Pub Date : 1938-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228188
D. B. Sinclair
Two parallel-resonance methods are described which determine primarily the parallel conductance of a parallel-tuned circuit. They are most useful for measuring relatively low admittances (high impedances). Since they are duals of the reactance- and resistance-variation methods, they have been named the susceptance- and conductance-variation methods. These parallel-resonance methods are compared with the series-resonance methods with respect to range and possible sources of error. It is pointed out that, for substitution measurements, tight coupling to a constant-frequency power source need not introduce errors in measurements with either series- or parallel-resonance methods. The errors caused by residual inductance and metallic and dielectric loss in the standard condenser are discussed and numerical examples given. A precise method of interpreting resonance-curve data is presented. Experimental results are listed for measurements of high resistances by the susceptance-variation method.
{"title":"Parallel-Resonance Methods for Precise Measurements of High Impedances at Radio Frequencies and a Comparison with the Ordinary Series-Resonance Methods","authors":"D. B. Sinclair","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228188","url":null,"abstract":"Two parallel-resonance methods are described which determine primarily the parallel conductance of a parallel-tuned circuit. They are most useful for measuring relatively low admittances (high impedances). Since they are duals of the reactance- and resistance-variation methods, they have been named the susceptance- and conductance-variation methods. These parallel-resonance methods are compared with the series-resonance methods with respect to range and possible sources of error. It is pointed out that, for substitution measurements, tight coupling to a constant-frequency power source need not introduce errors in measurements with either series- or parallel-resonance methods. The errors caused by residual inductance and metallic and dielectric loss in the standard condenser are discussed and numerical examples given. A precise method of interpreting resonance-curve data is presented. Experimental results are listed for measurements of high resistances by the susceptance-variation method.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"1466-1497"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62307478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228270
W. L. Barrow, F. M. Greene
The open hollow pipe of rectangular cross section is discussed from both practical and theoretical standpoints as a radiator and absorber of ultra-short electromagnetic waves. A theory of operation is derived and it is verified by a series of measured radiation patterns taken at wavelengths of 50 to 100 centimeters.
{"title":"Rectangular Hollow-Pipe Radiators","authors":"W. L. Barrow, F. M. Greene","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228270","url":null,"abstract":"The open hollow pipe of rectangular cross section is discussed from both practical and theoretical standpoints as a radiator and absorber of ultra-short electromagnetic waves. A theory of operation is derived and it is verified by a series of measured radiation patterns taken at wavelengths of 50 to 100 centimeters.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"1498-1519"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62307362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228271
L. J. Chu, W. L. Barrow
The theory of the transmission of electromagnetic waves in hollow conducting pipes of rectangular cross section is derived for perfectly conducting and for imperfectly conducting materials. Special attention is given to the type of wave that has only one transverse and everywhere parallel component of electric intensity, and the results of experiments on this wave are reported. Expressions for the attenuation of the different types of waves allow comparisons to be made with corresponding waves in a pipe of circular cross section. In a rectangular pipe, no wave has been found whose attenuation decreases indefinitely as the frequency is increased, as does the H0wave in a circular pipe.
{"title":"Electromagnetic Waves in Hollow Metal Tubes of Rectangular Cross Section","authors":"L. J. Chu, W. L. Barrow","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228271","url":null,"abstract":"The theory of the transmission of electromagnetic waves in hollow conducting pipes of rectangular cross section is derived for perfectly conducting and for imperfectly conducting materials. Special attention is given to the type of wave that has only one transverse and everywhere parallel component of electric intensity, and the results of experiments on this wave are reported. Expressions for the attenuation of the different types of waves allow comparisons to be made with corresponding waves in a pipe of circular cross section. In a rectangular pipe, no wave has been found whose attenuation decreases indefinitely as the frequency is increased, as does the H0wave in a circular pipe.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"1520-1555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62307377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228272
T. R. Gilliland, S. S. Kirby, N. Smith
Data on the ordinary-wave critical frequencies and virtual heights of the ionospheric layers are presented for the period indicated in the title. The monthly average values of the maximum usable frequencies for undisturbed days, for radio transmission by way of the regular layers is also provided.
{"title":"Characteristics of the Ionosphere at Washington, D.C., October, 1938","authors":"T. R. Gilliland, S. S. Kirby, N. Smith","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228272","url":null,"abstract":"Data on the ordinary-wave critical frequencies and virtual heights of the ionospheric layers are presented for the period indicated in the title. The monthly average values of the maximum usable frequencies for undisturbed days, for radio transmission by way of the regular layers is also provided.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"1556-1559"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228272","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62307408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228825
R. Chase
{"title":"Occurrence of \"Tweeks\" on a Telephone Line","authors":"R. Chase","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228825","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"1380-1384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228825","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62308349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228827
J. J. Vormer
It is shown that the filament of a transmitting valve can be designed so that its life is a multiple of the accepted normal value. Not only do fewer service interruptions occur but the total operating expense decreases. The cost of power is computed at a reasonable wholesale rate.
{"title":"Filament Design for High-Power Transmitting Valves","authors":"J. J. Vormer","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228827","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that the filament of a transmitting valve can be designed so that its life is a multiple of the accepted normal value. Not only do fewer service interruptions occur but the total operating expense decreases. The cost of power is computed at a reasonable wholesale rate.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"1399-1407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228827","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62308403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228782
F. J. Bingley
This paper considers the effect of various types of transmitted synchronizing signals on the synchronization of television receiver circuits, with particular reference to a system operating on the present standard of 441 lines, 60 fields per second, interlaced scanning. Starting with a description of interlaced scanning, the various causes which can be responsible for pairing are described. A description of the nature of the transmitted signal and its method of utilization at a television receiver is followed by a discussion of the horizontal synchronizing signal wave shape. The effect of deflecting circuits on interlacing and the requirements to be fulfilled by the vertical synchronizing signal to ensure interlacing are examined. The various types of vertical synchronizing signals are discussed and compared. The conclusion is reached that the "narrow vertical" signal is best adapted to ensure good synchronization, good interlacing, and simple, cheap receiver circuits.
{"title":"The Problem of Synchronization in Cathode-Ray Television","authors":"F. J. Bingley","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228782","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the effect of various types of transmitted synchronizing signals on the synchronization of television receiver circuits, with particular reference to a system operating on the present standard of 441 lines, 60 fields per second, interlaced scanning. Starting with a description of interlaced scanning, the various causes which can be responsible for pairing are described. A description of the nature of the transmitted signal and its method of utilization at a television receiver is followed by a discussion of the horizontal synchronizing signal wave shape. The effect of deflecting circuits on interlacing and the requirements to be fulfilled by the vertical synchronizing signal to ensure interlacing are examined. The various types of vertical synchronizing signals are discussed and compared. The conclusion is reached that the \"narrow vertical\" signal is best adapted to ensure good synchronization, good interlacing, and simple, cheap receiver circuits.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"1327-1339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228782","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62308257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228785
E. Ginzton
The following paper describes and analyzes mathematically a new principle in amplifier design. It is shown how noise, phase shift, frequency distortion, etc., can be largely eliminated by use of the "balanced feed-back principle" without reduction of the over-all gain of the amplifier. By means of balanced feedback the linear range of an amplifier using ordinary receiving-type tubes has been extended from an upper limit of 600,000 up to 2,500,000 cycles. Theoretical and experimental results were found to check closely.
{"title":"Balanced Feed-Back Amplifiers","authors":"E. Ginzton","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228785","url":null,"abstract":"The following paper describes and analyzes mathematically a new principle in amplifier design. It is shown how noise, phase shift, frequency distortion, etc., can be largely eliminated by use of the \"balanced feed-back principle\" without reduction of the over-all gain of the amplifier. By means of balanced feedback the linear range of an amplifier using ordinary receiving-type tubes has been extended from an upper limit of 600,000 up to 2,500,000 cycles. Theoretical and experimental results were found to check closely.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"7 1","pages":"1367-1379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228785","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62308310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228826
E. B. Moullin
This paper discusses the relative importance of skin effect on the temperature coefficient of inductance. It starts with a definition of inductance which includes explicitly the effect of magnetic field within the wire and analyzes inductance into an internal and external component. It is the internal inductance which has a temperature coefficient which can make the total coefficient greater than that of linear expansion. Its ability to affect the total coefficient obviously depends on the ratio of internal to total inductance. This ratio is assessed for various typical coils of round, solid wire, and found to be seldom less than about 5 per cent. It is also assessed for tubular and flat-strip conductors. The dependence of internal inductance on frequency is explored in general terms, and it is suggested that the product of high-frequency resistance and internal inductance tends to be constant for all conductors. An expression is derived for the ratio of the total temperature coefficient of a typical coil to that of linear expansion; it is shown that this ratio may well be four or five but that it need never exceed unity appreciably if the radius of the wire is chosen suitably with respect to the frequency. Some general rules are given for this choice. Finally three methods of constructing coils on a ceramic former are compared in relation to the temperature coefficient.
{"title":"The Temperature Coefficient of Inductances for Use in a Valve Generator","authors":"E. B. Moullin","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228826","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the relative importance of skin effect on the temperature coefficient of inductance. It starts with a definition of inductance which includes explicitly the effect of magnetic field within the wire and analyzes inductance into an internal and external component. It is the internal inductance which has a temperature coefficient which can make the total coefficient greater than that of linear expansion. Its ability to affect the total coefficient obviously depends on the ratio of internal to total inductance. This ratio is assessed for various typical coils of round, solid wire, and found to be seldom less than about 5 per cent. It is also assessed for tubular and flat-strip conductors. The dependence of internal inductance on frequency is explored in general terms, and it is suggested that the product of high-frequency resistance and internal inductance tends to be constant for all conductors. An expression is derived for the ratio of the total temperature coefficient of a typical coil to that of linear expansion; it is shown that this ratio may well be four or five but that it need never exceed unity appreciably if the radius of the wire is chosen suitably with respect to the frequency. Some general rules are given for this choice. Finally three methods of constructing coils on a ceramic former are compared in relation to the temperature coefficient.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"1385-1398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228826","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62308359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-11-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228781
R. L. Freeman
The input capacitance of amplifier tubes decreases with increasing grid bias, thereby detuning the input circuits of intermediate-frequency stages in a superheterodyne receiver. The phenomenon is caused by a shift in space charge and also by feedback through the grid-plate capacitance. The change in input capacitance is of the order of 1.5 micromicrofarads for each of the two causes. A simple form of feed-back coupling compensates for this change of capacitance. The grid-cathode capacitance and an unbypassed resistor in the cathode lead provide the feed-back coupling.
{"title":"Use of Feedback to Compensate for Vacuum-Tube Input-Capacitance Variations with Grid Bias","authors":"R. L. Freeman","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228781","url":null,"abstract":"The input capacitance of amplifier tubes decreases with increasing grid bias, thereby detuning the input circuits of intermediate-frequency stages in a superheterodyne receiver. The phenomenon is caused by a shift in space charge and also by feedback through the grid-plate capacitance. The change in input capacitance is of the order of 1.5 micromicrofarads for each of the two causes. A simple form of feed-back coupling compensates for this change of capacitance. The grid-cathode capacitance and an unbypassed resistor in the cathode lead provide the feed-back coupling.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"1360-1366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228781","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62308711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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