Pub Date : 2019-02-18DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1933.227483
T. R. Gilliland
This paper is a report of continuous measurements of the virtual heights of the ionized regions of the upper atmosphere. Short pulses of radio-frequency energy are sent out by a transmitter operating on 4100 kilocycles per second. The time interval required for the pulses to go up to the ionosphere and back is recorded photographically in the same room by means of an oscillograph. The revolving mirror of the oscillograph and the chopper wheel which makes the transmitter pulses are driven on the same shaft by a synchronous motor. Records are shown which indicate the variability, especially at night. In the morning and afternoon reflections come from the F region showing virtual heights around 240 kilometers. However, during the middle of the day the reflection often splits into two components and the 240-kilometer reflection becomes weak and disappears. The remaining component often rises during the middle of the day to 300 or 320 kilometers and then drops gradually to join the 240-kilometer component which reappears before sunset. Records are given which show the rapid appearance and disappearance of reflection at night from both the E and F regions. An increase in ionization is probably responsible for the reappearance of E reflections of the type shown. However, F reflections which gradually become strong at night may possibly be explained by recombination in the lower part of the F region which exposes a more strongly ionized upper part.
{"title":"Continuous Measurements of the Virtual Heights of the Ionosphere","authors":"T. R. Gilliland","doi":"10.1109/jrproc.1933.227483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1933.227483","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a report of continuous measurements of the virtual heights of the ionized regions of the upper atmosphere. Short pulses of radio-frequency energy are sent out by a transmitter operating on 4100 kilocycles per second. The time interval required for the pulses to go up to the ionosphere and back is recorded photographically in the same room by means of an oscillograph. The revolving mirror of the oscillograph and the chopper wheel which makes the transmitter pulses are driven on the same shaft by a synchronous motor. Records are shown which indicate the variability, especially at night. In the morning and afternoon reflections come from the F region showing virtual heights around 240 kilometers. However, during the middle of the day the reflection often splits into two components and the 240-kilometer reflection becomes weak and disappears. The remaining component often rises during the middle of the day to 300 or 320 kilometers and then drops gradually to join the 240-kilometer component which reappears before sunset. Records are given which show the rapid appearance and disappearance of reflection at night from both the E and F regions. An increase in ionization is probably responsible for the reappearance of E reflections of the type shown. However, F reflections which gradually become strong at night may possibly be explained by recombination in the lower part of the F region which exposes a more strongly ionized upper part.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"27 18","pages":"1463-1475"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/jrproc.1933.227483","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41273232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-17DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1934.226689
H. Diamond
{"title":"Performance Tests of Radio System of Landing Aids","authors":"H. Diamond","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1934.226689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1934.226689","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"22 1","pages":"120-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1934.226689","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48425353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-11DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1930.222071
A. Hund, R. Wright
It is shown that oscillations of a new type can be produced using a quartz cylinder cut along the optical axis. Some of the electrode mountings used were suggested by Röntgen's experimental work and the more recent work of Tawil. In order to produce these oscillations it was necessary to use new adaptations of regenerative circuits as the driving circuit. These oscillations were studied experimentally through the medium of glow discharge patterns, a phenomenon of ionization produced by the quartz cylinder oscillating in a few millimeters of helium. They were studied theoretically by comparing the observed frequencies of oscillation with the computed values for the three different types or modes of vibration. Both studies indicate that these oscillations are of a true piezo-electric character.
{"title":"New Piezo Oscillations with Quartz Cylinders Cut along the Optical Axis","authors":"A. Hund, R. Wright","doi":"10.1109/jrproc.1930.222071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1930.222071","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that oscillations of a new type can be produced using a quartz cylinder cut along the optical axis. Some of the electrode mountings used were suggested by Röntgen's experimental work and the more recent work of Tawil. In order to produce these oscillations it was necessary to use new adaptations of regenerative circuits as the driving circuit. These oscillations were studied experimentally through the medium of glow discharge patterns, a phenomenon of ionization produced by the quartz cylinder oscillating in a few millimeters of helium. They were studied theoretically by comparing the observed frequencies of oscillation with the computed values for the three different types or modes of vibration. Both studies indicate that these oscillations are of a true piezo-electric character.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"18 1","pages":"740-761"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/jrproc.1930.222071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44057219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-22DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1929.221779
T. Parkinson
The data presented are the product of an investigation started at the beginning of 1928 with the object of studying the short-period fading of radio broadcast transmissions. Particular attention was paid to those intensity changes which take place during periods ranging from a few seconds to several minutes. Various antenna combinations were used in making simultaneous records in order to separate the effects of various causes of fading. The data secured partly confirm the conclusions of previous investigations, partly point to other sources of fading. Varying intensity of the indirect ray and interference between indirect and ground rays are evidenced as in earlier experiments, but rotation of the plane of polarization of the indirect ray is also shown to be a considerable factor and there are suggestions of lateral direction shifts of the indirect rays and of their arrival by multiple paths.
{"title":"Some Observations of Short Period Radio Fading","authors":"T. Parkinson","doi":"10.1109/jrproc.1929.221779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1929.221779","url":null,"abstract":"The data presented are the product of an investigation started at the beginning of 1928 with the object of studying the short-period fading of radio broadcast transmissions. Particular attention was paid to those intensity changes which take place during periods ranging from a few seconds to several minutes. Various antenna combinations were used in making simultaneous records in order to separate the effects of various causes of fading. The data secured partly confirm the conclusions of previous investigations, partly point to other sources of fading. Varying intensity of the indirect ray and interference between indirect and ground rays are evidenced as in earlier experiments, but rotation of the plane of polarization of the indirect ray is also shown to be a considerable factor and there are suggestions of lateral direction shifts of the indirect rays and of their arrival by multiple paths.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"17 1","pages":"1042-1061"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/jrproc.1929.221779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41796930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-22DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1932.227526
H. Diamond, G. Davies
This paper gives the results of an investigation on the characteristics of airplane receiving antennas to determine whether an antenna arrangement could be devised which would have all the desirable electrical properties of the vertical pole antenna and yet be free from the mechanical difficulties encountered in the use of the pole antenna. The antennas studied include the inclined antenna with both forward and backward inclination, the horizontal dipole antenna, the horizontal L antenna, the horizontal V antenna, the inclined V antenna, the symmetrical transverse T antenna, and the symmetrical longitudinal T antenna. A theoretical treatment is given which enables the voltage induced by a radio range beacon transmitting station to be calculated for any receiving antenna in space. This theoretical analysis is used to determine the received voltage, course error, and localizing effect for each of the antenna types studied. An experimental study was also made to check the theoretical analysis. The results obtained by experiment check very well with the theoretical predictions for each type of antenna. The symmetrical transverse T antenna and the symmetrical longitudinal T antenna, with vertical lead-in portions, are both found to fulfill the desired requirements. Neither of these antennas show any course errors, and give the same received voltage as the vertical pole antenna having much greater actual height, thus reducing the mechanical troubles caused by vibration and ice formation.
{"title":"Characteristics of Airplane Antennas for Radio Range Beacon Reception","authors":"H. Diamond, G. Davies","doi":"10.1109/jrproc.1932.227526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1932.227526","url":null,"abstract":"This paper gives the results of an investigation on the characteristics of airplane receiving antennas to determine whether an antenna arrangement could be devised which would have all the desirable electrical properties of the vertical pole antenna and yet be free from the mechanical difficulties encountered in the use of the pole antenna. The antennas studied include the inclined antenna with both forward and backward inclination, the horizontal dipole antenna, the horizontal L antenna, the horizontal V antenna, the inclined V antenna, the symmetrical transverse T antenna, and the symmetrical longitudinal T antenna. A theoretical treatment is given which enables the voltage induced by a radio range beacon transmitting station to be calculated for any receiving antenna in space. This theoretical analysis is used to determine the received voltage, course error, and localizing effect for each of the antenna types studied. An experimental study was also made to check the theoretical analysis. The results obtained by experiment check very well with the theoretical predictions for each type of antenna. The symmetrical transverse T antenna and the symmetrical longitudinal T antenna, with vertical lead-in portions, are both found to fulfill the desired requirements. Neither of these antennas show any course errors, and give the same received voltage as the vertical pole antenna having much greater actual height, thus reducing the mechanical troubles caused by vibration and ice formation.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"20 1","pages":"346-358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/jrproc.1932.227526","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44053857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.1759books
V. Hulsman
Please note that not all books mentioned on this list will be reviewed.
请注意，并非本列表中提到的所有书籍都将被审查。
{"title":"Books Received","authors":"V. Hulsman","doi":"10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.1759books","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.1759books","url":null,"abstract":"Please note that not all books mentioned on this list will be reviewed.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"23 1","pages":"827-827"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.1759books","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44899919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-25DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1929.221645
H. Diamond
This paper deals with methods for aligning the courses of the visual radio range with the fixed airways. It has previously been shown that the courses of the aural radio range may be shifted by the use of a vertical wire antenna in conjunction with the transmitting loop antennas or by varying the relative power in the two antennas. These methods are, in part, applicable to the visual system. In the aural system the goniometer primaries are excited alternately. This permits independent consideration of the field patterns due to the primaries. In the visual system this is not the case as both goniometer primaries are excited all the time. Two cases present themselves, the condition when the currents in the primaries are in time phase and the condition when they are in quadrature time phase. The former condition results in two beacon courses which are 180 deg. apart and cannot be shifted from this relationship. The latter condition yields four beacon courses. A mathematical analysis is made of this case and the amounts of angular variation possible using several methods of attack are tabulated. A method of obtaining small amounts of shift by an adjustment of the receiving equipment aboard the airplanes is also described; one of the reeds is shunted by a suitable resistance in order that the reeds will vibrate equally when on one side of the equisignal zone.
{"title":"Applying the Visual Double-Modulation Type Radio Range to the Airways","authors":"H. Diamond","doi":"10.1109/jrproc.1929.221645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1929.221645","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with methods for aligning the courses of the visual radio range with the fixed airways. It has previously been shown that the courses of the aural radio range may be shifted by the use of a vertical wire antenna in conjunction with the transmitting loop antennas or by varying the relative power in the two antennas. These methods are, in part, applicable to the visual system. In the aural system the goniometer primaries are excited alternately. This permits independent consideration of the field patterns due to the primaries. In the visual system this is not the case as both goniometer primaries are excited all the time. Two cases present themselves, the condition when the currents in the primaries are in time phase and the condition when they are in quadrature time phase. The former condition results in two beacon courses which are 180 deg. apart and cannot be shifted from this relationship. The latter condition yields four beacon courses. A mathematical analysis is made of this case and the amounts of angular variation possible using several methods of attack are tabulated. A method of obtaining small amounts of shift by an adjustment of the receiving equipment aboard the airplanes is also described; one of the reeds is shunted by a suitable resistance in order that the reeds will vibrate equally when on one side of the equisignal zone.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"17 1","pages":"2158-2184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/jrproc.1929.221645","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42799011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-11DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1934.225867
S. S. Kirby, L. Berkner, D.M. Stuart
An historical summary is presented which outlines the principal published reports of studies of the ionosphere applied to radio wave propagation. Observations of the virtual height of the ionosphere and its variations carried out at the Bureau of Standards during the period of September, 1930, to April, 1933, are reported and discussed. The pulse method of Breit and Tuve was used with a visual recording technique developed by the Bureau of Standards. In general, a number of layers were discernible, the major daytime layers being the lower or E layer at about 100 to 120 kilometers virtual height, an F1layer at about 180 kilometers virtual height, and an F2layer at about 240 kilometers virtual height. The relative electron densities of these layers were determined by measuring the critical penetration frequencies where possible. The E and F1layer critical frequencies were highest at summer noon and fell off both diurnally and seasonally as the angle of the sun's rays with the vertical increased. Abnormally strong E layer ionization occurred occasionally at irregular intervals. The F1layer showed magneto-ionic splitting during the day. There was some correlation between F1layer ionization and magnetic storms. The F2critical frequency was greatest on a summer evening, and greater on a winter noon than on a summer noon. From this evidence it is believed that the F2critical frequency may be determined by some other factor than penetration, such as absorption.
{"title":"Studies of the Ionosphere and Their Application to Radio Transmission","authors":"S. S. Kirby, L. Berkner, D.M. Stuart","doi":"10.1109/jrproc.1934.225867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1934.225867","url":null,"abstract":"An historical summary is presented which outlines the principal published reports of studies of the ionosphere applied to radio wave propagation. Observations of the virtual height of the ionosphere and its variations carried out at the Bureau of Standards during the period of September, 1930, to April, 1933, are reported and discussed. The pulse method of Breit and Tuve was used with a visual recording technique developed by the Bureau of Standards. In general, a number of layers were discernible, the major daytime layers being the lower or E layer at about 100 to 120 kilometers virtual height, an F1layer at about 180 kilometers virtual height, and an F2layer at about 240 kilometers virtual height. The relative electron densities of these layers were determined by measuring the critical penetration frequencies where possible. The E and F1layer critical frequencies were highest at summer noon and fell off both diurnally and seasonally as the angle of the sun's rays with the vertical increased. Abnormally strong E layer ionization occurred occasionally at irregular intervals. The F1layer showed magneto-ionic splitting during the day. There was some correlation between F1layer ionization and magnetic storms. The F2critical frequency was greatest on a summer evening, and greater on a winter noon than on a summer noon. From this evidence it is believed that the F2critical frequency may be determined by some other factor than penetration, such as absorption.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"22 1","pages":"481-521"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/jrproc.1934.225867","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49315940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-08DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1919.217442
J.M. Miller
After considering the theory of circuits having uniformly distributed constants, the author shows graphically the frequency-variation of reactance of such circuits and, after further analysis, those of inductance-loaded and capacity-loaded antennas as well. The calculation of the effective constants of the antenna at radio frequencies in terms of their corresponding values at audio frequencies follows. Very simple relations are found, differing from those frequently given in the radio literature. The equivalent circuits of loaded and unloaded antennas are given, together with practical measuring methods for determining the effective constants at radio frequencies. The frequency-variation of effective resistance of an antenna is then considered. Measurements are described and curves given which indicate that antenna resistance is largely due to imperfect dielectrics in the field of the antenna, and emphasis is placed on the necessity of avoiding such dielectrics in regions of strong antenna field.
{"title":"Electrical Oscillations in Antennas and Inductance Coils","authors":"J.M. Miller","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1919.217442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1919.217442","url":null,"abstract":"After considering the theory of circuits having uniformly distributed constants, the author shows graphically the frequency-variation of reactance of such circuits and, after further analysis, those of inductance-loaded and capacity-loaded antennas as well. The calculation of the effective constants of the antenna at radio frequencies in terms of their corresponding values at audio frequencies follows. Very simple relations are found, differing from those frequently given in the radio literature. The equivalent circuits of loaded and unloaded antennas are given, together with practical measuring methods for determining the effective constants at radio frequencies. The frequency-variation of effective resistance of an antenna is then considered. Measurements are described and curves given which indicate that antenna resistance is largely due to imperfect dielectrics in the field of the antenna, and emphasis is placed on the necessity of avoiding such dielectrics in regions of strong antenna field.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"7 1","pages":"299-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1919.217442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44435754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-28DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1932.227555
F. G. Kear, G.H. Wintermute
Increased use of the airway radio services by transport operators has resulted in a demand for continuous range beacon service. At the same time the weather broadcast information has increased in importance and the interruptions to the beacon service have become more frequent. To eliminate difficulties arising from this conflict, a transmitting system has been developed which provides simultaneous transmission of visual range beacon and radiotelephone signals. This system is designed to employ existing equipment so far as possible. By combining two transmitting sets into one the cost of buildings and antenna equipment is reduced. Continuous check on the operation of both systems can be obtained with less personnel than required at present. The transmitting set consists of a two-kilowatt radiotelephone transmitter operating into a nondirective antenna system and an additional set of amplifier branches supplying power through a goniometer into two loop antennas. The two antenna systems are symmetrically disposed with respect to each other and coupling effects are balanced out to prevent distortion of the space pattern. The phase of the currents in the different antenna systems is controlled by a phase-shift unit and means for checking the adjustment of this phase relationship continuously is provided. The equipment on the airplane to receive this service is changed only by the addition of a small filter unit which keeps the low-frequency reed voltages from reaching the head telephones and the voice frequencies from the reed indicator.
{"title":"A Simultaneous Radiotelephone and Visual Range Beacon for the Airways","authors":"F. G. Kear, G.H. Wintermute","doi":"10.1109/jrproc.1932.227555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1932.227555","url":null,"abstract":"Increased use of the airway radio services by transport operators has resulted in a demand for continuous range beacon service. At the same time the weather broadcast information has increased in importance and the interruptions to the beacon service have become more frequent. To eliminate difficulties arising from this conflict, a transmitting system has been developed which provides simultaneous transmission of visual range beacon and radiotelephone signals. This system is designed to employ existing equipment so far as possible. By combining two transmitting sets into one the cost of buildings and antenna equipment is reduced. Continuous check on the operation of both systems can be obtained with less personnel than required at present. The transmitting set consists of a two-kilowatt radiotelephone transmitter operating into a nondirective antenna system and an additional set of amplifier branches supplying power through a goniometer into two loop antennas. The two antenna systems are symmetrically disposed with respect to each other and coupling effects are balanced out to prevent distortion of the space pattern. The phase of the currents in the different antenna systems is controlled by a phase-shift unit and means for checking the adjustment of this phase relationship continuously is provided. The equipment on the airplane to receive this service is changed only by the addition of a small filter unit which keeps the low-frequency reed voltages from reaching the head telephones and the voice frequencies from the reed indicator.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"20 1","pages":"478-515"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/jrproc.1932.227555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46684030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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