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State of the art in psychological therapies for psychosis: Family interventions for psychosis 精神病心理疗法的最新进展:精神病的家庭干预。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-29 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12487
Suzanne Jolley, Sarah Grice

Purpose

It is a half-century since the coalescence of social psychiatry and systemic family therapy approaches started to inform condition-specific therapeutic work with families to reduce relapse and hospital readmission for people with schizophrenia. Today, family interventions are a cornerstone of international guidelines for the treatment of psychosis, and of workforce development initiatives. Effect sizes for clinical and economic outcomes are large, and the evidence base is robust and reliable, not only for outcomes but also for the underpinning theoretical models, which are coherent and consistent. Few, if any, psychological therapies, have so powerful a framework to drive widespread implementation. Nevertheless, delivery in clinical services is variable, often lagging behind that of individual cognitive behavioural therapy, notwithstanding its considerably weaker implementation framework. Our aim in this article is to formulate this translation failure and offer potential solutions.

Method

We summarise the model/intervention and supporting evidence, then consider why delivery remains problematic.

Results

We highlight the inter-linked issues of conceptual confusion between and conflation of, different approaches to working with families; of addressing diagnostic uncertainty, complex comorbidity and adapting interventions for specific populations; and of translation from gold-standard research trial practice, through educational curricula and training programmes, to routine delivery in frontline services.

Conclusion

We present our view of clinical, research and workforce development priorities to address these issues and continue the collective effort, moving into the next half-century, to work more effectively with people with psychosis and their families, to further improve outcomes.

目的:社会精神病学和系统家庭治疗方法的结合,为精神分裂症患者的家庭治疗工作提供了依据,以减少复发和再次入院,至今已有半个世纪。如今,家庭干预已成为国际精神病治疗指南和劳动力发展计划的基石。临床和经济结果的效应大小很大,证据基础坚实可靠,不仅在结果方面,而且在基础理论模型方面也是连贯一致的。即使有,也很少有心理疗法拥有如此强大的框架来推动广泛实施。然而,尽管认知行为疗法的实施框架要弱得多,但在临床服务中的实施情况却参差不齐,往往落后于个体认知行为疗法。本文旨在阐述这一转化失败的原因,并提出可能的解决方案:方法:我们总结了模式/干预措施和支持性证据,然后考虑为什么实施仍然存在问题:结果:我们强调了以下相互关联的问题:与家庭合作的不同方法之间的概念混淆和混用;解决诊断不确定性、复杂的合并症和针对特定人群调整干预措施;以及从黄金标准的研究试验实践,通过教育课程和培训计划,转化为一线服务的常规实施:我们提出了临床、研究和劳动力发展方面的优先事项,以解决这些问题,并在下一个半世纪继续共同努力,更有效地为精神病患者及其家庭服务,进一步提高疗效。
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引用次数: 0
Pathways from trauma to unusual perceptual experiences: Modelling the roles of insecure attachment, negative affect, emotion regulation and dissociation 从创伤到不寻常知觉体验的途径:不安全依恋、负面影响、情绪调节和分离的角色建模。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12486
Laura P. Strachan, Georgie Paulik, David A. Preece, Peter M. McEvoy

Background

A range of traumas have been linked to voices (auditory verbal hallucinations) and unusual perceptual experiences (UPEs) in other perceptual-sensory domains. Models of PTSD and positive symptoms of psychosis are insufficient in explaining the relationship between trauma and voices. The trauma-related voices (TRV) model was developed to generate novel research in this area.

Aims

This study aimed to investigate pathways from trauma to the frequency of UPEs based on a subset of hypothesised relationships in the TRV model.

Materials

The PTSD Diagnostic Scale for DSM-5, State Adult Attachment Measure, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21, Perth Emotion and Regulation Competency Inventory, Dissociative Experiences Measure Oxford, and Multi-modality Unusual Perceptual Experiences Questionnaire.

Methods

We used path analysis in a non-clinical sample (N = 528) to model indirect effects from diverse trauma experiences to the frequency of multi-sensory UPEs via a subset of mediators within the TRV model: insecure attachment, emotion regulation deficits, negative affect and dissociation.

Results

Our model was an excellent fit to the data and accounted for 37.1% of variance in UPE frequency, and all direct (βs = .14–.61) and indirect pathways (βs = .01–.08) were significant (ps < .001).

Discussion

Our findings suggest that insecure attachment may link diverse trauma experiences to emotion regulation deficits and negative affect, which are linked to UPE frequency via dissociation.

Conclusion

Our findings provide preliminary evidence for a subset of relationships within the TRV model. Future studies are needed to gather stronger evidence of temporality and causation between these factors, and to test broader pathways within the TRV model.

背景:一系列创伤与其他感知感官领域的声音(听觉-言语幻觉)和异常感知体验(UPE)有关。创伤后应激障碍和精神病阳性症状的模型不足以解释创伤和声音之间的关系。创伤相关声音(TRV)模型是为了在这一领域产生新的研究而开发的。目的:本研究旨在基于TRV模型中的一组假设关系,研究从创伤到UPE频率的途径。材料:创伤后应激障碍诊断量表DSM-5、状态成人依恋量表、抑郁焦虑和压力量表-21、珀斯情绪和调节能力量表、分离体验量表Oxford和多模态异常感知体验问卷 = 528),通过TRV模型中的一个子组介质对不同创伤经历对多感觉UPE频率的间接影响进行建模:不安全依恋、情绪调节缺陷、负面影响和分离。结果:我们的模型与数据非常吻合,占UPE频率方差的37.1% = .14-.61)和间接途径(βs = .01-.08)具有显著性(ps 讨论:我们的研究结果表明,不安全依恋可能将不同的创伤经历与情绪调节缺陷和负面影响联系起来,这通过分离与UPE频率有关。结论:我们的发现为TRV模型中的一个子集关系提供了初步证据。未来的研究需要收集更有力的证据来证明这些因素之间的时间性和因果关系,并在TRV模型中测试更广泛的途径。
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引用次数: 1
Black people's experiences of being asked about adverse childhood experiences in the UK: A qualitative study 英国黑人被问及童年不良经历的经历:一项定性研究。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12482
Eirill Høyland Sødal, Vyv Huddy, Juliet McKenzie

Introduction

The objectives for this study were to explore Black people's experiences of being asked about ACEs by mental health or counselling professionals, both broadly, and also as part of routine enquiry with a commonly used ACE questionnaire. An additional aim was to understand their perspectives on how services should be asking about ACEs.

Methods

This study used a qualitative methodology, with a critical realist reflexive thematic analysis approach. Ten people who identified as Black and had been asked about ACEs by a mental health professional or counsellor, were interviewed about their experiences and perspectives using semi-structured interviews.

Results

Four overarching themes, some with subthemes, were established: Trust and safety as individual and systemic (subthemes: Distrust in the system; Distrust in the clinician; Racism in health care; Keeping safe); It is the person, not the questions (subthemes: Being heard and understood; Similarity and difference); Engaged client, ‘hard-to-reach’ clinician? and People are not tick-boxes.

Conclusions

The results highlight that people find it important and useful to be asked about ACEs, if it is done in an appropriate manner. Establishing trust and a therapeutic relationship is key to fostering this. Participants stated that the ACE questionnaire might miss important context, and they relayed a preference for being asked about ACEs using more inclusive definitions of ACEs.

引言:这项研究的目的是探索黑人被心理健康或咨询专业人员问及ACE的经历,包括广泛的,以及作为常规调查的一部分,使用常用的ACE问卷。另一个目的是了解他们对服务应如何询问ACE的看法。方法:本研究采用了定性方法,采用了批判性现实主义反射性主题分析方法。10名被认定为黑人的人,曾被心理健康专业人员或顾问问及ACE,他们接受了半结构化采访,了解他们的经历和观点。结果:确定了四个总体主题,其中一些主题有子主题:个人和系统的信任和安全(子主题:对系统的不信任;对临床医生的不信任、医疗保健中的种族主义;保持安全);这是人,而不是问题(副标题:被倾听和理解;相似性和差异性);敬业的客户,“难以接触”的临床医生?结论:研究结果强调,如果以适当的方式询问ACE,人们会发现这很重要,也很有用。建立信任和治疗关系是促进这一点的关键。参与者表示,ACE问卷可能遗漏了重要的上下文,他们倾向于使用更具包容性的ACE定义来询问ACE。
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引用次数: 0
Attachment as a predictor of dropout in mentalization-based treatment. 依恋作为精神化治疗中退出的预测因子。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12478
Melissa G A Remeeus, Maaike L Smits, Anna M Bal-Bax, Dine J Feenstra, Patrick Luyten

Objectives: Although treatments of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) were historically associated with relatively high dropout rates, dropout rates in contemporary evidence-based treatments for BPD are typically substantially lower. However, only a few studies have investigated dropout rates in mentalization-based treatment (MBT), and even fewer have investigated predictors of dropout in this type of treatment. In this study, we investigated dropout rates in two types of MBT (day hospital MBT [MBT-DH] and intensive outpatient MBT [MBT-IOP]) using data from a recent multicenter randomized clinical trial. Given the central importance of attachment considerations in MBT, we also investigated the relationship between dropout in these two treatments and attachment dimensions.

Design: Within a multicenter randomized clinical trial, 114 BPD patients were randomized to MBT-DH (n = 70) or MBT-IOP (n = 44).

Methods: Dropout in both types of MBT was investigated using descriptive analyses, and its association with attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance, as measured by the Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire at baseline, was investigated using regression analyses.

Results: Dropout rates were relatively low (10.5% across both types of MBT) and did not significantly differ between groups (11.4% in MBT-DH, 9.1% in MBT-IOP). Attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety did not impact dropout, nor did their interaction or the interaction with the type of MBT.

Conclusions: Low dropout rates in both types of MBT indicate a high level of engagement of patients in both programmes. Attachment dimensions were not associated with dropout, consistent with the principle that MBT is tailored to each individual's needs. More research is needed, however, to investigate to what extent attachment is a dynamic context-bound adaptive process rather than a static personality feature.

目的:尽管边缘型人格障碍(BPD)患者的治疗在历史上与相对较高的辍学率相关,但当代基于证据的BPD治疗的辍学率通常要低得多。然而,只有少数研究调查了基于精神化治疗(MBT)的辍学率,甚至更少的研究调查了这种治疗中辍学的预测因素。在这项研究中,我们使用最近一项多中心随机临床试验的数据调查了两种类型的MBT(日间医院MBT [MBT- dh]和强化门诊MBT [MBT- iop])的辍学率。考虑到依恋因素在MBT中的核心重要性,我们还调查了这两种治疗中辍学与依恋维度之间的关系。设计:在一项多中心随机临床试验中,114名BPD患者被随机分配到MBT-DH (n = 70)或MBT-IOP (n = 44)。方法:采用描述性分析对两种类型的MBT的辍学进行调查,并采用回归分析对其与依恋焦虑和依恋回避的关系进行研究,该关系是通过亲密关系体验问卷在基线时测量的。结果:退出率相对较低(两种类型的MBT均为10.5%),两组间无显著差异(MBT- dh为11.4%,MBT- iop为9.1%)。依恋回避和依恋焦虑对辍学没有影响,它们的相互作用或与MBT类型的相互作用也没有影响。结论:两种类型的MBT的低辍学率表明患者对这两个项目的参与程度很高。依恋维度与辍学无关,这与MBT是根据每个人的需要量身定制的原则一致。然而,需要更多的研究来调查依恋在多大程度上是一个动态的上下文约束的适应过程,而不是一个静态的人格特征。
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引用次数: 0
An independent audit of electroconvulsive therapy patient information leaflets in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales 对北爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士电休克治疗患者信息传单的独立审计。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12481
John Read, Lisa Morrison, Chris Harrop

Objectives

To evaluate the accuracy of patient information leaflets about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) used in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, and their compliance with the principle of informed consent.

Design and Methods

To replicate an audit in England, Freedom of Information Act requests were sent to the 26 providers of ECT for their ECT patient information leaflet. These were scored, by two independent raters, on the same 40-item accuracy measure used in the England audit.

Results

The number of accurate statements (out of a possible 29) ranged from seven to 20, with a mean of 16.9. The most frequently omitted statements included: cardiovascular risks (mentioned by five leaflets), that it is not known how ECT works (3), risk of mortality (2), risks from multiple general anaesthetic procedures (2), how to access a legal advocate (2) and that that there is no evidence of long-term benefits (1). The leaflets made between six and nine inaccurate statements (out of 11) with a mean of 7.0. Nineteen minimised memory loss, blamed the memory loss on depression, claimed that ECT is the ‘most effective treatment’ and asserted it has very high response rates without mentioning similar placebo response rates. All 23 leaflets wrongly told patients that ECT saves lives.

Conclusions

Electroconvulsive therapy information leaflets in these three nations are barely more accurate than those in England and do not comply with the ethical principle of informed consent. Patients and families across the UK are systematically being misled about the risks they are taking and the limited nature of ECT's benefits.

目的:评估北爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士使用的电休克治疗(ECT)患者信息传单的准确性,以及其对知情同意原则的遵守情况。设计和方法:为了在英国复制一项审计,向26家ECT提供者发送了《信息自由法》请求,要求他们提供ECT患者信息传单。这是由两名独立评分者根据英格兰审计中使用的相同的40项准确性指标进行评分的。结果:准确陈述的数量(可能有29份)从7份到20份不等,平均为16.9份。最常被遗漏的陈述包括:心血管风险(由五张传单提到)、不知道ECT是如何工作的(3)、死亡风险(2)、多次全身麻醉程序的风险(2。传单中有6到9个不准确的陈述(共11个),平均7.0。19人将记忆力减退降至最低,将记忆力减退归咎于抑郁症,声称ECT是“最有效的治疗方法”,并声称其有很高的反应率,但没有提及类似的安慰剂反应率。所有23张传单都错误地告诉患者ECT可以挽救生命。结论:这三个国家的电休克治疗信息传单几乎没有英国的准确,也不符合知情同意的伦理原则。英国各地的患者和家属在他们所承担的风险和ECT益处的有限性方面被系统地误导。
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引用次数: 2
Mindfulness for psychosis: Current evidence, unanswered questions and future directions 正念治疗精神病:当前证据、未决问题和未来方向。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12480
Lyn Ellett

Purpose & Method

Mindfulness for psychosis research has grown exponentially over the last 15 years. In this paper, a brief overview of mindfulness for psychosis is provided followed by a summary of the findings from a systematic search of meta-analyses dated up to February 2023. Current issues in the field are discussed and a future research agenda is presented.

Results

Ten meta-analyses published between 2013 and 2023 were identified. Reported effect sizes on reductions in psychotic symptoms ranged from small-large across reviews. Four key issues in the field are identified and discussed – (1) is mindfulness for psychosis safe? (2) is home practice essential and related to clinical outcomes? (3) what is the impact of mindfulness practice versus metacognitive insights derived from practice, on clinical outcomes? (4) do the benefits translate into routine clinical practice?

Conclusions

Mindfulness is a promising intervention that is emerging as being both safe and effective for people with psychosis. Future research focused on evaluating mechanisms of change and implementation in routine clinical practice should be prioritised.

目的与方法:在过去的 15 年中,正念治疗精神病的研究呈指数级增长。本文简要概述了正念治疗精神病的情况,随后总结了截至 2023 年 2 月的荟萃分析系统检索结果。本文讨论了该领域目前存在的问题,并提出了未来的研究议程:结果:确定了 2013 年至 2023 年间发表的 10 项元分析。各篇综述报告的精神病症状减轻效果大小不一,从小幅到大幅不等。确定并讨论了该领域的四个关键问题--(1)正念治疗精神病安全吗?(2) 家庭练习是否必要,是否与临床结果相关?(3) 正念练习与从练习中获得的元认知洞察力对临床结果有何影响?(4)这些益处能否转化为常规临床实践?正念是一种很有前景的干预方法,对于精神病患者来说,它正在成为一种既安全又有效的方法。未来的研究重点应放在评估改变的机制以及在常规临床实践中的实施情况上。
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引用次数: 0
Acceptance and commitment therapy for psychosis: Current status, lingering questions and future directions 接受与承诺疗法治疗精神病:现状、遗留问题和未来方向。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12479
Eric M. J. Morris, Louise C. Johns, Brandon A. Gaudiano

Purpose

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for psychosis (ACTp) is a contextual behavioural intervention that promotes psychological flexibility by fostering active acceptance, cognitive defusion, values construction and committed action to enhance well-being and recovery. Multiple studies have shown that ACTp is acceptable and efficacious, but questions remain as to its distinction from similar approaches and the conditions under which it would be implemented most effectively.

Methods

We present the current evidence for processes and outcomes of ACTp and summarise the qualitative findings of experiences of service users in ACT programmes. We compare ACTp with other cognitive behavioural therapies and mindfulness-informed interventions for psychosis.

Results

Acceptance and commitment therapy for psychosis is promising as a pragmatic, process-driven intervention model. Further efforts are needed to investigate psychological flexibility in the context of psychosis with observational, experimental and intervention studies that will inform model scope and treatment refinement. Additionally, implementation research is the necessary next step, including how support persons can be trained in ACTp. Lower intensity and technology-assisted approaches have the potential to reduce barriers to accessing ACTp and extend impact.

Conclusions

Over the last 20 years, ACTp has demonstrated meaningful effects in individual and group formats in a range of settings, targeting outcomes such as rehospitalisation, depression, psychotic symptom distress and impact. Future work should focus on how best to integrate ACTp with other current evidence-based interventions for psychosis.

目的:针对精神病的接纳与承诺疗法(ACTp)是一种情境行为干预方法,它通过培养积极接纳、认知化解、价值观构建和承诺行动来促进心理灵活性,从而提高幸福感和康复能力。多项研究表明,ACTp 是可以接受且有效的,但对于它与类似方法的区别以及在何种条件下实施最有效,仍存在疑问:方法:我们介绍了目前有关 ACTp 的过程和结果的证据,并总结了 ACT 计划中服务使用者经验的定性研究结果。我们将接纳与承诺疗法与其他认知行为疗法以及针对精神病的正念干预进行了比较:结果:接受与承诺疗法作为一种实用的、以过程为导向的干预模式,在治疗精神病方面大有可为。还需要进一步努力,通过观察、实验和干预研究来调查精神病背景下的心理灵活性,从而为模式范围和治疗方法的完善提供信息。此外,下一步还需要开展实施研究,包括如何对辅助人员进行 ACTp 培训。低强度和技术辅助方法有可能减少获得 ACTp 的障碍并扩大影响:在过去的 20 年中,ACTp 在各种环境下以个人和小组的形式,针对再入院、抑郁、精神病症状困扰和影响等结果,取得了有意义的效果。未来的工作重点应该是如何将 ACTp 与当前其他基于证据的精神病干预措施进行最佳整合。
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引用次数: 0
Practitioners' perspectives on preparing for and delivering remote psychological support in Nepal, Perú and the United States during COVID-19 从业者对尼泊尔、Perú和美国在COVID-19期间准备和提供远程心理支持的看法。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12476
Gloria A. Pedersen, Abdelrhman Elnasseh, Bani Bhattacharya, Leydi Moran, Vibha Neupane, Jerome T. Galea, Carmen Contreras, Kendall A. Pfeffer, Adam D. Brown, Manaswi Sangraula, Nagendra P. Luitel, Brandon A. Kohrt

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has propelled a global paradigm shift in how psychological support is delivered. Remote delivery, through phone and video calls, is now commonplace around the world. However, most adoption of remote delivery methods is occurring without any formal training to ensure safe and effective care.

Objective

The purpose of this applied qualitative study was to determine practitioners' experiences of rapidly adapting to deliver psychological support remotely during COVID-19.

Design

We used a pragmatic paradigm and applied approach to gain perspectives related to the feasibility and perceived usefulness of synchronous remote psychological support, including views on how practitioners can be prepared.

Methods

Key informant interviews were conducted remotely with 27 specialist and non-specialist practitioners in Nepal, Perú and the USA. Interviewees were identified through purposeful sampling. Data were analysed using framework analysis.

Results

Respondents revealed three key themes: (i) Remote delivery of psychological support raises unique safety concerns and interference with care, (ii) Remote delivery enhances skills and expands opportunities for delivery of psychological support to new populations, and (iii) New training approaches are needed to prepare specialist and non-specialist practitioners to deliver psychological support remotely.

Conclusions

Remote psychological support is feasible and useful for practitioners, including non-specialists, in diverse global settings. Simulated remote role plays may be a scalable method for ensuring competency in safe and effective remotely-delivered care.

简介:新冠肺炎大流行推动了全球提供心理支持的模式转变。通过电话和视频通话的远程递送现在在世界各地都很常见。然而,大多数远程分娩方法的采用都没有经过任何正式培训,以确保安全有效的护理。目的:本应用定性研究的目的是确定从业者在COVID-19期间快速适应远程提供心理支持的经验。设计:我们使用实用范式和应用方法来获得与同步远程心理支持的可行性和感知有用性相关的观点,包括对从业者如何做好准备的看法。方法:对尼泊尔、秘鲁和美国的27名专业和非专业从业者进行远程关键信息者访谈。通过有目的的抽样确定受访者。使用框架分析对数据进行了分析。结果:受访者揭示了三个关键主题:(i)远程提供心理支持引发了独特的安全问题和对护理的干扰;(ii)远程提供提高了向新人群提供心理支持的技能并扩大了机会,三需要新的培训方法,使专业和非专业从业者能够远程提供心理支持。结论:在不同的全球环境中,远程心理支持对包括非专家在内的从业者来说是可行和有用的。模拟远程角色扮演可能是一种可扩展的方法,用于确保安全有效的远程护理能力。
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引用次数: 0
Does disorganised attachment lead to auditory hallucinations via dissociation? An experimental study with an analogue sample 无组织依恋是否通过分离导致幻听?用模拟样品进行的实验研究。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12477
Joseph Puckett, Monica Sood, Katherine Newman-Taylor

Objectives

Auditory hallucinations (such as hearing voices) are common in clinical and non-clinical populations. Many people who hear voices also report early adversity and have an insecure attachment style. Current cognitive models suggest that dissociation mediates an association between disorganised attachment and auditory hallucinations, but this has not been tested experimentally.

Design

We recruited a non-clinical analogue sample highly predisposed to auditory hallucinations and utilised an experimental design to examine the impact of disorganised attachment imagery on hallucinatory experiences, and whether dissociation mediates an expected association.

Methods

Participants completed self-report measures of state auditory hallucinations and dissociation before and after random allocation to secure or disorganised attachment conditions.

Results

Attachment imagery did not affect auditory hallucinations. Both secure and disorganised attachment conditions increased state dissociation. Secure attachment imagery reduced paranoia, but state dissociation did not mediate this effect. An exploratory analysis found that trait dissociation fully accounted for the association between trait-disorganised attachment and hallucinatory experience while controlling for paranoia.

Conclusions

Secure attachment imagery reduces paranoia but not auditory hallucinations and the impact on paranoia is not mediated by dissociation. Secure attachment imagery may be useful in reducing fears and distress associated with voices, rather than the frequency or severity of hallucinations. Disorganised attachment may increase hallucinatory experiences for people vulnerable to dissociation. Trait dissociation should be assessed in clinical settings and addressed where indicated as a means of targeting vulnerability to distressing voices.

目的:幻听(如听觉)在临床和非临床人群中很常见。许多听到声音的人也会报告早期的逆境,并有一种不安全的依恋风格。目前的认知模型表明,分离介导了无序依恋和幻听之间的联系,但这还没有经过实验验证。设计:我们招募了一个高度易感幻听的非临床类似样本,并利用实验设计来检查无序的依恋意象对幻觉体验的影响,以及分离是否介导了预期的关联。方法:参与者在随机分配到安全或无组织的依恋条件之前和之后,完成了状态幻听和解离的自我报告测量。结果:依恋意象对幻听没有影响。安全和无序的附着条件都增加了状态解离。安全依恋意象减少了妄想症,但状态分离并没有调节这种影响。一项探索性分析发现,在控制妄想症的同时,特质分离充分解释了特质无序依恋和幻觉体验之间的联系。结论:安全依恋意象可以减少妄想症,但不能减少幻听,对妄想症的影响不是由分离介导的。安全依恋图像可能有助于减少与声音相关的恐惧和痛苦,而不是幻觉的频率或严重程度。无序的依恋可能会增加易分离的人的幻觉体验。特质分离应在临床环境中进行评估,并在需要时作为针对易受痛苦声音影响的手段加以解决。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring experiences of moral injury and distress among health care workers during the Covid-19 pandemic 探讨Covid-19大流行期间卫生保健工作者的道德伤害和痛苦经历。
IF 3.4 3区 医学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12471
Faye Denham, Filippo Varese, Mitchell Hurley, Kate Allsopp

Objective

Health care workers have been exposed to a variety of practical and emotional challenges because of the Covid-19 pandemic, leaving them vulnerable to experiencing moral injury and distress. However, there is currently sparse research which directly explores such experiences. This study aimed to explore and characterise the experiences and impacts of moral injury and distress among health care workers during the pandemic.

Methods

Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with health care workers employed across both mental and physical health care services. Interviews were analysed from a critical realist perspective using thematic analysis.

Results

Three key themes were identified: attitudes towards moral injury, experiences of moral injury and consequences of moral injury. Participants appeared to identify with the idea of acting against their morals to varying extents based on their job roles. Participants experienced a range of potentially morally injurious and distressing events throughout the pandemic and many ultimately felt that they provided sub-standard levels of care due to extreme pressures on services. Detrimental impacts upon wellbeing were commonly reported, including high levels of emotional distress and feelings of guilt and shame. Some reported a loss of enthusiasm for their job and a desire to leave the profession entirely.

Conclusion

Moral injury and distress presents a real concern for staff wellbeing and retention within the profession. During and beyond the Covid-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need for health care providers to implement wider strategies to target moral injury and distress, and support staff within health care settings.

目标:由于新冠肺炎大流行,医护人员面临各种实际和情感挑战,使他们容易遭受道德伤害和痛苦。然而,目前很少有研究直接探讨这种经历。本研究旨在探索和描述疫情期间医护人员的道德伤害和痛苦的经历和影响。方法:对受雇于心理和身体健康护理服务的医护人员进行了20次半结构化访谈。访谈采用主题分析法,从批判现实主义的角度进行分析。结果:确定了三个关键主题:对道德伤害的态度、道德伤害的经历和道德伤害的后果。参与者似乎根据自己的工作角色,在不同程度上认同违背道德的想法。在整个疫情期间,参与者经历了一系列潜在的道德伤害和痛苦事件,许多人最终认为,由于服务压力巨大,他们提供的护理水平低于标准。人们普遍报道了对健康的有害影响,包括高度的情绪困扰、内疚和羞耻感。一些人报告说,他们对工作失去了热情,并希望完全离开这个行业。结论:道德伤害和痛苦对员工的健康和在职业中的保留提出了真正的担忧。在新冠肺炎大流行期间和之后,医疗保健提供者迫切需要实施更广泛的战略,以应对道德伤害和痛苦,并支持医疗保健环境中的工作人员。
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引用次数: 0
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Psychology and Psychotherapy-Theory Research and Practice
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