by monitoring the feature changes of one or two data information in the receiver. However, some spoofing modes can cleverly make the monitored data very close to the real data, thus avoiding these detection methods and easily making them ineffective. In this study, a GNSS spoofing jamming detection method based on hybrid kernel relevance vector machine (RVM) is proposed. The improved signal quality monitoring (SQM) movement variance, carrier noise ratio movement variance, pseudo range Doppler consistency, pseudorange residual, Doppler frequency, clock offset and clock drift are used as detection characteristics. This technology can detect GNSS spoofing signals, effectively improving the safety and reliability of GNSS systems. The experimental results show that this technology has high detection accuracy and anti-interference ability and can effectively respond to various forms of spoofing attacks.","PeriodicalId":54230,"journal":{"name":"Ieee-Caa Journal of Automatica Sinica","volume":"12 9","pages":"1893-1907"},"PeriodicalIF":19.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiayao Chen;Weihua Gui;Ning Chen;Biao Luo;Binyan Li;Zeng Luo;Chunhua Yang
In the industrial roller kiln, the time-delay characteristic in heat transfer causes the temperature field to be affected by both the current and historical temperature states. It presents a poor control performance and brings a significant challenge to the process precise control. Considering high complexity of precise modeling, a data-driven time-delay optimal control method for temperature field of roller kiln is proposed based on a large amount of process data. First, the control challenges and problem description brought by time-delay are demonstrated, where the cost function for the time-delay partial differential equation system is constructed. To obtain the optimal control law, the policy iteration in adaptive dynamic programming is adopted to design the time-delay temperature field controller, and neural network is used for the critic network in policy iteration to approximate the optimal time-delay cost function. The closed-loop system stability is proved by designing the Lyapunov function which contains the time-delay information. Finally, through establishing the time-delay temperature field model for roller kiln, the effectiveness and convergence of the proposed method is verified and proved.
{"title":"Data-Driven Time-Delay Optimal Control Method for Roller Kiln Temperature Field","authors":"Jiayao Chen;Weihua Gui;Ning Chen;Biao Luo;Binyan Li;Zeng Luo;Chunhua Yang","doi":"10.1109/JAS.2025.125309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2025.125309","url":null,"abstract":"In the industrial roller kiln, the time-delay characteristic in heat transfer causes the temperature field to be affected by both the current and historical temperature states. It presents a poor control performance and brings a significant challenge to the process precise control. Considering high complexity of precise modeling, a data-driven time-delay optimal control method for temperature field of roller kiln is proposed based on a large amount of process data. First, the control challenges and problem description brought by time-delay are demonstrated, where the cost function for the time-delay partial differential equation system is constructed. To obtain the optimal control law, the policy iteration in adaptive dynamic programming is adopted to design the time-delay temperature field controller, and neural network is used for the critic network in policy iteration to approximate the optimal time-delay cost function. The closed-loop system stability is proved by designing the Lyapunov function which contains the time-delay information. Finally, through establishing the time-delay temperature field model for roller kiln, the effectiveness and convergence of the proposed method is verified and proved.","PeriodicalId":54230,"journal":{"name":"Ieee-Caa Journal of Automatica Sinica","volume":"12 9","pages":"1776-1787"},"PeriodicalIF":19.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dear Editor, This letter introduces an innovative event-triggered secondary control strategy for Microgrid (MG) to address challenges of low inertia and renewable energy integration. Utilizing semi-Markov switching topologies, this method employs semi-Markov jump processes for accurate load forecasting, facilitating adaptive adjustments of distributed generators (DGs) in response to load changes. A heterogeneous multi-agent system formulates a frequency tracking controller compatible with diverse DG frequency characteristics. An event-triggered communication protocol is integrated, validated for stability using Lyapunov theory. Simulations demonstrate improved frequency regulation, communication efficiency, and MG inertia, proving the strategy's superiority over existing methods.
{"title":"A Novel Event-Triggered Secondary Control Strategy for Microgrid With Semi-Markov Switching Topologies","authors":"Jiancheng Zhang;Chao Qin;Kailong Liu;Qiao Peng","doi":"10.1109/JAS.2024.124749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2024.124749","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Editor, This letter introduces an innovative event-triggered secondary control strategy for Microgrid (MG) to address challenges of low inertia and renewable energy integration. Utilizing semi-Markov switching topologies, this method employs semi-Markov jump processes for accurate load forecasting, facilitating adaptive adjustments of distributed generators (DGs) in response to load changes. A heterogeneous multi-agent system formulates a frequency tracking controller compatible with diverse DG frequency characteristics. An event-triggered communication protocol is integrated, validated for stability using Lyapunov theory. Simulations demonstrate improved frequency regulation, communication efficiency, and MG inertia, proving the strategy's superiority over existing methods.","PeriodicalId":54230,"journal":{"name":"Ieee-Caa Journal of Automatica Sinica","volume":"12 9","pages":"1956-1958"},"PeriodicalIF":19.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11208744","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents an adaptive fault-tolerant tracking control strategy for unknown affine nonlinear systems subject to actuator faults and external disturbances. To address the hyperparameter initialization challenges inherent in conventional neural network training, an improved self-organizing radial basis function neural network (SRBFNN) with an input-dependent variable structure is developed. Furthermore, a novel self-organizing RBFNN-based observer is introduced to estimate system states across all dimensions. Leveraging the reconstructed states, the proposed adaptive controller effectively compensates for all uncertainties, including estimation errors in the observer, ensuring accurate state tracking with reduced control effort. The uniform ultimate boundedness of all closed-loop signals and tracking errors is rigorously established via Lyapunov stability analysis. Finally, simulations on two different nonlinear systems comprehensively validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control approach.
{"title":"Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Control for Unknown Affine Nonlinear Systems Based on Self-Organizing RBF Neural Network","authors":"Ran Chen;Donghua Zhou;Li Sheng","doi":"10.1109/JAS.2025.125441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2025.125441","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an adaptive fault-tolerant tracking control strategy for unknown affine nonlinear systems subject to actuator faults and external disturbances. To address the hyperparameter initialization challenges inherent in conventional neural network training, an improved self-organizing radial basis function neural network (SRBFNN) with an input-dependent variable structure is developed. Furthermore, a novel self-organizing RBFNN-based observer is introduced to estimate system states across all dimensions. Leveraging the reconstructed states, the proposed adaptive controller effectively compensates for all uncertainties, including estimation errors in the observer, ensuring accurate state tracking with reduced control effort. The uniform ultimate boundedness of all closed-loop signals and tracking errors is rigorously established via Lyapunov stability analysis. Finally, simulations on two different nonlinear systems comprehensively validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control approach.","PeriodicalId":54230,"journal":{"name":"Ieee-Caa Journal of Automatica Sinica","volume":"12 9","pages":"1788-1800"},"PeriodicalIF":19.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dear Editor, This letter addresses the Nash equilibrium seeking problem for games with second-order players subject to unknown input dead-zones and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. By using ideas from the digital twin, a distributed Nash equilibrium seeking strategy is proposed. In the proposed strategy, the twin players are designed to be second-order integrators, based on which a distributed control law is provided so as to find the Nash equilibrium under DoS attacks. Moreover, adaptive control laws and sliding mode control laws are synthesized for the actual players such that they can track the twin players under unknown input dead-zones. Theoretical investigations show that the proposed strategy is effective to drive the actions of actual players to the Nash equilibrium under the given conditions. A numerical example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
{"title":"Distributed Nash Equilibrium Seeking for Games Under Unknown Dead-Zone Inputs and DoS Attacks: A Digital Twin Approach","authors":"Ming Yang;Maojiao Ye;Jun Shi","doi":"10.1109/JAS.2024.124875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2024.124875","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Editor, This letter addresses the Nash equilibrium seeking problem for games with second-order players subject to unknown input dead-zones and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. By using ideas from the digital twin, a distributed Nash equilibrium seeking strategy is proposed. In the proposed strategy, the twin players are designed to be second-order integrators, based on which a distributed control law is provided so as to find the Nash equilibrium under DoS attacks. Moreover, adaptive control laws and sliding mode control laws are synthesized for the actual players such that they can track the twin players under unknown input dead-zones. Theoretical investigations show that the proposed strategy is effective to drive the actions of actual players to the Nash equilibrium under the given conditions. A numerical example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.","PeriodicalId":54230,"journal":{"name":"Ieee-Caa Journal of Automatica Sinica","volume":"12 9","pages":"1944-1946"},"PeriodicalIF":19.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11208756","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Switched linear parameter varying (LPV) systems have, in recent years, inspired a great number of research endeavors owing to their excellent ability to approximate nonlinear systems and handle complex hybrid dynamics in system analysis and synthesis. Nevertheless, numerous difficulties and challenges are also encountered due to the reciprocal effects of switching signals and scheduling parameters in the analysis and synthesis of switched LPV systems. In this paper, the standard description and specific characteristics of switched LPV systems are first introduced. Then, the main methodologies are proposed in the literature to cope with stability and performance analysis, control synthesis, as well as fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control issues, and the typical applications in various fields are surveyed. Finally, several key open problems and current research activities are also discussed to elucidate the potential research directions in the future.
{"title":"Stability, Control and Fault Diagnosis of Switched Linear Parameter Varying Systems: A Survey","authors":"Yanzheng Zhu;Junxing Che;Fen Wu;Xinkai Chen;Weixing Zheng;Donghua Zhou","doi":"10.1109/JAS.2025.125282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2025.125282","url":null,"abstract":"Switched linear parameter varying (LPV) systems have, in recent years, inspired a great number of research endeavors owing to their excellent ability to approximate nonlinear systems and handle complex hybrid dynamics in system analysis and synthesis. Nevertheless, numerous difficulties and challenges are also encountered due to the reciprocal effects of switching signals and scheduling parameters in the analysis and synthesis of switched LPV systems. In this paper, the standard description and specific characteristics of switched LPV systems are first introduced. Then, the main methodologies are proposed in the literature to cope with stability and performance analysis, control synthesis, as well as fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control issues, and the typical applications in various fields are surveyed. Finally, several key open problems and current research activities are also discussed to elucidate the potential research directions in the future.","PeriodicalId":54230,"journal":{"name":"Ieee-Caa Journal of Automatica Sinica","volume":"12 9","pages":"1745-1761"},"PeriodicalIF":19.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiuqiang Deng;Luyao Zhang;Wenchao Xue;Qiliang Bao;Yao Mao
Extended state observer (ESO) is heavily limited by the unknown disturbance and its derivative, which requires high observing gains to decrease estimating error, resulting in serious noise sensitivity. To modify the disturbance estimation characteristics encountered by the observer, the active compression extended state observer (ACESO) is proposed in this study. The ACESO decreases the bound of residual lumped disturbance and its derivative by actively compressing the initial lumped disturbance, without relying on prior knowledge. The stability constraint and convergence results of ACESO are analyzed and compared with ESO theoretically. The results show that the ACESO mitigates the trade-off between noise sensitivity and high-gain observation. Benefiting from active compression, the ACESO has substantially less noise sensitivity than the ESO, while obtaining the same and even better estimating performance than the ESO. In addition, the nonlinear ACESO is discussed, which automatically balances the contradiction between estimation and convergence. Simulations and experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
{"title":"Active Compression on Unknown Disturbance and Uncertainty via Extended State Observer","authors":"Jiuqiang Deng;Luyao Zhang;Wenchao Xue;Qiliang Bao;Yao Mao","doi":"10.1109/JAS.2025.125342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2025.125342","url":null,"abstract":"Extended state observer (ESO) is heavily limited by the unknown disturbance and its derivative, which requires high observing gains to decrease estimating error, resulting in serious noise sensitivity. To modify the disturbance estimation characteristics encountered by the observer, the active compression extended state observer (ACESO) is proposed in this study. The ACESO decreases the bound of residual lumped disturbance and its derivative by actively compressing the initial lumped disturbance, without relying on prior knowledge. The stability constraint and convergence results of ACESO are analyzed and compared with ESO theoretically. The results show that the ACESO mitigates the trade-off between noise sensitivity and high-gain observation. Benefiting from active compression, the ACESO has substantially less noise sensitivity than the ESO, while obtaining the same and even better estimating performance than the ESO. In addition, the nonlinear ACESO is discussed, which automatically balances the contradiction between estimation and convergence. Simulations and experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.","PeriodicalId":54230,"journal":{"name":"Ieee-Caa Journal of Automatica Sinica","volume":"12 9","pages":"1878-1892"},"PeriodicalIF":19.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Complex autonomous dynamical systems require sophisticated optimization methods that encompass environment awareness, path planning, and decision-making. swarm intelligence algorithms, inspired by natural phenomena such as bird flocks and fish schools, have undergone significant advancements over recent decades. This paper provides a comprehensive review of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the context of autonomous systems. We specifically examine the application of PSO to multi-agent dynamical systems, reviewing how PSO variants are employed to tackle diverse optimization challenges across various platforms, including ground vehicles, autonomous under-water vehicles, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Additionally, we delve into the use of PSO within swarm robotics and multi-agent systems. The paper concludes with an outline of potential future research directions, particularly focusing on the application of PSO to the multi-agent rendezvous problem in autonomous systems.
{"title":"Review on Particle Swarm Optimization: Application Toward Autonomous Dynamical Systems","authors":"Kavan Bojappa;Junsoo Lee","doi":"10.1109/JAS.2024.125028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2024.125028","url":null,"abstract":"Complex autonomous dynamical systems require sophisticated optimization methods that encompass environment awareness, path planning, and decision-making. swarm intelligence algorithms, inspired by natural phenomena such as bird flocks and fish schools, have undergone significant advancements over recent decades. This paper provides a comprehensive review of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the context of autonomous systems. We specifically examine the application of PSO to multi-agent dynamical systems, reviewing how PSO variants are employed to tackle diverse optimization challenges across various platforms, including ground vehicles, autonomous under-water vehicles, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Additionally, we delve into the use of PSO within swarm robotics and multi-agent systems. The paper concludes with an outline of potential future research directions, particularly focusing on the application of PSO to the multi-agent rendezvous problem in autonomous systems.","PeriodicalId":54230,"journal":{"name":"Ieee-Caa Journal of Automatica Sinica","volume":"12 9","pages":"1762-1775"},"PeriodicalIF":19.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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