Gm Crops & Food-Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain最新文献

Event DP-2Ø2216-6 (referred to as DP202216 maize) was genetically modified to increase and extend the expression of the introduced zmm28 gene relative to endogenous zmm28 gene expression, resulting in plants with enhanced grain yield potential. The zmm28 gene expresses the ZMM28 protein, a MADS-box transcription factor. The safety assessment of DP202216 maize included an assessment of the potential hazard of the ZMM28 protein, as well as an assessment of potential unintended effects of the genetic insertion on agronomics, composition, and nutrition. The history of safe use (HOSU) of the ZMM28 protein was evaluated and a bioinformatics approach was used to compare the deduced amino acid sequence of the ZMM28 protein to databases of known allergens and toxins. Based on HOSU and the bioinformatics assessment, the ZMM28 protein was determined to be unlikely to be either allergenic or toxic to humans. The composition of DP202216 maize forage and grain was comparable to non-modified forage and grain, with no unintended effects on nutrition or food and feed safety. Additionally, feeding studies with broiler chickens and rats demonstrated a low likelihood of unintentional alterations in nutrition and low potential for adverse effects. Furthermore, the agronomics observed for DP202216 maize and non-modified maize were comparable, indicating that the likelihood of increased weediness or invasiveness of DP202216 maize in the environment is low. This comprehensive review serves as a reference for regulatory agencies and decision-makers in countries where authorization of DP202216 maize will be pursued, and for others interested in food, feed, and environmental safety.

Compositional analysis is an important component of an integrated comparative approach to assessing the food and feed safety of new crops developed using biotechnology. As part of the safety assessment of cassava brown streak disease resistant 4046 cassava, a comprehensive assessment of proximates, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, anti-nutrients, and secondary metabolites was performed on leaf and storage root samples of 4046 cassava and its non-transgenic parental control, TME 204, collected from confined field trials in Kenya and Uganda over two successive cropping cycles. Among the 100 compositional components that were assessed in samples of 4046 and control TME 204 cassava roots (47 components) and leaves (53 components), there were no nutritionally relevant differences noted. Although there were statistically significant differences between the transgenic and control samples for some parameters, in most cases the magnitudes of these differences were small ( $<$ 20%), and in every case where comparative literature data were available, the mean values for 4046 and control cassava samples were within the range of normal variation reported for the compositional component in question. Overall, no consistent patterns emerged to suggest that biologically meaningful adverse changes in the composition or nutritive value of the leaves or storage roots occurred as an unintended or unexpected consequence of the genetic modification resulting in 4046 cassava. The data presented here provide convincing evidence of the safety of 4046 cassava with respect to its biochemical composition for food and feed, and it could be considered as safe as its non-transgenic control.

Gossypium arboreum (Desi Cotton) holds a special place in cotton industry because of its inherent ability to withstand drought, salinity, and remarkable resistance to sucking pests and cotton leaf curl virus. However, it suffers yield losses due to weeds and bollworm infestation. Genetic modification of G. arboreum variety FBD-1 was attempted in the current study to combat insect and weedicide resistance by incorporating cry1Ac, cry2A and cp4-EPSPS genes under control of 35S promoter in two different cassettes using kanamycin and GUS as markers through Agrobacterium-mediated shoot apex cut method of cotton transformation. The efficiency of transformation was found to be 1.57%. Amplification of 1700 bp for cry1Ac, 167 bp for cry2A and 111 bp for cp4-EPSPS confirmed the presence of transgenes in cotton plants. The maximum mRNA expression of cry1Ac and cp4-EPSPS was observed in transgenic cotton line L3 while minimum in transgenic cotton line L1. The maximum protein concentrations of Cry1Ac, Cry2A and Cp4-EPSPS of 3.534 µg g^-1, 2.534 µg g^-1 and 3.58 µg-g^-1 respectively were observed for transgenic cotton line L3 as compared to control cotton line. On leaf-feed-based insect bioassay, almost 99% mortality was observed for Helicoverpa armigera on the transgenic cotton plant (L3). It completely survived the 1900 ml hectare^-1 glyphosate spray assay as compared to non-transgenic cotton plants. The necrotic spots appeared on the third day, leading to the complete death of control plants on the fifth day of assay. The successful multiple gene-stacking in G. arboreum FBD-1 variety could be further used for qualitative improvement of cotton fiber through plant breeding techniques.

Capsicum annuum is also known as chili which is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in the world. Breeding new varieties with heterosis could improve the quality of pepper, increase yield, growth potential, disease resistance, adaptability, and seed viability. To investigate the heterosis among three cross combinations of different parents, the mRNA-miRNA integrated analysis was performed. A total number of 22,659,009 to 36,423,818 clean data were generated from mRNA-seq with 81 libraries, and the unique mapped reads were from 35,495,567 (86.81%) to 46,466,622 (88.95%). The plant-hormone signal transduction pathway (40 genes) was detected with a higher DEG number. The SAUR32L, GID1, PYR1, EIN2. ERF1, PR1, JAR1-like, IAA from this pathway play a key role in plant development. From the miRNA-seq, the number of clean reads was ranging from 12,132,221 to 25,632,680. A total of 220 miRNAs were predicted in this study, and all of them were identified as novel miRNA. The top three candidate KEGG pathways of miRNA were ribosome signaling pathway (13 miRNAs), spliceosome pathway (13 miRNAs), and plant hormone signal transduction pathways (10 miRNAs). With the mRNA and miRNA integrated analysis, we found some key genes were regulated by some miRNAs. Among them, the scarecrow-like 6 protein can be up or down regulated by mir8, mir120, mir184, mir_214, mir125, and mir130. The function of Della protein was regulated by mir24, mir74, mir94, mir139, and mir190. This study contributes to understanding how heterosis regulates the traits, such as crop production, fruit weight, and fruit length.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield is severely affected by Fusarium fungal disease. To improve the resistance of tomato against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), Escherichia coli katE gene was transformed into two tomato cultivars, namely Castle Rock and Super strain B, via Agrobacterium tumefaciens; the transformation efficiency was 5.6% and 3.5%, respectively. The integration of the katE gene into T₀, T₁, and T₂ transgenic tomato lines was confirmed using PCR. In addition, DNA dot blot technique confirmed the integration of the katE gene into T₂ transgenic tomato lines. The RT-PCR analysis confirmed that the katE gene could be expressed normally in the T₂ modified lines. Under artificial infection with FOL, the non-modified plants exhibited more severe fungal disease symptoms than those observed in katE overexpression (OE) lines. Our analysis showed that the levels of three defense enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), were increased during transgenic T₂ generation pre-treated with FOL. The bioassay of modified lines revealed that an average of 52.56% of the modified Castle Rock cultivar and 50.28% of the modified Super Strain B cultivar showed resistance under Fusarium infection. These results clearly indicate that the modified tomato plants, in which the katE gene was overexpressed, became more resistant to the infection by FOL than the wild-type plants. Our study has proven that the overexpression of the E. coli katE gene in the OE lines could be utilized to develop and improve the resistance against fungal diseases in the modified crops.

Resveratrol is synthesized by the catalysis of resveratrol synthases (RS) in a limited number of higher plants. Resveratrol shows potential health-promoting properties, including as an antioxidant and in preventing cardiovascular diseases. Recently, resveratrol-enriched rice has been produced as a novel source of resveratrol. This study aimed to investigate the major agronomic characteristics of resveratrol-enriched rice, Iksan526 (I526) and compared them with those of a nontransgenic and commercial rice variety, Dongjin (DJ). Transgene (RS) integration was confirmed using Southern blot analysis, and homologous recombination was achieved after digestion with the SacI restriction enzyme. The phenotypic traits of I526 grown in Iksan were similar to those grown in Milyang but not similar to those grown in Suwon. In Suwon, I526 had slightly earlier heading dates [i.e., number of days from sowing to heading) and shorter culm lengths. When I526 was treated with 0.4% Basta in the seedling stage, no significant difference was observed among all the agronomic traits compared with nontreated I526; particularly, the culm length, panicle length, number of panicles per hill, 1,000 grain weight of brown rice, and brown rice yield of the Basta-treated rice were similar to those of the nontreated I526, regardless of their cultivation region. The resveratrol content of I526 grown in Suwon and Milyang was increased by 18% and 37%, respectively, than that of I526 grown in the Iksan area. Therefore, DJ and I526 are not significantly different in terms of major agronomic traits depending on variety/year and variety/cultivation region. The results indicated that I526 has the potential to become a commercialized variety in the near future.

Plant abiotic stresses negative affects growth and development, causing a massive reduction in global agricultural production. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a major oilseed crop because of its economic value and oilseed production. However, its productivity has been reduced by many environmental adversities. Therefore, it is a prime need to grow rapeseed cultivars, which can withstand numerous abiotic stresses. To understand the various molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the abiotic stress tolerance and improvement in rapeseed, omics approaches have been extensively employed in recent years. This review summarized the recent advancement in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and their imploration in abiotic stress regulation in rapeseed. Some persisting bottlenecks have been highlighted, demanding proper attention to fully explore the omics tools. Further, the potential prospects of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing to assist molecular breeding in developing abiotic stress-tolerant rapeseed genotypes have also been explained. In short, the combination of integrated omics, genome editing, and speed breeding can alter rapeseed production worldwide.

Transgene escape into natural ecosystems through seed spraying or transgene introgression may potentially cause environmental biosafety problems. In this study, we assessed the environmental risk of insect-resistant transgenic rice entering farmland margins or natural ecosystems adjacent to farmland. Transgenic Cry1C* rice (T1C-19) was used to study the effects of exogenous Cry1C* expression on vegetative and reproductive growth indices under different growing conditions using the following four combined treatments of land use and weeds: farmland and uncultivated land without weeds (F-NW and U-NW, respectively), and farmland and uncultivated land with weeds (F-W and U-W, respectively). The expression of Cry1C* protein under the U-NW, F-W, and U-W conditions was significantly lower than under the control condition, F-NW. Tiller number, biomass, filled grain number, filled grain weight, and other vegetative and reproductive indices were significantly lower in the rice line TIC-19 than in MH63 under F-NW and U-NW conditions, indicating a significant fitness cost. However, under F-W and U-W conditions, vegetative growth indices such as plant height, tiller number, and biomass, as well as reproductive growth indices such as filled grain number per plant, filled grain weight per plant, and seed setting rate in TIC-19 were similar to those in MH63, indicating a long-term coexistence. These results indicate a lower ecological risk of T1C-19 compared to MH63 under F-NW and U-NW, although their long-term coexistence may lead to potential ecological risks under F-W and U-W.

Feeding studies were conducted with rats and broiler chickens to assess the safety and nutrition of maize grain containing event DP-Ø23211-2 (DP23211), a newly developed trait-pyramid product for corn rootworm management. Diets containing 50% ground maize grain from DP23211, non-transgenic control, or non-transgenic reference hybrids (P0928, P0993, and P1105) were fed to Crl:CD®(SD) rats for 90 days. Ross 708 broilers were fed phase diets containing up to 67% maize grain from each source for 42 days. Body weight, gain, and feed conversion were determined for comparisons between animals fed DP23211 and control diets in each study. Additional measures included clinical and neurobehavioral evaluations, ophthalmology, clinical pathology, organ weights, and gross and microscopic pathology for rats, and carcass parts and select organ yields for broilers. Reference groups were included to determine if any observed significant differences between DP23211 and control groups were likely due to natural variation. No diet-related effects on mortality or evaluation measures were observed between animal fed diets produced with DP23211 maize grain and animal fed diets produced with control maize grain. These studies show that maize grain containing event DP-Ø23211-2 is as safe and nutritious as non-transgenic maize grains when fed in nutritionally adequate diets. The results are consistent with previously published studies, providing further demonstration of the absence of hazards from edible-fraction consumption of genetically modified plants.

Paraguay is integrated into the world mainly through its agricultural activity. The population's perception of genetically engineered crops is relevant to design communication strategies that convey the advantages and limitations of the various technologies used in the country. We aimed to know the perception of the population of four Departments of the country where such crops are grown through a survey, which revealed a low level of knowledge about genetically engineered crops in general, and specifically about the effects of genetically engineered crops on production, nutrition, and the environment. Respondents expressed a willingness to receive information on genetically engineered crops, in particular from the National Government and the Health Sector.