Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2023.2234432
Y. Pillon, S. Isnard, L. Mattio
New Caledonia, an archipelago in the Southwest Pacific, is a biodiversity hotspot (Myers 1988; Myers et al. 2000) whose rich and unique flora has generally been associated with the diversity of geological substrates. New Caledonia has one of the largest extent of ultramafic rocks in the world (Garnica-Díaz et al. 2023). Ultramafic rocks are igneous rocks that are poor in silicon and rich in iron and magnesium. When weathered, they produce soils that impose difficult conditions for plant growth (Kazakou et al. 2008), and they have often been referred to as “ultrabasic rocks” or “serpentine” in the literature. The peculiarity of New Caledonia was noted by its earliest European visitors. In his journal, James Cook wrote that “our botanists did not complain for want of employment at this place; every day bringing something new in botany or other branches of natural history” (Cook 1777, p. 124). Although they did not visit ultramafic outcrops, the naturalists accompanying James Cook were also struck by the geological distinctiveness of New Caledonia. For instance, Georg Forster (1777, p. 576) anticipated that “there was some probability of meeting with rich and useful minerals upon this island, which, as far as we saw, distinguished itself from all those we had hitherto examined in the South Seas, in being entirely destitute of volcanic productions”. Georges’ father, Johann Forster (1778, p. 34), similarly wrote that “the mountains of New Caledonia are the most likely to contain the richest metallic veins”. Later, the geologist Jules Garnier explored more extensively the main island of New Caledonia noting the large areas of “terrains serpentineux” (serpentine terrains) and revealing the abundance of nickel ores (Garnier 1885). This dramatically changed the future of the island where the mining industry now plays a major role. The earliest European naturalists exploring New Caledonia focused on inventorying the diverse flora of the archipelago, and had limited interest or time to study its ecology, including plant–soil relationships. Robert Virot made the first substantial contribution to the ecology of the New Caledonian flora with his thesis “La végétation canaque” (Virot 1956). After spending several years on the island, he was able to give an overview of the biological forms, plant formations, and phytosociology of the flora. His work prefigures that of Tanguy Jaffré. In 1980, Tanguy Jaffré published his PhD thesis entitled « Etude écologique du peuplement végétal des sols dérivés de roches ultrabasiques en NouvelleCalédonie » (« Ecological study of the plant population of soils derived from ultrabasic rocks in New Caledonia »). Although it was published in French by ORSTOM (now IRD) with limited dissemination, this work has attracted a large and steady number of citations over the years (Figure 1). With this in mind, we thought it would be useful to make this work more accessible to the scientific community as a whole. Thanks to the support of th
新喀里多尼亚是西南太平洋的一个群岛，是生物多样性的热点(Myers 1988;Myers et al. 2000)，其丰富而独特的植物群通常与地质基质的多样性有关。新喀里多尼亚拥有世界上最大范围的超镁质岩石之一(Garnica-Díaz et al. 2023)。超镁铁质岩石是一种缺乏硅而富含铁和镁的火成岩。风化后，它们产生的土壤对植物生长造成了困难的条件(Kazakou等人，2008)，在文献中它们通常被称为“超基性岩”或“蛇形岩”。新喀里多尼亚的特点被最早的欧洲游客所注意到。詹姆斯·库克(James Cook)在他的日记中写道:“我们的植物学家没有抱怨在这个地方找不到工作;每天都在植物学或自然史的其他分支中带来新的东西”(库克1777，第124页)。虽然陪同詹姆斯·库克的博物学家们没有参观超镁铁的露头，但他们也被新喀里多尼亚独特的地质特征所震撼。例如，Georg Forster(1777，第576页)预测“在这个岛上有可能遇到丰富而有用的矿物，就我们所知，它与我们迄今为止在南海考察过的所有岛屿不同，完全没有火山产物”。乔治的父亲约翰·福斯特(1778，第34页)同样写道:“新喀里多尼亚的山脉最有可能含有最丰富的金属矿脉”。后来，地质学家朱尔斯·卡尼尔对新喀里多尼亚主岛进行了更广泛的探索，发现了大面积的“蛇形地形”，并发现了丰富的镍矿石(卡尼尔1885)。这极大地改变了该岛的未来，在这里，采矿业现在起着重要作用。最早探索新喀里多尼亚的欧洲博物学家专注于清点群岛上各种各样的植物群，对研究其生态，包括植物与土壤的关系，兴趣或时间都很有限。罗伯特·维罗对新喀里多尼亚植物区系的生态学作出了第一个实质性的贡献，他的论文是“La vacimacement canque”(维罗1956年)。在岛上呆了几年之后，他对植物的生物形态、植物形成和植物社会学进行了概述。他的作品预示着唐吉·贾夫瑞的作品。1980年，Tanguy jaffr<s:1>发表了他的博士论文，题目是“Etude <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -新喀里多尼亚超基性岩石土壤植物种群的生态学研究”。虽然它是由ORSTOM(现在的IRD)以法语出版的，传播有限，但这项工作多年来吸引了大量稳定的引用(图1)。考虑到这一点，我们认为让整个科学界更容易获得这项工作是有用的。在法国植物学会的支持下，本特刊出版了英文译本。论文的三个章节，“les formations vsamgsametales des terrains ultrabasiques”(“超镁质岩石上的植物构造”)，“les groups vsamgsametaux des maquis”(“maquis的植物群落”)和“phytogsamochimie”(“植物矿物质营养”)，占原始文本的73%，作为三篇文章发表在本期特刊上。为了更清晰，这些数据被重新格式化并以彩色发布。植物分类根据FLORICAL数据库更新(Morat et al. 2012;Munzinger et al. 2023)，土壤分类遵循世界参考库(IUSS工作组WRB 2015)。为了避免与超热带植被生态学和新喀里多尼亚植物区系的最新技术状况不一致，对案文作了微小的修改。第一篇题为“新喀里多尼亚超镁质岩石上的植物构造”(jaffr<e:1> 2023a)的文章首先描述了超镁质岩石和其他基材之间的三个接触带。尽管这些缝合带是值得研究的有趣系统，但此后很少受到关注。它们被称为微特有区(Pintaud and Hodel 1998;Pillon et al. 2008;<s:1> tebl<s:1>和Munzinger 2018)。在那里，具有不同土壤偏好的物种可以共存并杂交，这可能引发物种形成(Pillon et al. 2009)。文章的第二部分描述了新喀里多尼亚超镁质岩上的主要植物构造。与世界上许多其他地区(特别是温带地区)相反，新喀里多尼亚的超基性基质可以孕育茂密多样的森林。新喀里多尼亚的森林得到了极大的关注(例如，jaffr<s:1>和Veillon, 1995年;Ibanez et al. 2014;Birnbaum et al. 2015)。 这篇文章还提到了几个单优势形成的例子，其中一个树种代表了到达树冠的大部分个体。新喀里多尼亚具有广泛的物种多样性(Pillon等)。《植物学通讯》2023卷170号。3,333 - 337 https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2023.2234432
{"title":"The vegetation on ultramafic rocks in New Caledonia","authors":"Y. Pillon, S. Isnard, L. Mattio","doi":"10.1080/23818107.2023.2234432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2023.2234432","url":null,"abstract":"New Caledonia, an archipelago in the Southwest Pacific, is a biodiversity hotspot (Myers 1988; Myers et al. 2000) whose rich and unique flora has generally been associated with the diversity of geological substrates. New Caledonia has one of the largest extent of ultramafic rocks in the world (Garnica-Díaz et al. 2023). Ultramafic rocks are igneous rocks that are poor in silicon and rich in iron and magnesium. When weathered, they produce soils that impose difficult conditions for plant growth (Kazakou et al. 2008), and they have often been referred to as “ultrabasic rocks” or “serpentine” in the literature. The peculiarity of New Caledonia was noted by its earliest European visitors. In his journal, James Cook wrote that “our botanists did not complain for want of employment at this place; every day bringing something new in botany or other branches of natural history” (Cook 1777, p. 124). Although they did not visit ultramafic outcrops, the naturalists accompanying James Cook were also struck by the geological distinctiveness of New Caledonia. For instance, Georg Forster (1777, p. 576) anticipated that “there was some probability of meeting with rich and useful minerals upon this island, which, as far as we saw, distinguished itself from all those we had hitherto examined in the South Seas, in being entirely destitute of volcanic productions”. Georges’ father, Johann Forster (1778, p. 34), similarly wrote that “the mountains of New Caledonia are the most likely to contain the richest metallic veins”. Later, the geologist Jules Garnier explored more extensively the main island of New Caledonia noting the large areas of “terrains serpentineux” (serpentine terrains) and revealing the abundance of nickel ores (Garnier 1885). This dramatically changed the future of the island where the mining industry now plays a major role. The earliest European naturalists exploring New Caledonia focused on inventorying the diverse flora of the archipelago, and had limited interest or time to study its ecology, including plant–soil relationships. Robert Virot made the first substantial contribution to the ecology of the New Caledonian flora with his thesis “La végétation canaque” (Virot 1956). After spending several years on the island, he was able to give an overview of the biological forms, plant formations, and phytosociology of the flora. His work prefigures that of Tanguy Jaffré. In 1980, Tanguy Jaffré published his PhD thesis entitled « Etude écologique du peuplement végétal des sols dérivés de roches ultrabasiques en NouvelleCalédonie » (« Ecological study of the plant population of soils derived from ultrabasic rocks in New Caledonia »). Although it was published in French by ORSTOM (now IRD) with limited dissemination, this work has attracted a large and steady number of citations over the years (Figure 1). With this in mind, we thought it would be useful to make this work more accessible to the scientific community as a whole. Thanks to the support of th","PeriodicalId":54302,"journal":{"name":"Botany Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45579503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2023.2225105
D. Bogarín, Carlos Ossenbach, Noelia Belfort-Oconitrillo, F. Pupulin
ABSTRACT Rudolf Schlechter (1872–1925) described several orchid taxa based on specimens collected in Costa Rica during the first half of the 20th century. Unfortunately, the type material kept at the Botanical Museum of Berlin-Dahlem (B) was destroyed in the bombing of Berlin, Germany, in 1943. To complete the typification of names proposed by Schlechter, based on orchid collections attributed to Guillermo Acosta in Costa Rica, we have compiled a list of 22 names. Previously, 11 lectotypifications and five neotypifications were proposed on this material. However, we found six names that lacked typification. Therefore, formal typifications are proposed for Acostaea pleurothalloides, Dichaea similis, Goodyera micrantha, Lepanthes acostae, L. pubilabia, and Stelis acostae. Additionally, we provide a biographical context to understand Acosta’s relationship with Schlechter and the historical background of these collections. Finally, we provide bibliographical references and illustrations for lectotypes and neotypes. This work is part of a series focused on the nomenclature and typification of orchid names proposed by Schlechter in Costa Rica, aimed at clarifying our understanding of his species concepts in the Neotropics. Further, the typification of the names based on the collections made by the brothers Alfred and Curt Brade is necessary to complete this series.
{"title":"Orchidaceae acostanae: typification of Costa Rican orchid species described by Rudolf Schlechter from collections by Guillermo Acosta","authors":"D. Bogarín, Carlos Ossenbach, Noelia Belfort-Oconitrillo, F. Pupulin","doi":"10.1080/23818107.2023.2225105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2023.2225105","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rudolf Schlechter (1872–1925) described several orchid taxa based on specimens collected in Costa Rica during the first half of the 20th century. Unfortunately, the type material kept at the Botanical Museum of Berlin-Dahlem (B) was destroyed in the bombing of Berlin, Germany, in 1943. To complete the typification of names proposed by Schlechter, based on orchid collections attributed to Guillermo Acosta in Costa Rica, we have compiled a list of 22 names. Previously, 11 lectotypifications and five neotypifications were proposed on this material. However, we found six names that lacked typification. Therefore, formal typifications are proposed for Acostaea pleurothalloides, Dichaea similis, Goodyera micrantha, Lepanthes acostae, L. pubilabia, and Stelis acostae. Additionally, we provide a biographical context to understand Acosta’s relationship with Schlechter and the historical background of these collections. Finally, we provide bibliographical references and illustrations for lectotypes and neotypes. This work is part of a series focused on the nomenclature and typification of orchid names proposed by Schlechter in Costa Rica, aimed at clarifying our understanding of his species concepts in the Neotropics. Further, the typification of the names based on the collections made by the brothers Alfred and Curt Brade is necessary to complete this series.","PeriodicalId":54302,"journal":{"name":"Botany Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42504962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-25DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2023.2212281
Y. Pillon, Karine Gotty, H. C. Hopkins
ABSTRACT Proteaceae, the Macadamia nut family, are diverse in New Caledonia with c. 50 species distributed in nine genera in tribes Embothrieae, Macadamieae, Persoonieae, and Roupaleae, where they represent an important component of the rainforest and particularly the maquis. The family is also represented by a few species in the neighboring archipelagos of Vanuatu and Fiji, which marks the eastern limit of its distribution in the Pacific. Here, we address some issues regarding generic limits within Pacific Proteaceae, using new molecular data and a review of morphology. The generic limits within the tribe Macadamieae have long been problematic, particularly amongst Kermadecia, Sleumerodendron, and Turrillia, which are part of the subtribe Gevuininae. Molecular phylogenetics shows that they form a monophyletic group, while morphological data indicate that they are only weakly differentiated. We conclude that they are better treated as a single genus, Kermadecia, as has been done previously, with eight species. Kermadecia elliptica is placed in synonymy under K. rotundifolia for the first time, and several names in the genus are lectotypified. As previously observed, we found that the New Caledonian endemic Garnieria spathulifolia is nested in Persoonia (tribe Persoonieae) from which it differs only by the number of ovules and is therefore transferred to it and a lectotype is designated.
{"title":"Expanded generic concepts for Kermadecia and Persoonia, Proteaceae of New Caledonia and neighboring islands","authors":"Y. Pillon, Karine Gotty, H. C. Hopkins","doi":"10.1080/23818107.2023.2212281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2023.2212281","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Proteaceae, the Macadamia nut family, are diverse in New Caledonia with c. 50 species distributed in nine genera in tribes Embothrieae, Macadamieae, Persoonieae, and Roupaleae, where they represent an important component of the rainforest and particularly the maquis. The family is also represented by a few species in the neighboring archipelagos of Vanuatu and Fiji, which marks the eastern limit of its distribution in the Pacific. Here, we address some issues regarding generic limits within Pacific Proteaceae, using new molecular data and a review of morphology. The generic limits within the tribe Macadamieae have long been problematic, particularly amongst Kermadecia, Sleumerodendron, and Turrillia, which are part of the subtribe Gevuininae. Molecular phylogenetics shows that they form a monophyletic group, while morphological data indicate that they are only weakly differentiated. We conclude that they are better treated as a single genus, Kermadecia, as has been done previously, with eight species. Kermadecia elliptica is placed in synonymy under K. rotundifolia for the first time, and several names in the genus are lectotypified. As previously observed, we found that the New Caledonian endemic Garnieria spathulifolia is nested in Persoonia (tribe Persoonieae) from which it differs only by the number of ovules and is therefore transferred to it and a lectotype is designated.","PeriodicalId":54302,"journal":{"name":"Botany Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44739325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-17DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2023.2211647
Flóra Kolman, M. Dani, Péter Molnár, A. Skribanek
ABSTRACT Our studies covered the responses of the common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.) to artificial lighting at night. We analyzed the effect of three types of lamps used in public lighting: high-pressure sodium lamp (HPS) and two types of LED lamps. Physiological, macro- and micromorphological measurements were carried out during the research. Common hackberry tree was affected by the night light of street lamps, although the tested individuals received natural lighting during the day. Moreover, there were differences observed between the effects of the investigated lamp types. The high-pressure sodium lamp (HPS) resulted in histologically thicker leaves with higher photosynthetic yields, together with more efficient stomatal movements. The LED lamp with a color temperature of 3000 K enhanced the establishment of the photosynthetic apparatus and the growth of the palisade parenchyma. The physiology and histological development of leaves illuminated at night with a narrow-spectrum LED with a color temperature of 1900–2400 K remained inferior compared to those on shoots kept in the dark at night. Our results confirm that the type of the light source is a relevant factor in considering the effects or prevention of light pollution on plant anatomy.
{"title":"The effect of three types of street lighting on the morphology and physiology of the common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.) leaves","authors":"Flóra Kolman, M. Dani, Péter Molnár, A. Skribanek","doi":"10.1080/23818107.2023.2211647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2023.2211647","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Our studies covered the responses of the common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.) to artificial lighting at night. We analyzed the effect of three types of lamps used in public lighting: high-pressure sodium lamp (HPS) and two types of LED lamps. Physiological, macro- and micromorphological measurements were carried out during the research. Common hackberry tree was affected by the night light of street lamps, although the tested individuals received natural lighting during the day. Moreover, there were differences observed between the effects of the investigated lamp types. The high-pressure sodium lamp (HPS) resulted in histologically thicker leaves with higher photosynthetic yields, together with more efficient stomatal movements. The LED lamp with a color temperature of 3000 K enhanced the establishment of the photosynthetic apparatus and the growth of the palisade parenchyma. The physiology and histological development of leaves illuminated at night with a narrow-spectrum LED with a color temperature of 1900–2400 K remained inferior compared to those on shoots kept in the dark at night. Our results confirm that the type of the light source is a relevant factor in considering the effects or prevention of light pollution on plant anatomy.","PeriodicalId":54302,"journal":{"name":"Botany Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48993639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Forsythiae Fructus (FF, Lianqiao in Chinese) is the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl. As one of the commonly used bulk medicinal materials, FF has been used as a heat-clearing and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. Epicarp spots are inherent traits of the FF. Previous reports have suggested that it might be related to the quality of FF, while the accurate correlation between them remains ambiguous. In this study, 32 groups of FF were selected from the same batch, and the information of epicarp spots was converted into spot area index (SAI). Then, the overall quality of FF was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) based on the content of 21 major bioactive ingredients. Subsequently, the Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to explore the correlation between SAI and the overall quality of FF. Ingredients related to SAI were identified. The results indicated that a significant negative correlation was shown between the SAI and the overall quality of FF. Six bioactive ingredients, including forsythoside B, p-coumaric acid, galuteolin, hesperidin, baicalin and kaempferol, were negatively correlated with SAI. This research will provide scientific information on the relationship between epicarp spots and the overall quality of FF and facilitate the general quality assessment of FF in a rapid and convenient way.
{"title":"Correlation between epicarp spots and the overall quality of Forsythiae Fructus","authors":"Lifang Wei, Jianming Cheng, Yuqi Mei, Lisi Zou, Cuihua Chen, Jiali Chen, Mengxia Tan, Zhichen Cai, Shengxin Yin, Xunhong Liu","doi":"10.1080/23818107.2023.2204893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2023.2204893","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Forsythiae Fructus (FF, Lianqiao in Chinese) is the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl. As one of the commonly used bulk medicinal materials, FF has been used as a heat-clearing and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. Epicarp spots are inherent traits of the FF. Previous reports have suggested that it might be related to the quality of FF, while the accurate correlation between them remains ambiguous. In this study, 32 groups of FF were selected from the same batch, and the information of epicarp spots was converted into spot area index (SAI). Then, the overall quality of FF was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) based on the content of 21 major bioactive ingredients. Subsequently, the Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to explore the correlation between SAI and the overall quality of FF. Ingredients related to SAI were identified. The results indicated that a significant negative correlation was shown between the SAI and the overall quality of FF. Six bioactive ingredients, including forsythoside B, p-coumaric acid, galuteolin, hesperidin, baicalin and kaempferol, were negatively correlated with SAI. This research will provide scientific information on the relationship between epicarp spots and the overall quality of FF and facilitate the general quality assessment of FF in a rapid and convenient way.","PeriodicalId":54302,"journal":{"name":"Botany Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43570521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-24DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2023.2204134
Marie Zakardjian, Prisca Mahé, B. Geslin, H. Jourdan
ABSTRACT Edaphic conditions operate major environmental filtering on plant assemblages and their community structure. Soils derived from ultramafic outcrops (i.e. ultramafic substrates) are characterized by high concentrations of metal and metalloid and nutrient deficiencies constraining plant growth. Due to the coupled effects of edaphic conditions and climate, tropical ultramafic substrates harbour a very particular flora. New Caledonia, one of the main plant biodiversity hotspots worldwide, owes much of its exceptional biodiversity to ultramafic substrates. While the flora of the New Caledonian ultramafic substrates is well known, its pollinating fauna remains to be described. Here, we describe plant–pollinator interactions in some ultramafic and non-ultramafic environments in New Caledonia, with a particular focus on wild alien, native and domestic bees. Wild alien bees were less diverse and less present in ultramafic environments than in non-ultramafic ones; we only recorded six interactions realised by wild alien bee species in ultramafic environments. Apis mellifera was also less present in ultramafic environments. Regarding native bees, they were equally present in both environments but less diverse in non-ultramafic environments. Our results suggest that ultramafic environments may filter alien pollinators. Due to beekeeping, Apis mellifera thrived and was the most active species in both environments. Further studies are needed to explore the diversity of interactions in ultramafic environments and to test whether metal and metalloid found in ultramafic substrates such as nickel may transfer to pollinators through plant rewards.
{"title":"Plant–pollinator interactions in ultramafic and non-ultramafic environments in New Caledonia","authors":"Marie Zakardjian, Prisca Mahé, B. Geslin, H. Jourdan","doi":"10.1080/23818107.2023.2204134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2023.2204134","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Edaphic conditions operate major environmental filtering on plant assemblages and their community structure. Soils derived from ultramafic outcrops (i.e. ultramafic substrates) are characterized by high concentrations of metal and metalloid and nutrient deficiencies constraining plant growth. Due to the coupled effects of edaphic conditions and climate, tropical ultramafic substrates harbour a very particular flora. New Caledonia, one of the main plant biodiversity hotspots worldwide, owes much of its exceptional biodiversity to ultramafic substrates. While the flora of the New Caledonian ultramafic substrates is well known, its pollinating fauna remains to be described. Here, we describe plant–pollinator interactions in some ultramafic and non-ultramafic environments in New Caledonia, with a particular focus on wild alien, native and domestic bees. Wild alien bees were less diverse and less present in ultramafic environments than in non-ultramafic ones; we only recorded six interactions realised by wild alien bee species in ultramafic environments. Apis mellifera was also less present in ultramafic environments. Regarding native bees, they were equally present in both environments but less diverse in non-ultramafic environments. Our results suggest that ultramafic environments may filter alien pollinators. Due to beekeeping, Apis mellifera thrived and was the most active species in both environments. Further studies are needed to explore the diversity of interactions in ultramafic environments and to test whether metal and metalloid found in ultramafic substrates such as nickel may transfer to pollinators through plant rewards.","PeriodicalId":54302,"journal":{"name":"Botany Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41996630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2023.2201323
M. Kolaksazov
ABSTRACT In the quickly developing contemporary world, as well as due to the current climatic changes and the constantly increasing human population, the main aim of the agronomists is to increase agricultural productivity. Thus, there is a need for plant breeds and cultivars being more productive and better adapted to unfavourable environmental conditions. Stress factors exert a strong negative impact on plant productivity worldwide. Since photosynthesis is the main process, supplying plants with energy and carbon for the organic molecules needed for growth, its inhibition will affect productivity at the highest level. In addition, the disturbance of the light phase of the photosynthesis, could induce oxidative stress, as a secondary effect. Therefore, the precise regulation of photosynthetic activity is essential for stress tolerance and the increase of productivity. The aim of the current article was to present ways to collect and analyse data related to the effect of the stress factors on the photosynthetic apparatus and crop productivity. For this purpose, several methods for photosynthetic analysis have been described. These methods have the advantage of being non-invasive, which greatly reduces the time and cost of the analysis and allows multiple measures to be performed without the destruction of the plant. Moreover, they are sensitive enough to show changes in physiology after brief exposure to stress. Each of these methods describe a specific stage of photosynthesis. Therefore, using them jointly can greatly increase the information they provide, showing more details of the process.
{"title":"Part 1: methods to analyse photosynthesis as the main process affecting crop productivity","authors":"M. Kolaksazov","doi":"10.1080/23818107.2023.2201323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2023.2201323","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the quickly developing contemporary world, as well as due to the current climatic changes and the constantly increasing human population, the main aim of the agronomists is to increase agricultural productivity. Thus, there is a need for plant breeds and cultivars being more productive and better adapted to unfavourable environmental conditions. Stress factors exert a strong negative impact on plant productivity worldwide. Since photosynthesis is the main process, supplying plants with energy and carbon for the organic molecules needed for growth, its inhibition will affect productivity at the highest level. In addition, the disturbance of the light phase of the photosynthesis, could induce oxidative stress, as a secondary effect. Therefore, the precise regulation of photosynthetic activity is essential for stress tolerance and the increase of productivity. The aim of the current article was to present ways to collect and analyse data related to the effect of the stress factors on the photosynthetic apparatus and crop productivity. For this purpose, several methods for photosynthetic analysis have been described. These methods have the advantage of being non-invasive, which greatly reduces the time and cost of the analysis and allows multiple measures to be performed without the destruction of the plant. Moreover, they are sensitive enough to show changes in physiology after brief exposure to stress. Each of these methods describe a specific stage of photosynthesis. Therefore, using them jointly can greatly increase the information they provide, showing more details of the process.","PeriodicalId":54302,"journal":{"name":"Botany Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49190376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2023.2197973
D. Steart, John Needham, C. Strullu‐Derrien, M. Philippe, Jonathan Krieger, Lil Stevens, Alan R. T. Spencer, Peta A. Hayes, P. Kenrick
ABSTRACT We document the habit and affinity of the most complete Mesozoic Era tree to be excavated in the UK. The fossil was found in situ in a palaeosol of the Upper Jurassic Purbeck Group of southern England (Tithonian: ca. 150–145 million years). It comprises over 100 permineralized (silicified) pieces that represent a rooted stump and fallen trunk, together weighing more than two tonnes. This exceptional specimen was excavated in a manner that retained the original associations among its parts, providing a unique insight into the overall habit and mode of growth. A laser scanning approach was used to facilitate the investigation, producing the largest 3D reconstruction of a plant fossil. Anatomical details reveal that the wood belongs to the fossil-genus Agathoxylon. Despite an estimated growth age of more than 200 years, the tree was of modest size, not greatly exceeding 12 m in height. The main trunk bifurcated, developing into a decurrent, spreading crown. Its habit differed significantly from most modern arborescent conifers, which have pole-like central trunks and narrow, conical crowns, and from known growth forms in the Cheirolepidiaceae, an important extinct group of Mesozoic conifers. These findings extend our knowledge of the growth architecture of Jurassic conifers, which were prominent and diverse elements of seasonally arid, low to mid-latitude coastal communities during the Late Mesozoic. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"New evidence of the architecture and affinity of fossil trees from the Jurassic Purbeck Forest of southern England","authors":"D. Steart, John Needham, C. Strullu‐Derrien, M. Philippe, Jonathan Krieger, Lil Stevens, Alan R. T. Spencer, Peta A. Hayes, P. Kenrick","doi":"10.1080/23818107.2023.2197973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2023.2197973","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We document the habit and affinity of the most complete Mesozoic Era tree to be excavated in the UK. The fossil was found in situ in a palaeosol of the Upper Jurassic Purbeck Group of southern England (Tithonian: ca. 150–145 million years). It comprises over 100 permineralized (silicified) pieces that represent a rooted stump and fallen trunk, together weighing more than two tonnes. This exceptional specimen was excavated in a manner that retained the original associations among its parts, providing a unique insight into the overall habit and mode of growth. A laser scanning approach was used to facilitate the investigation, producing the largest 3D reconstruction of a plant fossil. Anatomical details reveal that the wood belongs to the fossil-genus Agathoxylon. Despite an estimated growth age of more than 200 years, the tree was of modest size, not greatly exceeding 12 m in height. The main trunk bifurcated, developing into a decurrent, spreading crown. Its habit differed significantly from most modern arborescent conifers, which have pole-like central trunks and narrow, conical crowns, and from known growth forms in the Cheirolepidiaceae, an important extinct group of Mesozoic conifers. These findings extend our knowledge of the growth architecture of Jurassic conifers, which were prominent and diverse elements of seasonally arid, low to mid-latitude coastal communities during the Late Mesozoic. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":54302,"journal":{"name":"Botany Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45884548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2023.2200293
C. Strullu‐Derrien, T. Servais, P. Kenrick
Palaeobotany is the science devoted to the study of fossil plants and their evolution. Prior to the 17 century, fossils were collected as curiosities and seen as freaks of nature (lusus naturae), but during the 18 century natural historians gradually began to understand them as the remains of formerly living organisms (Andrews 1980). The foundation of the scientific discipline was established in the early 19th century by the Frenchman Adolphe Brongniart (1801–1876), the Czech Kaspar Maria von Sternberg (1761–1837), and the German Ernst Friedrich von Schlotheim (1764– 1832), who are considered to be the “fathers” of modern Palaeobotany. They were among the first to apply the binomial system to fossil plants and to write systematic treatise with detailed descriptions and illustrations (Andrews 1980; Torrens 2005). The invention of thin sections and their application to permineralized fossils in 1831 was a major early technical breakthrough (Andrews 1980), enabling microscopy and the description of anatomical features, which greatly improved our knowledge of the relationships and biology of extinct plants. Advances like these led to our understanding of the plants that gave rise to the economically important coals of the Carboniferous Period. It was also soon realised that the geographic distributions of fossil plants conveyed information about Earth history. Fossil plants were central to the formulation of the concept of Gondwana (Suess 1885) and to the recognition of climate change through geological time (Heer 1861). Palynology, on the other hand, is the science devoted to palynomorphs, a general term for entities found in palynological preparations, including pollen and spores, but also cysts or other organisms or parts of organisms. Pollen grains have been described since the 17 century (e.g. Grew 1682). Palaeopalynology was established during the 19 century, with works such as that of Reinsch (1884) who published micrographs of fossil pollen and spores from Russian coal measure. During the 20 century, palaeopalynology became extremely useful for biostratigraphy (i.e. placing rock units in stratigraphic order based on the fossils they contain), not only for the coal industry, but also for petroleum exploration (e.g. Potonie 1934; Schopf 1957). During the first half of the 20 century the fossil record continued to inform on plant evolution through the discovery of key extinct groups that bridged major living clades, notably the pteridosperms (Oliver and Scott 1904), the early land plants of the Rhynie chert (Kidston and Lang 1921), and the progymnosperms (Beck 1960). One landmark synthesis was the ambitious Traité de Paléobotanique, which was edited by Édouard Boureau (1913–1999) and published in four volumes (Boureau 1964–1975). Other innovations included the further development of pollen analysis as a tool for the study of vegetation change during the Quaternary Period (Faegri and Iversen 1950). Today, palaeobotany and palaeopalynology continu
{"title":"Insights into palaeobotany","authors":"C. Strullu‐Derrien, T. Servais, P. Kenrick","doi":"10.1080/23818107.2023.2200293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2023.2200293","url":null,"abstract":"Palaeobotany is the science devoted to the study of fossil plants and their evolution. Prior to the 17 century, fossils were collected as curiosities and seen as freaks of nature (lusus naturae), but during the 18 century natural historians gradually began to understand them as the remains of formerly living organisms (Andrews 1980). The foundation of the scientific discipline was established in the early 19th century by the Frenchman Adolphe Brongniart (1801–1876), the Czech Kaspar Maria von Sternberg (1761–1837), and the German Ernst Friedrich von Schlotheim (1764– 1832), who are considered to be the “fathers” of modern Palaeobotany. They were among the first to apply the binomial system to fossil plants and to write systematic treatise with detailed descriptions and illustrations (Andrews 1980; Torrens 2005). The invention of thin sections and their application to permineralized fossils in 1831 was a major early technical breakthrough (Andrews 1980), enabling microscopy and the description of anatomical features, which greatly improved our knowledge of the relationships and biology of extinct plants. Advances like these led to our understanding of the plants that gave rise to the economically important coals of the Carboniferous Period. It was also soon realised that the geographic distributions of fossil plants conveyed information about Earth history. Fossil plants were central to the formulation of the concept of Gondwana (Suess 1885) and to the recognition of climate change through geological time (Heer 1861). Palynology, on the other hand, is the science devoted to palynomorphs, a general term for entities found in palynological preparations, including pollen and spores, but also cysts or other organisms or parts of organisms. Pollen grains have been described since the 17 century (e.g. Grew 1682). Palaeopalynology was established during the 19 century, with works such as that of Reinsch (1884) who published micrographs of fossil pollen and spores from Russian coal measure. During the 20 century, palaeopalynology became extremely useful for biostratigraphy (i.e. placing rock units in stratigraphic order based on the fossils they contain), not only for the coal industry, but also for petroleum exploration (e.g. Potonie 1934; Schopf 1957). During the first half of the 20 century the fossil record continued to inform on plant evolution through the discovery of key extinct groups that bridged major living clades, notably the pteridosperms (Oliver and Scott 1904), the early land plants of the Rhynie chert (Kidston and Lang 1921), and the progymnosperms (Beck 1960). One landmark synthesis was the ambitious Traité de Paléobotanique, which was edited by Édouard Boureau (1913–1999) and published in four volumes (Boureau 1964–1975). Other innovations included the further development of pollen analysis as a tool for the study of vegetation change during the Quaternary Period (Faegri and Iversen 1950). Today, palaeobotany and palaeopalynology continu","PeriodicalId":54302,"journal":{"name":"Botany Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46467499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1080/23818107.2023.2192274
A. G. Damasceno, Marco Túlio Mendes Ferreira, Isadora Cardoso Soares, S. Barrios, C. D. do Valle, V. H. Techio
ABSTRACT Urochloa humidicola (Rendle) Morrone & Zuloaga is a species native to Africa that grows in tropical regions, especially in sites with temporary flooding. Despite its importance as forage crop, the karyotypic characterization of its cytotypes remains mainly unfinished, and its polyploid origin is unknown. Therefore, cytogenetic studies can provide information about the evolutionary history of species and to characterize the core and reserve collection of the germplasm banks. We performed the karyotype analyses, mapped ribosomal sites, and estimated genome size, confirming three ploidy levels (6×, 7×, and 9×) and one aneuploid accession H031 (2n = 6× = 36 + 1). Karyotypes are symmetrical and the number of 35S and 5S rDNA sites varied between the cytotypes. However, all sites were at terminal and interstitial positions in the chromosomes, respectively, except one chromosome of the aneuploid accession with interstitial colocalization. The polymorphism of the number and distribution of rDNA sites in U. humidicola was confirmed by (i) the variation between and within plants and in metaphases of the same meristem in hexaploids and heptaploids; (ii) the occurrence of rDNA sites in hemizygosis in all accessions, except heptaploids; (iii) the size heteromorphism in some ribosomal sites of homologous chromosomes. The karyotype data and the mapping of ribosomal sites corroborate the proposals of allopolyploidy in U. humidicola and the hybrid origin to the H031 accession.
{"title":"Physical mapping of ribosomal DNA sites and genome size in polyploid series of Urochloa humidicola (Rendle) Morrone & Zuloaga (Poaceae)","authors":"A. G. Damasceno, Marco Túlio Mendes Ferreira, Isadora Cardoso Soares, S. Barrios, C. D. do Valle, V. H. Techio","doi":"10.1080/23818107.2023.2192274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2023.2192274","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Urochloa humidicola (Rendle) Morrone & Zuloaga is a species native to Africa that grows in tropical regions, especially in sites with temporary flooding. Despite its importance as forage crop, the karyotypic characterization of its cytotypes remains mainly unfinished, and its polyploid origin is unknown. Therefore, cytogenetic studies can provide information about the evolutionary history of species and to characterize the core and reserve collection of the germplasm banks. We performed the karyotype analyses, mapped ribosomal sites, and estimated genome size, confirming three ploidy levels (6×, 7×, and 9×) and one aneuploid accession H031 (2n = 6× = 36 + 1). Karyotypes are symmetrical and the number of 35S and 5S rDNA sites varied between the cytotypes. However, all sites were at terminal and interstitial positions in the chromosomes, respectively, except one chromosome of the aneuploid accession with interstitial colocalization. The polymorphism of the number and distribution of rDNA sites in U. humidicola was confirmed by (i) the variation between and within plants and in metaphases of the same meristem in hexaploids and heptaploids; (ii) the occurrence of rDNA sites in hemizygosis in all accessions, except heptaploids; (iii) the size heteromorphism in some ribosomal sites of homologous chromosomes. The karyotype data and the mapping of ribosomal sites corroborate the proposals of allopolyploidy in U. humidicola and the hybrid origin to the H031 accession.","PeriodicalId":54302,"journal":{"name":"Botany Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45557920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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