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Human population density and tenebrionid richness covary in Mediterranean islands 地中海岛屿上的人口密度和拟甲虫的丰富度是共同变化的
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-02-17 DOI: 10.5194/WE-16-63-2016
S. Fattorini, G. Strona
Abstract. Human population growth is expected to drive several species to local extinction. Yet, an unexpected high biodiversity can be found even in densely populated areas. Although a positive correlation between human density and biodiversity can be explained by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, an alternative possible explanation may come from the tendency of human settlements to be located in sites whose environmental conditions are particularly favourable also for many other animal species. To investigate this hypothesis, we studied the relationships between human population density and species richness of native tenebrionid beetles in small Italian islands. We used partial regression analysis to assess the individual contribution of island area (to account for the species–area relationship), elevation (used as a proxy of environmental diversity), and human density to species richness. We found that tenebrionid diversity increased with human population density even after controlling for area and elevation. This may suggest that islands that were (and are) more hospitable to humans are also those which can be more favourable for tenebrionids.
摘要预计人口增长将导致一些物种在当地灭绝。然而,即使在人口密集的地区,也可以发现意想不到的高生物多样性。虽然人口密度与生物多样性之间的正相关关系可以用中间干扰假说来解释,但另一种可能的解释可能来自于人类住区往往位于环境条件对许多其他动物物种特别有利的地点。为了验证这一假设,我们研究了意大利小岛上的土著拟甲虫种群密度与物种丰富度之间的关系。我们使用部分回归分析来评估岛屿面积(考虑物种-面积关系)、海拔(用作环境多样性的代理)和人类密度对物种丰富度的个体贡献。在控制面积和海拔后,拟黄蜂的多样性随人口密度的增加而增加。这可能表明,过去(和现在)更适合人类居住的岛屿,也可能更适合拟黄虫的生存。
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引用次数: 1
Vulnerability, resilience, hazard, risk, damage, and loss: a socio-ecological framework for natural disaster analysis 脆弱性、恢复力、危害、风险、损害和损失:自然灾害分析的社会生态框架
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-02-17 DOI: 10.5194/WE-16-59-2016
M. Modica, Roberto Zoboli
Abstract. Evaluating socio-economic losses due to natural disasters is a challenging task because of the combined complexity of the social and ecological systems affected. However, also under pressure from the expected effects of climate change, evaluating the socio-economic costs of natural catastrophes has become a vital need for policy makers, urban planners, and private agents (such as insurance companies and banks). This paper suggests a general framework encompassing all the important concepts which should be taken into account by the above agents in the assessment of natural disasters. In particular, we propose a simple and consistent set of relationships among vulnerability, resilience, hazard, risk, damage, and loss which can guide socio-economic assessment.
摘要由于受影响的社会和生态系统的复杂性,评估自然灾害造成的社会经济损失是一项具有挑战性的任务。然而,同样在气候变化预期影响的压力下,评估自然灾害的社会经济成本已成为决策者、城市规划者和私人代理人(如保险公司和银行)的重要需求。本文提出了一个包括上述机构在评估自然灾害时应考虑到的所有重要概念的一般框架。特别是,我们提出了一套简单而一致的脆弱性、恢复力、危害、风险、损害和损失之间的关系,可以指导社会经济评估。
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引用次数: 36
Impacts of land-use intensification on litter decomposition in western Kenya 肯尼亚西部土地利用集约化对凋落物分解的影响
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-02-11 DOI: 10.5194/WE-16-51-2016
G. Kagezi, M. Kaib, P. Nyeko, C. Bakuneeta, M. Schädler, J. Stadler, R. Brandl
Abstract. Tropical forests are faced with a substantial loss of forest cover due to human activities. The various forms of land use influence habitat structure, microclimate, and co-occurring species, with possible effects on ecosystem processes. The forests of western Kenya are the most eastern parts of the Congolian rainforests. Due to the high human population density only few remnants of these rainforests remained. Even protected areas are influenced by human disturbances, with unknown effects on ecosystem processes. Therefore, we quantified the mass loss of leaf litter with and without access of soil invertebrates within forest fragments and sites affected by increasing levels of agricultural land-use intensity in the Kakamega area (western Kenya; 1500 m a.s.l.). Mass loss of litter as an estimate of decomposition rate increased with rainfall during the annual cycle. Furthermore, mass loss increased with the area of forest fragments and decreased with land-use intensification. We found that soil invertebrates had only small effects on mass loss (
摘要由于人类活动,热带森林面临着森林覆盖的大量损失。不同形式的土地利用影响生境结构、小气候和共生物种,并可能对生态系统过程产生影响。肯尼亚西部的森林是刚果雨林最东部的部分。由于人口密度高,这些热带雨林只剩下很少的遗迹。即使是保护区也受到人类干扰的影响,对生态系统过程的影响是未知的。因此,我们量化了Kakamega地区(肯尼亚西部;海拔1500米)。在年循环中,凋落物的质量损失作为分解率的估计值随着降雨量的增加而增加。质量损失随森林破碎片面积增加而增加,随土地利用集约化而减少。我们发现土壤无脊椎动物对质量损失的影响很小(
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引用次数: 9
Insects and the city: what island biogeography tells us about insect conservation in urban areas 昆虫与城市:岛屿生物地理学告诉我们城市地区的昆虫保护
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-02-09 DOI: 10.5194/WE-16-41-2016
S. Fattorini
Abstract. Habitat fragmentation caused by urbanization is considered a prominent threat to biodiversity. Urban development creates a mosaic of natural fragments which can be occupied by organisms able to survive in small spaces. These fragments are a set of habitat islands separated by less suitable non-native habitats. Because of their isolation, communities of urban green spaces can be investigated using hypotheses developed in island biogeography. The "equilibrium theory of island biogeography" (ETIB) allows the formulation of some predictions about how various characteristics of green spaces (such as their area, shape, level of isolation, environmental heterogeneity, age) should influence species richness. Many studies found support for ETIB predictions, but results varied considerably according to the species' sensitivity to patch size, matrix characteristics, and history of the city. In some cases ETIB predictions were falsified. These contrasting results warn against making generalizations on conservation strategies only based on ETIB models. On the other hand, the ETIB may represent a useful framework for urban conservation, especially for small animals like insects, if the roles of other factors, such as the surrounding landscape, the specific needs of the species under study, and the history of the urbanization process, are taken into account.
摘要城市化导致的生境破碎化被认为是对生物多样性的一个突出威胁。城市发展创造了自然碎片的马赛克,这些碎片可以被能够在小空间中生存的生物所占据。这些碎片是一组栖息地岛屿,由不太合适的非本地栖息地隔开。由于它们的孤立性,城市绿地社区可以使用岛屿生物地理学中提出的假设进行调查。“岛屿生物地理学平衡理论”(ETIB)允许对绿地的各种特征(如面积、形状、隔离程度、环境异质性、年龄)如何影响物种丰富度进行一些预测。许多研究发现了对ETIB预测的支持,但结果因物种对斑块大小、基质特征和城市历史的敏感性而有很大差异。在某些情况下,ETIB预测被伪造。这些对比结果提醒我们不要仅仅基于ETIB模型来推广保护策略。另一方面,如果考虑到其他因素的作用,如周围景观、被研究物种的特定需求和城市化进程的历史,ETIB可能代表一个有用的城市保护框架,特别是对昆虫等小动物。
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引用次数: 10
Using niche models of indicator species to predict the distribution of xerophytic shrub dune communities 利用指示种生态位模型预测旱生灌木沙丘群落分布
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-02-09 DOI: 10.5194/WE-16-47-2016
Rosa M. Chefaoui, S. Chozas, O. Correia, Ana M. C. Santos, J. Hortal
Abstract. Dune plant assemblages are affected by severe conditions, which makes them excellent models for studying the effects of species interactions and environmental conditions on community structure. We evaluate the relationship between the structure of dune communities, local environmental conditions and the suitability of climatic conditions for their characteristic species. Using data from an extensive survey of xerophytic inland sand dune scrub communities from Portugal – one of the most threatened habitat types of Europe – we identify the main gradients of vegetation composition, the different types of communities and their indicator shrub species. Then, we model the geographical responses of these species to the environment. Soil organic matter, isothermality and the habitat suitability for Stauracanthus genistoides defined the distribution of three shrub communities in the study area.
摘要沙丘植物群落受恶劣环境的影响,是研究物种相互作用和环境条件对群落结构影响的良好模型。我们评估了沙丘群落结构与当地环境条件和气候条件对其特征物种的适宜性之间的关系。利用对葡萄牙内陆旱生沙丘灌丛群落(欧洲最受威胁的栖息地类型之一)的广泛调查数据,我们确定了植被组成的主要梯度,不同类型的群落及其指示灌木物种。然后,我们建立了这些物种对环境的地理响应模型。土壤有机质、等温线和生境适宜性决定了研究区三种灌木群落的分布。
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引用次数: 3
Potential climate-induced distributions of Lophodermium needle cast across central Siberia in the 21 century 21世纪西伯利亚中部地区可能的气候影响下的针状Lophodermium分布
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-02-04 DOI: 10.5194/WE-16-37-2016
N. Tchebakova, N. A. Kuzmina, E. Parfenova, V. Senashova, S. R. Kuzmin
Abstract. Needle cast caused by fungi of the genus Lophodermium Chevall. is a common disease in pine trees in Siberia. Regression analyses relating needle cast events to climatic variables in 1997–2010 showed that the disease depended most on precipitation of two successive years. Temperature conditions were important to trigger the disease in wetter years. We used our regional bioclimatic envelope model and IPCC scenarios to model the needle cast distribution and its outbreaks in the 21st century. In a warming climate, the needle cast range would shift northwards. By 2020, needle cast outbreaks would already have damaged the largest forest areas. But outbreak areas would decrease by 2080 because the ranges of modeled pathogen and Scots pine, the disease host, would separate: the host tree progression would be halted by the slower permafrost retreat, which would in turn halt the potential pathogen progression.
摘要针状铸造是由一种真菌引起的。是西伯利亚松树的常见病。1997-2010年投针事件与气候变量的回归分析表明,该疾病最依赖于连续两年的降水。在潮湿的年份,温度条件是引发该病的重要因素。我们使用我们的区域生物气候包络模型和IPCC情景来模拟21世纪的针投分布及其爆发。在气候变暖的情况下,针投范围会向北移动。到2020年,针铸的爆发将已经破坏了最大的森林地区。但到2080年,爆发区域将会减少,因为模拟病原体和疾病宿主苏格兰松的范围将会分离:宿主树的进化将被永久冻土的缓慢消退所阻止,这反过来又会阻止潜在病原体的进化。
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引用次数: 3
Using fish assemblage to identify success criteria for seagrass habitat restoration 利用鱼类组合确定海草生境恢复的成功标准
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-02-04 DOI: 10.5194/WE-16-33-2016
L. Scapin, M. Zucchetta, C. Facca, A. Sfriso, P. Franzoi
A fish-based multimetric index was applied to assess the ecological status of fish fauna in both natural and newly restored seagrass meadows in the Venice lagoon (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy), using natural habitats as reference sites. Fish assemblages were then compared, and community attributes of recreated and natural habitats were evaluated. Ecological status resulted higher in natural meadows, and a multivariate analysis showed that an increase in the relative proportion of seagrass specialists at restored sites could represent an indicator of success of seagrass restoration.
以意大利北部亚得里亚海的威尼斯泻湖的天然和新恢复的海草草甸为参考点,采用以鱼类为基础的多指标指数,对其鱼类区系的生态状况进行了评价。然后比较了鱼类组合,并评估了重建栖息地和自然栖息地的群落属性。多因素分析表明,恢复地点海草专家相对比例的增加可以作为海草恢复成功的一个指标。
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引用次数: 13
Incorporating natural and human factors in habitat modelling and spatial prioritisation for the Lynx lynx martinoi 将自然和人为因素纳入猞猁栖息地建模和空间优先排序
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-02-02 DOI: 10.5194/WE-16-17-2016
K. Laze, A. Gordon
Abstract. Countries in south-eastern Europe are cooperating to conserve a sub-endemic lynx species, Lynx lynx martinoi. Yet, the planning of species conservation should go hand-in-hand with the planning and management of (new) protected areas. Lynx lynx martinoi has a small, fragmented distribution with a small total population size and an endangered population. This study combines species distribution modelling with spatial prioritisation techniques to identify conservation areas for Lynx lynx martinoi. The aim was to determine locations of high probability of occurrence for the lynx, to potentially increase current protected areas by 20 % in Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Kosovo. The species distribution modelling used generalised linear models with lynx occurrence and pseudo-absence data. Two models were developed and fitted using the lynx data: one based on natural factors, and the second based on factors associated with human disturbance. The Zonation conservation planning software was then used to undertake spatial prioritisations of the landscape using the first model composed of natural factors as a biological feature, and (inverted) a second model composed of anthropological factors such as a cost layer. The first model included environmental factors as elevation, terrain ruggedness index, woodland and shrub land, and food factor as chamois prey (occurrences) and had a prediction accuracy of 82 %. Second model included anthropological factors as agricultural land and had a prediction accuracy of 65 %. Prioritised areas for extending protected areas for lynx conservation were found primarily in the Albania–Macedonia–Kosovo and Montenegro–Albania–Kosovo cross-border areas. We show how natural and human factors can be incorporated into spatially prioritising conservation areas on a landscape level. Our results show the importance of expanding the existing protected areas in cross-border areas of core lynx habitat. The priority of these cross-border areas highlight the importance international cooperation can play in designing and implementing a coherent and long-term conservation plan including a species conservation plan to securing the future of the lynx.
摘要东南欧国家正在合作保护一种亚地方性的猞猁物种,猞猁。然而,物种保护的规划应与(新)保护区的规划和管理齐头并进。猞猁的分布范围小,分散,种群规模小,濒临灭绝。本研究将物种分布模型与空间优先排序技术相结合,以确定猞猁的保护区。其目的是确定猞猁高概率出现的地点,以潜在地将目前在阿尔巴尼亚、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、黑山和科索沃的保护区增加20% %。物种分布模型采用广义线性模型,结合猞猁的出现和伪缺失数据。利用山猫数据建立并拟合了两个模型:一个基于自然因素,另一个基于与人为干扰相关的因素。然后使用分区保护规划软件进行景观的空间优先排序,使用第一个模型由自然因素作为生物特征组成,(反向)第二个模型由人类学因素组成,如成本层。第一个模型包括环境因子如海拔、地形崎岖指数、林地和灌木地,食物因子如羚羊猎物(发生),预测精度为82% %。第二个模型将人类学因素作为农业用地,预测精度为65 %。扩大猞猁保护区的优先区域主要在阿尔巴尼亚-马其顿-科索沃和黑山-阿尔巴尼亚-科索沃边境地区。我们展示了自然和人为因素如何在景观层面上纳入保护区的空间优先级。我们的研究结果表明,在山猫核心栖息地的跨境区域扩大现有保护区的重要性。这些跨境区域的优先事项突出了国际合作在设计和实施连贯和长期保护计划方面的重要性,包括物种保护计划,以确保猞猁的未来。
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引用次数: 5
Protected areas network and conservation efforts concerning threatened amphibians in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest 关于巴西大西洋森林中受威胁两栖动物的保护区网络和保护工作
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-02-01 DOI: 10.5194/WE-16-9-2016
F. Campos, G. Llorente, L. Rincón, Ricardo Lourenço-de-Moraes, M. Solé
Abstract. One of the most common conservation strategies used to preserve threatened species is the establishment of protected areas (PAs), providing a maximum representation of biodiversity with the smallest possible cost. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the 35 global biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities, having high rate of habitat loss, which is one of the main factors driving threatened amphibians to extinction. Considering that amphibians are the vertebrate group with the largest number of species geographically excluded from global PAs, gap analysis was employed to evaluate whether or not the PAs of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest safeguard the threatened amphibian species in this region. Species status were compared through the official list of threatened species of the Brazilian Fauna and occurrence maps were obtained from the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List database. Thirty-eight threatened amphibian species were found, accounting for 17 critically endangered (CR), 10 endangered (EN), and 11 vulnerable (VU). The PAs distributed in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest corresponds to only 9 % of the region's entire area. This protected network covers only 30 % of the total geographical range of the assessed species. Besides, a shift in Brazil's environmental policy has led to PAs downgrading. Therefore, the maintenance of PAs integrity is essential, as well as further investment is necessary for the creation of new reserves, avoiding species loss and reducing the extinction risk of the threatened amphibian species in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
摘要保护濒危物种最常用的保护策略之一是建立保护区,以尽可能小的成本提供最大限度的生物多样性。巴西大西洋森林是全球35个生物多样性保护重点热点之一,栖息地丧失率高,这是导致濒危两栖动物灭绝的主要因素之一。考虑到两栖动物是地理上被排除在全球保护区之外的物种数量最多的脊椎动物类群,本文采用gap分析法来评估巴西大西洋森林保护区是否保护了该地区的两栖动物濒危物种。物种状况通过巴西动物的官方濒危物种名录进行比较,并从IUCN(国际自然保护联盟)红色名录数据库中获得发生图。发现濒危两栖动物38种,其中重度濒危(CR) 17种,濒危(EN) 10种,易危(VU) 11种。分布在巴西大西洋森林的保护区仅占该地区总面积的9% %。这个受保护的网络只覆盖了被评估物种总地理范围的30% %。此外,巴西环境政策的转变也导致了信用评级的下调。因此,维护保护区的完整性至关重要,进一步的投资对于建立新的保护区是必要的,避免物种损失,减少巴西大西洋森林中受威胁的两栖动物物种的灭绝风险。
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引用次数: 3
Relations between environmental gradients and diversity indices of benthic invertebrates in lotic systems of northern Italy 意大利北部生态系统底栖无脊椎动物多样性指数与环境梯度的关系
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-02-01 DOI: 10.5194/WE-16-13-2016
V. Aschonitis, G. Castaldelli, E. Fano
Abstract. The relations between environmental gradients, as measured by 19 independent variables, and traditional diversity indices (taxonomic richness, diversity and evenness) of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the lotic systems of northern Italy were analyzed. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to describe the response of taxa to environmental gradients. Diversity indices were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLMs) with explanatory variables the first two major RDA axes. The results from RDA showed that taxa variance is mostly explained by altitude/latitude and combined pollution gradients. Taxonomic richness and diversity was higher in the low polluted upland sites (LPUs) in comparison to high polluted lowland sites (HPLs), suggesting that headwater streams have higher taxonomic richness than downstream reaches. On the other hand, evenness was lower in LPUs, probably due to the dominance of some taxa (e.g., Plecoptera) that are more tolerant of colder conditions.
摘要分析了意大利北部生态系统中19个自变量测量的环境梯度与底栖大型无脊椎动物群落的传统多样性指数(分类丰富度、多样性和均匀度)之间的关系。采用冗余分析(RDA)来描述分类群对环境梯度的响应。采用广义线性模型(GLMs)对多样性指数进行分析,解释变量为前两个主要RDA轴。RDA分析结果表明,海拔/纬度和综合污染梯度是解释类群变异的主要因素。低污染高地站点(lpu)的分类丰富度和多样性高于高污染低地站点(HPLs),表明源流比下游具有更高的分类丰富度。另一方面,lpu的均匀度较低,可能是由于某些类群(如Plecoptera)对寒冷环境的耐受性更强。
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引用次数: 1
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Web Ecology
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