Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801560
Sebastian M. E. Mortimer, James D. Boyko, J. Beaulieu, David C. Tank
Abstract To date, no comprehensive phylogenetic analyses have been conducted in Orobanchaceae that include both a wide sampling of genera and a large sampling of species. In addition, a lack of fossil evidence in the clade precludes the use of primary fossil calibrations for divergence time estimation, preventing the establishment of a comprehensive temporal framework for use in macroevolutionary studies. Here, we use a recently developed set of tools for synthesizing publicly available data, apply these to reconstruct a comprehensive timetree for Orobanchaceae, and then investigate diversification dynamics in this clade of mostly parasitic plants using two model based methods. The assembled supermatrix included more than 900 species, representing approximately 40% of the known species diversity of the family, and the resulting phylogeny largely confirmed relationships revealed in earlier studies; however, we identified ten non-monophyletic genera that will require focused systematic attention to resolve. Diversification rate analyses found substantial support for character-dependent diversification, with elevated rates in hemiparasitic clades, and evidence for a number of speciation rate changes throughout the tree that are likely linked to other traits. Importantly, our multi-state HiSSE (Hidden State Speciation and Extinction) analysis revealed that transitions to a parasitic lifestyle only occur when there is a prior transition in an unobserved precursor state. For Orobanchaceae, our study provides a new comprehensive framework for the clade that can serve as a stepping-stone for future macroevolutionary studies.
{"title":"Synthesizing Existing Phylogenetic Data to Advance Phylogenetic Research in Orobanchaceae","authors":"Sebastian M. E. Mortimer, James D. Boyko, J. Beaulieu, David C. Tank","doi":"10.1600/036364422X16512564801560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512564801560","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To date, no comprehensive phylogenetic analyses have been conducted in Orobanchaceae that include both a wide sampling of genera and a large sampling of species. In addition, a lack of fossil evidence in the clade precludes the use of primary fossil calibrations for divergence time estimation, preventing the establishment of a comprehensive temporal framework for use in macroevolutionary studies. Here, we use a recently developed set of tools for synthesizing publicly available data, apply these to reconstruct a comprehensive timetree for Orobanchaceae, and then investigate diversification dynamics in this clade of mostly parasitic plants using two model based methods. The assembled supermatrix included more than 900 species, representing approximately 40% of the known species diversity of the family, and the resulting phylogeny largely confirmed relationships revealed in earlier studies; however, we identified ten non-monophyletic genera that will require focused systematic attention to resolve. Diversification rate analyses found substantial support for character-dependent diversification, with elevated rates in hemiparasitic clades, and evidence for a number of speciation rate changes throughout the tree that are likely linked to other traits. Importantly, our multi-state HiSSE (Hidden State Speciation and Extinction) analysis revealed that transitions to a parasitic lifestyle only occur when there is a prior transition in an unobserved precursor state. For Orobanchaceae, our study provides a new comprehensive framework for the clade that can serve as a stepping-stone for future macroevolutionary studies.","PeriodicalId":54438,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42096474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801696
D. R. Couto, I. M. Kessous, Beatriz Neves, Bruno PAIXÃO-SOUZA, C. Faria, M. H. Barfuss, F. Salgueiro, Bárbara de Sá-Haiad, A. F. da Costa
Abstract The genus Stigmatodon occurs in vertical and bare granite slopes, typical of the inselbergs of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Here, we present the first broad phylogenetic analysis focused on Stigmatodon, sampling a total of 83 terminals, including 16 of the 20 species of the genus and the morphologically similar species of Vriesea. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis using two plastid markers (matK and rps16-trnK) and the nuclear gene PHYC to infer phylogenetic relationships and reconstruct ancestral states for ecological and morphological characters. Our results suggest the monophyly of Stigmatodon as originally circumscribed is only possible with the inclusion of morphologically and ecologically similar Vriesea species. In addition, the morphological and anatomical traits led us to propose a new circumscription for the genus, combining eight species of Vriesea to Stigmatodon as S. andaraiensis, S. freicanecanus, S. lancifolius, S. limae, S. oliganthus, S. pseudoliganthus, S. vellozicolus, and S. zonatus. The stomata positioned above the ordinary epidermal cells, the adaxial water-storage parenchyma with axially elongated cells, the stamens positioned in two groups of three on each side of the corolla, and the tubo-laciniate stigma are exclusive to Stigmatodon in its new circumscription. These new morphological and phylogenetic results constitute a relevant contribution to the taxonomy and evolution of Bromeliaceae, one of the most diverse and ecologically important families of flowering plants of the Neotropics.
{"title":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Trait Evolution in Stigmatodon (Bromeliaceae, Tillandsioideae), an Endemic Genus to Brazilian Rocky Outcrops","authors":"D. R. Couto, I. M. Kessous, Beatriz Neves, Bruno PAIXÃO-SOUZA, C. Faria, M. H. Barfuss, F. Salgueiro, Bárbara de Sá-Haiad, A. F. da Costa","doi":"10.1600/036364422X16512564801696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512564801696","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The genus Stigmatodon occurs in vertical and bare granite slopes, typical of the inselbergs of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Here, we present the first broad phylogenetic analysis focused on Stigmatodon, sampling a total of 83 terminals, including 16 of the 20 species of the genus and the morphologically similar species of Vriesea. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis using two plastid markers (matK and rps16-trnK) and the nuclear gene PHYC to infer phylogenetic relationships and reconstruct ancestral states for ecological and morphological characters. Our results suggest the monophyly of Stigmatodon as originally circumscribed is only possible with the inclusion of morphologically and ecologically similar Vriesea species. In addition, the morphological and anatomical traits led us to propose a new circumscription for the genus, combining eight species of Vriesea to Stigmatodon as S. andaraiensis, S. freicanecanus, S. lancifolius, S. limae, S. oliganthus, S. pseudoliganthus, S. vellozicolus, and S. zonatus. The stomata positioned above the ordinary epidermal cells, the adaxial water-storage parenchyma with axially elongated cells, the stamens positioned in two groups of three on each side of the corolla, and the tubo-laciniate stigma are exclusive to Stigmatodon in its new circumscription. These new morphological and phylogenetic results constitute a relevant contribution to the taxonomy and evolution of Bromeliaceae, one of the most diverse and ecologically important families of flowering plants of the Neotropics.","PeriodicalId":54438,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47661666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801650
B. W. Robart, Carol Opferman, Lynette Connacher, A. Elangovan, Noah Noel, Joseph Sclesky, Luis A. Bonachea, Hannah Robart
Abstract Pedicularis sudetica can be a difficult complex to identify and classify using herbarium specimens. Colors fade, rendering corolla patterns indistinct. Especially problematic is the presence of spots on the lobes of the lower lip and color patterns of the galea. Spots are either clearly visible or so faded that only a few spots are visible on one or two flowers in the inflorescence. Galeas are either unequivocally bicolored, solid, or indistinctly diffuse. Other characters have been inconsistently applied by taxonomists and/or are difficult to discern. All these factors combined only serve to confound taxon identity and classification, and members of the complex have been classified as species, subspecies, or even varieties by different taxonomists. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) of qualitative traits and principal component analysis (PCA) of quantitative traits were employed to explore the character and taxonomic structure of the group. MCA revealed that only three characters are necessary to classify the four taxa of the complex. No taxon structure was evident with PCA. Abundance of intermediate specimens over a broad geographic range indicates hybridization is extensive among members of the complex and suggests that a subspecific classification of the group is appropriate.
{"title":"Morphological Reanalysis of the Pedicularis sudetica Complex of Arctic North America: Character Trimming with Occam's Razor","authors":"B. W. Robart, Carol Opferman, Lynette Connacher, A. Elangovan, Noah Noel, Joseph Sclesky, Luis A. Bonachea, Hannah Robart","doi":"10.1600/036364422X16512564801650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512564801650","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pedicularis sudetica can be a difficult complex to identify and classify using herbarium specimens. Colors fade, rendering corolla patterns indistinct. Especially problematic is the presence of spots on the lobes of the lower lip and color patterns of the galea. Spots are either clearly visible or so faded that only a few spots are visible on one or two flowers in the inflorescence. Galeas are either unequivocally bicolored, solid, or indistinctly diffuse. Other characters have been inconsistently applied by taxonomists and/or are difficult to discern. All these factors combined only serve to confound taxon identity and classification, and members of the complex have been classified as species, subspecies, or even varieties by different taxonomists. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) of qualitative traits and principal component analysis (PCA) of quantitative traits were employed to explore the character and taxonomic structure of the group. MCA revealed that only three characters are necessary to classify the four taxa of the complex. No taxon structure was evident with PCA. Abundance of intermediate specimens over a broad geographic range indicates hybridization is extensive among members of the complex and suggests that a subspecific classification of the group is appropriate.","PeriodicalId":54438,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44922362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512572275034
G. A. Levin, Warren M. Cardinal-McTeague, V. Steinmann, V. Sagun
Abstract Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae: Acalyphoideae) is a large, monophyletic genus distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, with a few species extending into temperate areas of southern Africa, Asia, and North and South America. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships within the genus using DNA sequences from the plastid ndhF and trnL-F regions and the nuclear ribosomal ITS region, sampling 142 species to represent the geographic, morphologic, and taxonomic diversity with the genus, resulting in a 162 (158 in Acalypha) terminal and 3847 character combined dataset. Bayesian and maximum likelihood reconstructions based on the combined dataset yielded a tree with a generally well-supported backbone and several strongly supported clades. Our results strongly supported the monophyly of Acalypha subg. Acalypha as currently recognized but showed that A. subg. Linostachys and almost all other infrageneric taxa recognized in the most recent comprehensive classification of the genus were not monophyletic. We therefore propose a new subgeneric classification comprising A. subg. Acalypha, A. subg. Androcephala, A. subg. Hypandrae, and A. subg. Linostachys (s.s.). Our results also shed light on relationships within some species groups, including in what has been treated as a broadly defined A. amentacea, in which we recognize A. amentacea, A. palauensis comb. nov., and A. wilkesiana as distinct species. Bayesian ancestral state estimations based on the phylogeny of Acalypha demonstrated that inflorescence position and sexuality and habit show high homoplasy, especially within A. subg. Acalypha, and that inflorescence position and habit exhibit correlated evolution.
{"title":"Phylogeny, Classification, and Character Evolution of Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae: Acalyphoideae)","authors":"G. A. Levin, Warren M. Cardinal-McTeague, V. Steinmann, V. Sagun","doi":"10.1600/036364422X16512572275034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512572275034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae: Acalyphoideae) is a large, monophyletic genus distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, with a few species extending into temperate areas of southern Africa, Asia, and North and South America. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships within the genus using DNA sequences from the plastid ndhF and trnL-F regions and the nuclear ribosomal ITS region, sampling 142 species to represent the geographic, morphologic, and taxonomic diversity with the genus, resulting in a 162 (158 in Acalypha) terminal and 3847 character combined dataset. Bayesian and maximum likelihood reconstructions based on the combined dataset yielded a tree with a generally well-supported backbone and several strongly supported clades. Our results strongly supported the monophyly of Acalypha subg. Acalypha as currently recognized but showed that A. subg. Linostachys and almost all other infrageneric taxa recognized in the most recent comprehensive classification of the genus were not monophyletic. We therefore propose a new subgeneric classification comprising A. subg. Acalypha, A. subg. Androcephala, A. subg. Hypandrae, and A. subg. Linostachys (s.s.). Our results also shed light on relationships within some species groups, including in what has been treated as a broadly defined A. amentacea, in which we recognize A. amentacea, A. palauensis comb. nov., and A. wilkesiana as distinct species. Bayesian ancestral state estimations based on the phylogeny of Acalypha demonstrated that inflorescence position and sexuality and habit show high homoplasy, especially within A. subg. Acalypha, and that inflorescence position and habit exhibit correlated evolution.","PeriodicalId":54438,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49416200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16516711856571
M. Becerra, J. Mavárez
Abstract Espeletia saboyana, a new species from Páramo de Saboyá, Boyacá department, Colombia, is described and illustrated. It is a caulescent rosette up to 5 m tall, with whitish-cinereous appearance, sessile leaves with elliptic laminae, cymose capitulescences with aphyllous unbranched portion and 3–5 capitula, 5–13 phyllaries, the external ones 17.4–26.0 mm long, 49–92 ray florets 13.0–18.4 mm long, and 162–347 disc florets 8.2–12.2 mm long. Espeletia saboyana is similar to E. incana, but with longer laminae, bigger foliar area, and fewer ray floret series. It is also similar to E. murilloi, but with longer ray tubes, ray paleae, disc corollas, disc styles, disc anther appendages, and disc paleae. In addition, E. saboyana is distributed allopatrically in regard to E. incana and E. murilloi. This species is informally proposed to be listed as IUCN Critically Endangered (CR), since it is restricted to a single population with extent of occurrence = 1.83 km2 and area of occupancy = 0.48 km2. Besides, this population is severely fragmented into 40–50 demes, the largest one covering only 34,000 m2. Most demes are found in humid soils and wetlands submitted to continuous habitat deterioration as water is drained for use in agriculture. Espeletia saboyana is rare or absent in these newly drained areas, which are either colonized by other species that thrive on drier soils or transformed into pastures for cattle grazing. Furthermore, analyses of size class distributions show that recruitment rates of E. saboyana are significantly lower in small demes, which, if not reversed, can further reduce population size in the near future.
摘要对哥伦比亚boyac省Páramo de saboy一新种Espeletia saboyana进行了描述和图解。它是一种茎生莲座花序，高可达5米，外观为白色灰白色，无梗叶，椭圆形片，聚伞状头状花序，无分枝部分为葡萄状，头状花序3-5个，叶状花序5 - 13个，外部长17.4-26.0毫米，49-92射线小花长13.0-18.4毫米，162-347盘状小花长8.2-12.2毫米。木香的叶长较长，叶面积较大，小花列较少。它也类似于花萼，但具有较长的射线管，射线瓣，花冠，花柱，花药瓣附属物，和花萼瓣。此外，大叶菊与白桦和紫桦有明显的异域分布。该物种被非正式地列入世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)极度濒危物种(CR)，因为它仅限于一个种群，发生范围= 1.83平方公里，占用面积= 0.48平方公里。此外，这个种群严重分散为40-50个群落，最大的群落面积只有34,000平方米。大多数穹顶是在潮湿的土壤和湿地中发现的，由于水被排干用于农业，生境不断恶化。在这些新排干的地区，saboyana很少或没有，这些地区要么被其他物种占领，在干燥的土壤上茁壮成长，要么变成了放牧牛的牧场。此外，对大小类分布的分析表明，在小窝中，小叶蝉的招募率明显较低，如果不扭转这一趋势，在不久的将来可能会进一步减少种群规模。
{"title":"Espeletia saboyana (Millerieae, Asteraceae), a New Critically Endangered Caulirosula from Cordillera Oriental, Colombia","authors":"M. Becerra, J. Mavárez","doi":"10.1600/036364422X16516711856571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16516711856571","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Espeletia saboyana, a new species from Páramo de Saboyá, Boyacá department, Colombia, is described and illustrated. It is a caulescent rosette up to 5 m tall, with whitish-cinereous appearance, sessile leaves with elliptic laminae, cymose capitulescences with aphyllous unbranched portion and 3–5 capitula, 5–13 phyllaries, the external ones 17.4–26.0 mm long, 49–92 ray florets 13.0–18.4 mm long, and 162–347 disc florets 8.2–12.2 mm long. Espeletia saboyana is similar to E. incana, but with longer laminae, bigger foliar area, and fewer ray floret series. It is also similar to E. murilloi, but with longer ray tubes, ray paleae, disc corollas, disc styles, disc anther appendages, and disc paleae. In addition, E. saboyana is distributed allopatrically in regard to E. incana and E. murilloi. This species is informally proposed to be listed as IUCN Critically Endangered (CR), since it is restricted to a single population with extent of occurrence = 1.83 km2 and area of occupancy = 0.48 km2. Besides, this population is severely fragmented into 40–50 demes, the largest one covering only 34,000 m2. Most demes are found in humid soils and wetlands submitted to continuous habitat deterioration as water is drained for use in agriculture. Espeletia saboyana is rare or absent in these newly drained areas, which are either colonized by other species that thrive on drier soils or transformed into pastures for cattle grazing. Furthermore, analyses of size class distributions show that recruitment rates of E. saboyana are significantly lower in small demes, which, if not reversed, can further reduce population size in the near future.","PeriodicalId":54438,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43217496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801669
K. S. Valdemarin, Paulo H. S. A. Camargo, Daniele J Moreno, V. C. Souza, E. Lucas, F. Mazine
Abstract A new species popularly known as pitanga-amarela, Eugenia paranapanemensis, from Seasonal Forest vegetation in the Atlantic Forest of São Paulo state is described. Our analysis, based on morphological data, shows that this species belongs to Eugenia sect. Eugenia. Among the species in the Eugenia sect. Eugenia clade, E. paranapanemensis can be recognized by its height of about 25 m, flowers with a smooth and pubescent hypanthium, brownish to ochraceous trichomes, and fruits that are yellow when ripe, with up to six seeds.
{"title":"Eugenia paranapanemensis (Myrtaceae), the Pitanga-amarela, and a Key to Eugenia sect. Eugenia Species from São Paulo State, Brazil","authors":"K. S. Valdemarin, Paulo H. S. A. Camargo, Daniele J Moreno, V. C. Souza, E. Lucas, F. Mazine","doi":"10.1600/036364422X16512564801669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512564801669","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A new species popularly known as pitanga-amarela, Eugenia paranapanemensis, from Seasonal Forest vegetation in the Atlantic Forest of São Paulo state is described. Our analysis, based on morphological data, shows that this species belongs to Eugenia sect. Eugenia. Among the species in the Eugenia sect. Eugenia clade, E. paranapanemensis can be recognized by its height of about 25 m, flowers with a smooth and pubescent hypanthium, brownish to ochraceous trichomes, and fruits that are yellow when ripe, with up to six seeds.","PeriodicalId":54438,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42593425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801551
Michael A. Castro-Bonilla, M. Bueno, P. Romano, V. F. Dutra, Jefferson N. Fregonezi, F. C. P. Garcia
Abstract Inga subnuda is one of 31 Inga species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and is currently treated as having two subspecies (I. subnuda subsp. subnuda and I. subnuda subsp. luschnathiana). However, due to intermixed leaf and floral traits, these subspecies are difficult to morphologically distinguish. This study aimed to better understand the boundaries of these two subspecies and to test if these taxa should be treated at the species level. Morphological variation and bioclimatic data related to the two subspecies of the complex were assessed using multivariate morphometric analyses and ecological niche modeling. Different groups were recognized using morphological quantitative characters. The climatic space was similar but not identical, and recent climatic cycles that could have shaped the current distributions of the subspecies are discussed. The results of our integrative study suggest the subspecies are distinct species. Thus, we propose changing the status of I. subnuda subsp. luschnathiana to the rank of species. The new taxon is described and illustrated. Resumo Inga subnuda é uma das 31 espécies presentes na Floresta Atlântica. A morfologia foliar e floral sobreposta dificulta o estabelecimento de limites e o tratamento taxonômico atual considera Inga subnuda como uma espécie com duas subespécies. Este trabalho visa explorar diferentes linhas de evidências para esclarecer e resolver a delimitação nas duas subespécies. As variações morfológicas e os dados bioclimáticos das duas subespécies foram avaliados através das análises morfométricas multivariadas e a modelagem de nicho ecológico. Os caracteres quantitativos permitiram o reconhecimento de táxons diferentes. O espaço climático foi similar, mas não idêntico, aliás são discutidos os recentes ciclos climáticos que poderiam ter modelado a distribuição atual. Os resultados do nosso estudo integrativo sugere considerar as duas subespécies como duas espécies diferentes, resgatando o status de espécie para I. subnuda subsp. luschnathiana. A nova delimitação de Inga luschnathiana é descrita e ilustrada.
摘要印加亚努达(Inga subnuda)是巴西大西洋森林特有的31种印加种之一，目前被认为有两个亚种(I. subnuda subsp.)。subnuda和subnuda subsp。luschnathiana)。然而，由于叶和花的混合性状，这些亚种很难在形态上区分。本研究旨在更好地了解这两个亚种的边界，并测试这些分类群是否应该在物种水平上进行处理。利用多变量形态计量学分析和生态位模型对两个亚种的形态变化和生物气候数据进行了评估。利用形态数量特征识别不同类群。气候空间相似但不相同，并讨论了可能形成亚种当前分布的近期气候周期。我们的综合研究结果表明，亚种是不同的物种。因此，我们建议改变I. subnuda subsp的地位。Luschnathiana到物种的等级。对新分类单元进行了描述和图解。resume: Inga subnuda . uma: 31份电子文件，提交给Floresta atlntica。一种形态上的叶状或花状的孢子，难以建立或限制其处理taxonômico，通常考虑Inga subnuda como uma espacci.com as subespacimcies。我们将探讨evidências分段汇算表的不同类型，以及分段汇算表和分段汇算表的区别。如variações morfológicas e - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As - As两种特征的定量鉴定和鉴定的许可度存在táxons差异。O esparado climático与此类似，as n O idêntico, aliás s O discutidos os最近的ciclos climáticos que poderiam ter modelado a distributionalicaratual。综上所述，综上所述，综上所述，综上所述，综上所述，综上所述，综上所述，综上所述，综上所述，综上所述。luschnathiana。一种新的划界法(A -)。
{"title":"Species Delimitation of the Atlantic Forest Endemic Inga subnuda (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid Clade) Subspecies Based on Morphological, Ecological, and Palaeoecological Data","authors":"Michael A. Castro-Bonilla, M. Bueno, P. Romano, V. F. Dutra, Jefferson N. Fregonezi, F. C. P. Garcia","doi":"10.1600/036364422X16512564801551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512564801551","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Inga subnuda is one of 31 Inga species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and is currently treated as having two subspecies (I. subnuda subsp. subnuda and I. subnuda subsp. luschnathiana). However, due to intermixed leaf and floral traits, these subspecies are difficult to morphologically distinguish. This study aimed to better understand the boundaries of these two subspecies and to test if these taxa should be treated at the species level. Morphological variation and bioclimatic data related to the two subspecies of the complex were assessed using multivariate morphometric analyses and ecological niche modeling. Different groups were recognized using morphological quantitative characters. The climatic space was similar but not identical, and recent climatic cycles that could have shaped the current distributions of the subspecies are discussed. The results of our integrative study suggest the subspecies are distinct species. Thus, we propose changing the status of I. subnuda subsp. luschnathiana to the rank of species. The new taxon is described and illustrated. Resumo Inga subnuda é uma das 31 espécies presentes na Floresta Atlântica. A morfologia foliar e floral sobreposta dificulta o estabelecimento de limites e o tratamento taxonômico atual considera Inga subnuda como uma espécie com duas subespécies. Este trabalho visa explorar diferentes linhas de evidências para esclarecer e resolver a delimitação nas duas subespécies. As variações morfológicas e os dados bioclimáticos das duas subespécies foram avaliados através das análises morfométricas multivariadas e a modelagem de nicho ecológico. Os caracteres quantitativos permitiram o reconhecimento de táxons diferentes. O espaço climático foi similar, mas não idêntico, aliás são discutidos os recentes ciclos climáticos que poderiam ter modelado a distribuição atual. Os resultados do nosso estudo integrativo sugere considerar as duas subespécies como duas espécies diferentes, resgatando o status de espécie para I. subnuda subsp. luschnathiana. A nova delimitação de Inga luschnathiana é descrita e ilustrada.","PeriodicalId":54438,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48855471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801678
Courtney H. Babin, C. Bell
Abstract Polyploidy has been shown to be a significant driver of diversification among land plants. In addition to whole-genome duplication, other common mechanisms of chromosome number evolution include increases by a multiple of 1.5 in chromosome number due to the fusion of gametes with different ploidy levels (demi-polyploidy), gains or losses of single chromosomes that alter the DNA content of an organism (aneuploidy), or chromosome fission or fusion (ascending dysploidy or descending dysploidy, respectively). Considering the high variability in chromosome number transitions across multiple clades within angiosperms and the ancient genome duplication events responsible for their diversity, more studies of large polyploid systems are necessary to close the gaps in understanding chromosomal evolution in polyploid plants. Allium L. (Amaryllidaceae) is an ideal candidate for polyploid research because it is a large clade that includes numerous natural populations of diploid and polyploid species. Species of Allium mainly occupy temperate climates in the Northern Hemisphere and include economically important ornamentals and cultivated crops such as leeks, garlic, chives, and onions. Here, we used a molecular phylogeny of Allium to examine chromosomal evolution with chromEvol v. 2.0 which uses likelihood-based methods for inferring the pattern of chromosome number change across a phylogeny. The best-fit model of chromosomal evolution indicated that chromosome transitions within Allium occurred through the constant gains and losses of single chromosomes as well as demi-polyploidization events, with the rate of chromosome gain events being approximately 2.5 to 4.5 times more likely to occur than demi-polyploidization and loss events, respectively.
{"title":"Evolution of Chromosome Number in Wild Onions (Allium, Amaryllidaceae)","authors":"Courtney H. Babin, C. Bell","doi":"10.1600/036364422X16512564801678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512564801678","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polyploidy has been shown to be a significant driver of diversification among land plants. In addition to whole-genome duplication, other common mechanisms of chromosome number evolution include increases by a multiple of 1.5 in chromosome number due to the fusion of gametes with different ploidy levels (demi-polyploidy), gains or losses of single chromosomes that alter the DNA content of an organism (aneuploidy), or chromosome fission or fusion (ascending dysploidy or descending dysploidy, respectively). Considering the high variability in chromosome number transitions across multiple clades within angiosperms and the ancient genome duplication events responsible for their diversity, more studies of large polyploid systems are necessary to close the gaps in understanding chromosomal evolution in polyploid plants. Allium L. (Amaryllidaceae) is an ideal candidate for polyploid research because it is a large clade that includes numerous natural populations of diploid and polyploid species. Species of Allium mainly occupy temperate climates in the Northern Hemisphere and include economically important ornamentals and cultivated crops such as leeks, garlic, chives, and onions. Here, we used a molecular phylogeny of Allium to examine chromosomal evolution with chromEvol v. 2.0 which uses likelihood-based methods for inferring the pattern of chromosome number change across a phylogeny. The best-fit model of chromosomal evolution indicated that chromosome transitions within Allium occurred through the constant gains and losses of single chromosomes as well as demi-polyploidization events, with the rate of chromosome gain events being approximately 2.5 to 4.5 times more likely to occur than demi-polyploidization and loss events, respectively.","PeriodicalId":54438,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49062615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801542
E. Gardner, T. Jimbo, N. Zerega
Abstract This paper presents Artocarpus buyangensis, a newly-described species known only from Manus Island, Papua New Guinea. A member of Artocarpus subgenus Artocarpus phylogenetically placed near A. section Artocarpus series Rugosi, A. buyangensis most closely resembles Artocarpus elasticus and A. sericicarpus, neither of which is found east of the Moluccas. The new species thus represents a substantial eastward expansion for the A. series Rugosi clade. Long-distance dispersal, perhaps by birds, is suggested as a possible explanation for the origin of A. buyangensis.
{"title":"Artocarpus buyangensis (Moraceae), a New Species from Papua New Guinea","authors":"E. Gardner, T. Jimbo, N. Zerega","doi":"10.1600/036364422X16512564801542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512564801542","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents Artocarpus buyangensis, a newly-described species known only from Manus Island, Papua New Guinea. A member of Artocarpus subgenus Artocarpus phylogenetically placed near A. section Artocarpus series Rugosi, A. buyangensis most closely resembles Artocarpus elasticus and A. sericicarpus, neither of which is found east of the Moluccas. The new species thus represents a substantial eastward expansion for the A. series Rugosi clade. Long-distance dispersal, perhaps by birds, is suggested as a possible explanation for the origin of A. buyangensis.","PeriodicalId":54438,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44891916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801579
A. Favre, J. S. Pringle, P. Fu
Abstract The region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau hosts a remarkable biodiversity, including a plethora of endemics. There, the process of documenting biodiversity is still ongoing, and recently, an unusual plant of Gentiana section Frigida was discovered at Cuopu Lakes (Sichuan, China). Although Flora of China identified these specimens as G. algida based upon unmistakable traits (e.g. corolla colour and length, sessile flowers), it was obvious that the Sichuanese plants strongly differed morphologically from G. algida specimens from Siberia and North America. In order to clarify their relationships, we used an integrative approach, investigating not only morphological traits, but also phylogenetic relationships (based upon plastome and rDNA-cistron), as well as chloroplast structure. Whereas the rDNA-cistron phylogeny was poorly resolved, the plastome phylogeny was well supported in both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses. Our findings indicate that the samples of G. algida from Cuopu Lakes are morphologically and genetically distinct from those collected elsewhere, supporting the recognition of a new species, G. susanneae. The new species differs from G. purdomii (another similar species) by having sessile flowers, and from G. algida by being a generally much taller plant with more and longer flowers, and by having a smaller calyx. Gentiana susanneae clusters with other species from the region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from which it differs morphologically, and is only distantly related to the G. algida/G. frigida clade, which stems from a dispersal event out of Tibet. Based upon these solid lines of evidence, G. susanneae is described and illustrated (drawings and photographs). In addition, a conservation assessment and an identification key modified from Flora of China are provided. 概要 笔者在四川省措普湖附近发现了龙胆属高山组 (Genti- ana section Frigida) 的一种植物。虽然《Flora of China》将其 归为高山龙胆 (G. algida), 但其在形态特征上与西伯利亚和北美 洲的个体存在明显差异。本研究对其形态特征进行了调查,随 后基于叶绿体全基因组序列和完整ITS序列进行系统发育关系 分析,并比较了叶绿体基因组的结构变异。结果表明,措普湖的 高山龙胆种群与其他地区的样品不在同一遗传支系上,支持将 其作为一个新种——巴塘龙胆 (G. susanneae), 并在此对其进 行了描述
{"title":"Phylogenetics Support the Description of a New Sichuanese Species, Susanne's Gentian, Gentiana susanneae (Gentianaceae)","authors":"A. Favre, J. S. Pringle, P. Fu","doi":"10.1600/036364422X16512564801579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422X16512564801579","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau hosts a remarkable biodiversity, including a plethora of endemics. There, the process of documenting biodiversity is still ongoing, and recently, an unusual plant of Gentiana section Frigida was discovered at Cuopu Lakes (Sichuan, China). Although Flora of China identified these specimens as G. algida based upon unmistakable traits (e.g. corolla colour and length, sessile flowers), it was obvious that the Sichuanese plants strongly differed morphologically from G. algida specimens from Siberia and North America. In order to clarify their relationships, we used an integrative approach, investigating not only morphological traits, but also phylogenetic relationships (based upon plastome and rDNA-cistron), as well as chloroplast structure. Whereas the rDNA-cistron phylogeny was poorly resolved, the plastome phylogeny was well supported in both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses. Our findings indicate that the samples of G. algida from Cuopu Lakes are morphologically and genetically distinct from those collected elsewhere, supporting the recognition of a new species, G. susanneae. The new species differs from G. purdomii (another similar species) by having sessile flowers, and from G. algida by being a generally much taller plant with more and longer flowers, and by having a smaller calyx. Gentiana susanneae clusters with other species from the region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from which it differs morphologically, and is only distantly related to the G. algida/G. frigida clade, which stems from a dispersal event out of Tibet. Based upon these solid lines of evidence, G. susanneae is described and illustrated (drawings and photographs). In addition, a conservation assessment and an identification key modified from Flora of China are provided. 概要 笔者在四川省措普湖附近发现了龙胆属高山组 (Genti- ana section Frigida) 的一种植物。虽然《Flora of China》将其 归为高山龙胆 (G. algida), 但其在形态特征上与西伯利亚和北美 洲的个体存在明显差异。本研究对其形态特征进行了调查,随 后基于叶绿体全基因组序列和完整ITS序列进行系统发育关系 分析,并比较了叶绿体基因组的结构变异。结果表明,措普湖的 高山龙胆种群与其他地区的样品不在同一遗传支系上,支持将 其作为一个新种——巴塘龙胆 (G. susanneae), 并在此对其进 行了描述","PeriodicalId":54438,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43905889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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