Tropical Ecology最新文献

Coffee is a crucial crop for the economy of several countries. It contributes substantially to the livelihoods of millions of small producers worldwide. Coffea canephora represents 40% of the world's production of beans. Coffea canephora is a perennial crop, it is sensitive to climate, and several production areas in Brazil may become unfit for C. canephora cultivation due to expected climate change. Thus, knowledge of the temporal dynamics of favorable climate conditions for C. canephora in Brazil is necessary. This work aims to elaborate the CLIMEX model to predict the climatic suitability for C. canephora in Brazil in the current climate and front of climate changes for 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2100. The model shows a good agreement between the density and the growth rate of the species, which indicates significant reliability of the results in the proposed model. Our modeling results show that there has been a reduction in the areas very favorable to C. Canephora over the years, in the North, Southeast, and the entire east coast of the Northeast regions. Compared to the current scenario, the model projection reduces by 49, 73, 82, and 88% in 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2100, respectively. The results may help long-term planning strategies to mitigate the economic effects of the climate change scenario on C. canephora production in Brazil.

Graphical Abstract

Association of agriculture with climate change is widely established. Soil constituents and soil salinity along with the amendments for soil improvement are the key contributors in affecting this association. The present study targets the above issue to find the best management practice in terms of reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Indo-Gangetic plain of Uttar Pradesh. The six sites selected for the study varied in salinity level and followed different management practices of organic and inorganic amendments. Emissions of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O from soil were measured at different stages of rice and wheat/ mustard/ fallow systems. The findings revealed that soil salinity, crop type and organic/ inorganic amendments differently affected the emission as the fluxes of GHGs varied at different stages of crop growth cycle at different sites. Salinity induced variations generally tended to reduce the CH₄ emission while increased the emission of CO₂ and N₂O, whereas organic matter amendment increased CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes in comparison to inorganic fertilizer application at the studied sites. The site with rice-mustard cropping exhibited the highest CO₂ and N₂O fluxes, measuring 3645 and 1.9 mg m^− 2 h^− 1, respectively. Conversely, the highest CH₄ flux of 0.873 mg m^− 2 h^− 1 was recorded at the saline rice-wheat cropping site. Electrical conductivity, moisture content, soil temperature and total organic carbon acted as major explanatory factors for soil emission of all the GHGs. Further exploration and experimentation are suggested with the use of different amendments to reduce GHG emissions in rice-wheat system, for greater sustainability potential. This ongoing research is vital for optimizing agricultural practices and enhancing their long-term environmental viability.

Floodplains have a high diversity of aquatic environments, including temporary lakes that constantly suffer from drought events. To survive in these conditions, several groups of organisms, among them ciliate protists, have developed strategies to avoid dehydration, such as resistance cysts. Sediment samples were collected from the central region of the lake during a drought event. The sediments were dried in an oven and stored. For the experiment, the sediment was rehydrated with water and kept in an incubation chamber. Samples from 6 microcosms were taken every seven days for 9 weeks. The frequency of each ciliate species hatching from resting structures was calculated using the constancy index, with morphospecies classified as constant, accessory, or rare. A total of 82 ciliates morphospecies were recorded, of which four were constant, three accessory, and 75 rare. The Oxytrichidae and Euplotidae families showed the highest morphospecies richness, among which only 16 morphospecies were already recorded in the literature as producing cysts. Although no significant temporal difference was observed for the difference in the hatching of morphospecies over time. The morphospecies increment curve showed an increasing trend during the experiment. Finally, based on predicted climate change projections, temporary environments may experience longer and more frequent periods of drought, thus ciliate morphospecies that are able to remain in a form of resistance for a long period will outperform those that are more sensitive or lack this type of functional trait.

The rapid expansion of agriculture in the Souss Massa region has been accompanied by a significant increase in pesticide usage to protect and increase crop yields. Unfortunately, these pesticides leave behind residues that can have detrimental effects on both human health and the environment. To investigate the impact of pesticide contamination on the coasts of Agadir Bay, our study focuses on the bivalve Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) as a biomonitoring sentinel species. Between autumn 2009 and summer 2010, we conducted measurements of pesticide residue concentrations and assessed two biomarkers of pollution the Glutathion-S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the soft tissues of P. perna. These bivalves were seasonally collected from two different locations along the Agadir Bay coast. The results revealed that Glutathion-S-transferase and acetylcholinesterase showed seasonal variations, likely influenced by the species' reproductive cycle. In terms of pesticide concentrations, the levels of organochlorines were found to range from 13.40 to 109.76 ng g⁻¹ of dry weight (dw) for Dichlofluanide, not-detected (ND) to 38.66 ng g⁻¹ dw for Endosulfan S, ND to 15.76 ng g⁻¹ dw for Lindane, ND to 33.66 ng g⁻¹ dw for Fenarimol, and 0.26–35.02 ng g⁻¹ dw for Buperimate. It should be noted that these levels of pesticide contamination are relatively low compared to values reported in similar studies conducted in other regions of the world. The contamination of Agadir Bay by pesticides can be attributed to their extensive use in agricultural practices in the Souss Massa region.

With the rapid development of urbanization level, the continuous expansion of urban areas and unreasonable planning have taken place in the underlying surface of the city. River and lake water systems, wetlands and green land have been occupied, and the impervious area has increased, which has destroyed the hydrological cycle of the city, leading to a series of urban water problems. The construction of a sponge city is an important measure for similar problems. Aquatic plants are the most important part of water ecological restoration technology. Their developed roots can absorb nutrients in the water. Moreover, using aquatic plants as the main body of water for ecological restoration can not only control the eutrophication of water, but also have a good landscape effect, and will not cause secondary pollution. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the problem of improving the sponge city environment by aquatic plants based on ecological restoration theory and analyze the problems and solutions in the process of sponge city environmental protection construction. In this paper, the research method of specific analysis was used to compare the data to achieve a conclusion. The results showed that the development mode of sponge construction in practical cities will effectively reduce surface runoff by 15% and rainfall and flood by 21%. It can also solve the problems of urban waterlogging, water ecosystem restoration and heat island effect mitigation. Therefore, it was of great significance to study the ecological mode of rainwater utilization in the construction of a sponge city, analyze the collection ways and different application modes, to relieve the pressure of urban water resources and promote the efficient and comprehensive utilization of water resources in China.

The adaptation measures in the forestry sector are essential to mitigate climate change and to support sustainable development. Reducing emissions through improved forest management is a critical approach for climate change adaptation. Several previous investigations have estimated carbon stock for forest ecosystems. However, the drivers of this function are less understood, especially in the tropical context. Hence, this investigation intended to explore the factors affecting the carbon stock potential of dry Afromontane forest in southern Ethiopia. Employing a systematic sampling system, ten transects were laid out with 125-m intervals along the altitudinal gradient. The main plots (size 20 m × 20 m each and two subplots (each: 10 m × 10 m) were laid out in the opposite corner of the main plots and in total 46 main plots and 92 subplots were used for vegetation and dead wood data collection respectively. The plots were arranged on transects at 125 m interval to measure trees and shrubs, respectively. Moreover, a total of 230 sub-sub plots (1 m × 1 m) were arranged at the four corners and in the center of the main plots to collect herbs and litters for the assessment of non-woody carbon stocks. The altitude and topographic aspects of the sample plots were recorded using Garmin GPS and Silva compass, respectively. The carbon stock was calculated using allometric equations developed for the estimation of dry Afromontane forest carbon stocks. The effect of species type, altitude, and topographic aspects on above-ground and below-ground carbon stock was analyzed by using one-way ANOVA. The results revealed that the total above-ground and belowground carbon stock of dry Afromontane forest is 1943.2 tons/ha. The carbon stock of woody species stock increased with increasing altitudinal gradient but opposite trend was found for non-woody species. Moreover, the carbon stock of both woody and non-woody species significantly varied among topographic aspects and plant family types. The carbon stock was higher for Cupressaceae (811.5 tons/ha) followed by Podocarpaceae (630.9 tons/ha). The highest carbon stock of woody biomass was recorded in the southwest aspect (663.30 tones/ha), and the lowest carbon (141.8 tons/ha) was recorded in the northwest topographic aspect. In conclusion, the environmental and vegetation structure need to be considered in devising forest conservation strategy for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Abstract

Land use and climate change studies have emerged as a critical component of current natural resource management and environmental monitoring strategies. Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) have proven to be instrumental in assessing and analysing changes in land use and land cover (LULC) and understanding the climate dynamics. In this study, a decadal analysis of annual maximum rainfall, LULC changes, and in turn, design runoff, is carried out to investigate the impact of the above factors on extreme events in the tropical basins of India. To this end, daily rainfall data from the year 1980 to 2019, LULC maps of 1985, 1995, 2005, and 2015 for four catchments of Mahanadi Basin and six catchments of Godavari Basin are utilized to estimate 50-year, 100-year and 200-year design rainfall, and in turn, design runoff, from four different decades, viz, 1980–89, 1990–99, 2000–09 and 2010–19. The design rainfall is estimated after fitting suitable distributions on the respective decadal rainfall series while the design runoff is estimated using the popular Natural Resources Conservation Service-Curve Number (NRCS-CN) method. Results showed that the decadal mean of annual maximum rainfall series increased from 1980–89 to 1990–99 and from 1990–99 to 2000–09 in seven out of ten catchments but declined in most catchments from the period 2000–09 to 2010–19, which indicates the dynamic nature of rainfall patterns over the tropical basins and highlights the importance of considering climate dynamics for hydrologic design purposes. Also, an increase in CN values from 1985 to 2015 in most of the catchments is mainly due to increased urbanization and reduced forest lands. This indicates intensification of runoff potential, which may lead to increased flood risk, soil erosion, and water quality degradation. The inferences from the study will aid policymakers in designing appropriate policies like sustainable land use practices, rainwater harvesting, and afforestation to ensure the well-being of communities in the face of changing climate and land use.

Abstract

Gunung (Mount) Talang is an active volcano in West Sumatra that has a number of Nepenthes species, including the endemic N. talangensis, but their ecology has been little been studied. This study found five species of Nepenthes growing in the protected forest area of Gunung Talang, namely N. bongso, N. inermis, N. pectinata, N. spathulata and N. talangensis. The population of N. talangensis is very small (23 individuals) and it grows sympatrically with N. bongso and N. inermis forming natural hybrids. Lithocarpus conocarpus, Camellia lanceolata, Syzygium acuminatissimum, Adinandra dumosa and Dehaasia sp. are the five most dominant tree species found in the Nepenthes habitat, while L. conocarpus and Podocarpus neriifolius had strong positive associations with N. talangensis. Growth rates of the five Nepenthes species were not significantly different, neither were foliar nitrogen (mean = 1.14%) or phosphorus concentrations (mean = 0.11%). We suggest that N. talangensis should be considered as Critically Endangered and outline some possible conservation actions.

In the context of the preservation of the environment and the sustainable management of the resources, States have made commitments more and more difficult to hold. In Cameroon in particular, the permanent forest domain is undergoing the onslaught of riparian populations in search of well-being. They are illegally exploiting wood, clearing for farming, hunting and fishing taking advantage of authorities’ failure who are unable to monitor conservation projects. The forest reserve of Ottotomo assigned to the production of timber for one part and nature conservation for the other has been successively managed by several institutions. The transition breaks between these funding institutions favours looting. Field surveys and satellite image (Landsat) processing are used to assess the dynamics that this reserve has undergone since 2002 marking the end of field surveillance activities. The lack of clarification of the property of the State which has not obtained the approval of the population to decide the protection of this space prevents a synergy of actions for the conservation project. More than half part of the reserve’s forest cover has been lost in the last 30 years. The example of the Ottotomo reserve reflects the damage and threats suffered by protected areas in Cameroon, especially in areas submitted to urban influences. It is now necessary to reorient the management policies of Cameroon’s permanent forest estate by extracting them from the field of the commons which promotes their rapid looting. The benefits of monetizing ecosystem services would greatly help.