Pub Date : 2009-10-13DOI: 10.1080/10519990903043599
V. Amoskov, A. Belov, V. Belyakov, Y. Gribov, V. Kukhtin, E. Lamzin, N. Maximenkova, S. Sytchevsky
The stray magnetic field produced by the ITER tokamak complex, including the effect of ferromagnetic materials in building structures, has been studied. The results obtained show that the magnetic fields produced by the tokamak can be significantly modified by the ferromagnetic structures of the building in areas distant from the tokamak. It is shown that stray fields produced by the ITER tokamak complex can exceed 100 Gs in areas where service staff are possibly located. Such a level of stray fields should be in agreement with the medical and safety engineering limits as well as to ensure the normal operations of equipment sensitive to magnetic fields. The results are presented in the form of a set of field maps, which can be widely used for practical applications.
{"title":"Stray magnetic field produced by ITER tokamak complex","authors":"V. Amoskov, A. Belov, V. Belyakov, Y. Gribov, V. Kukhtin, E. Lamzin, N. Maximenkova, S. Sytchevsky","doi":"10.1080/10519990903043599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10519990903043599","url":null,"abstract":"The stray magnetic field produced by the ITER tokamak complex, including the effect of ferromagnetic materials in building structures, has been studied. The results obtained show that the magnetic fields produced by the tokamak can be significantly modified by the ferromagnetic structures of the building in areas distant from the tokamak. It is shown that stray fields produced by the ITER tokamak complex can exceed 100 Gs in areas where service staff are possibly located. Such a level of stray fields should be in agreement with the medical and safety engineering limits as well as to ensure the normal operations of equipment sensitive to magnetic fields. The results are presented in the form of a set of field maps, which can be widely used for practical applications.","PeriodicalId":54600,"journal":{"name":"Plasma Devices and Operations","volume":"52 1","pages":"230 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74040099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-13DOI: 10.1080/10519990903151541
H. Khan, M. Shafiq, S. Hussain, S. Ahmad, M. Zakaullah
Soft X-ray emission from He plasma in a 3.3 kJ plasma focus system is investigated without and with preionization by α particles. Silicon PIN diodes and a multi-pinhole camera with absorption filters are employed for time-resolved and time-integrated X-ray analyzes, respectively. X-ray emission in 4π geometry is measured as a function of He gas filling pressures. The highest soft X-ray yield, of 0.25±0.01 J, is obtained at a filling pressure of 125 Pa without preionization, which increases to 0.50±0.02 J with preionization at a filling pressure of 150 Pa. The total X-ray yield without preionization, 1.50±0.07 J, is observed at a filling pressure of 125 Pa and this is enhanced to 2.44±0.11 J with preionization at a filling pressure of 150 Pa. The preionization makes the focus filament symmetric and enhances its volume.
{"title":"Soft X-ray emission from preionized He plasma in a 3.3 kJ Mather type plasma focus device","authors":"H. Khan, M. Shafiq, S. Hussain, S. Ahmad, M. Zakaullah","doi":"10.1080/10519990903151541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10519990903151541","url":null,"abstract":"Soft X-ray emission from He plasma in a 3.3 kJ plasma focus system is investigated without and with preionization by α particles. Silicon PIN diodes and a multi-pinhole camera with absorption filters are employed for time-resolved and time-integrated X-ray analyzes, respectively. X-ray emission in 4π geometry is measured as a function of He gas filling pressures. The highest soft X-ray yield, of 0.25±0.01 J, is obtained at a filling pressure of 125 Pa without preionization, which increases to 0.50±0.02 J with preionization at a filling pressure of 150 Pa. The total X-ray yield without preionization, 1.50±0.07 J, is observed at a filling pressure of 125 Pa and this is enhanced to 2.44±0.11 J with preionization at a filling pressure of 150 Pa. The preionization makes the focus filament symmetric and enhances its volume.","PeriodicalId":54600,"journal":{"name":"Plasma Devices and Operations","volume":"1 1","pages":"257 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89788407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-13DOI: 10.1080/10519990903154867
Z. Trifković, J. M. Cvetić, P. Osmokrović
The transformation of a linearly polarized electromagnetic source wave in a suddenly created cold magnetized and weakly nonlinear plasma is considered. In the case of longitudinal propagation (a source wave propagating along an external static magnetic field) when the ion motion is neglected, a linearly polarized electromagnetic source plane wave splits into four longitudinal oscillating modes, one stationary longitudinal mode and eight travelling electron wave modes (four of them are transmitted and four are reflected). For the particular values of the source wave frequency and magnitude of the external magnetic field some of the created modes in plasma might be resonantly excited.
{"title":"Generation of degenerate modes in suddenly created cold weakly nonlinear magnetized plasma","authors":"Z. Trifković, J. M. Cvetić, P. Osmokrović","doi":"10.1080/10519990903154867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10519990903154867","url":null,"abstract":"The transformation of a linearly polarized electromagnetic source wave in a suddenly created cold magnetized and weakly nonlinear plasma is considered. In the case of longitudinal propagation (a source wave propagating along an external static magnetic field) when the ion motion is neglected, a linearly polarized electromagnetic source plane wave splits into four longitudinal oscillating modes, one stationary longitudinal mode and eight travelling electron wave modes (four of them are transmitted and four are reflected). For the particular values of the source wave frequency and magnitude of the external magnetic field some of the created modes in plasma might be resonantly excited.","PeriodicalId":54600,"journal":{"name":"Plasma Devices and Operations","volume":"16 1","pages":"301 - 308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75677651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-13DOI: 10.1080/10519990903157399
V. Voitsenya, A. Litnovsky
A wide experimental program on investigation of behavior of in-vessel mirrors in the present-day fusion devices is being implemented. The program is coordinated by the International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) and now more than 10 fusion devices are involved in mirror studies. The aim of these investigations is to find solutions for several important tasks that arise with the necessity of using in-vessel mirrors in ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) for proper operation of optical and laser methods of burning plasma diagnostics. To date quite a large amount of information has been accumulated in the frame of this program. An attempt is made in this paper to analyze the obtained results.
{"title":"Investigations of mirrors for ITER diagnostics in modern fusion devices","authors":"V. Voitsenya, A. Litnovsky","doi":"10.1080/10519990903157399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10519990903157399","url":null,"abstract":"A wide experimental program on investigation of behavior of in-vessel mirrors in the present-day fusion devices is being implemented. The program is coordinated by the International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) and now more than 10 fusion devices are involved in mirror studies. The aim of these investigations is to find solutions for several important tasks that arise with the necessity of using in-vessel mirrors in ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) for proper operation of optical and laser methods of burning plasma diagnostics. To date quite a large amount of information has been accumulated in the frame of this program. An attempt is made in this paper to analyze the obtained results.","PeriodicalId":54600,"journal":{"name":"Plasma Devices and Operations","volume":"153 1","pages":"309 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76442173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-13DOI: 10.1080/10519990903283500
Q. Zou, M. Wang, Y. Li, L. Zou, Y. C. Zhao
The properties of the field emission (FE) from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in air used to generate the microplasma at near-atmospheric pressure were investigated in a removable gas cell built into a scanning electron microscope. The gaps between the electrodes were adjusted from 5 to 100 μm and the pressure was changed from 0 to 100 kPa. The obtained results have shown that the FE properties of the CNTs at 10 kPa and lower pressures were the same as those in vacuum. At a pressure more than 10 kPa, the FE threshold voltage in air was higher than those in vacuum, and increased with increasing atmospheric pressure. When the FE threshold voltage became higher than that of the gas breakdown, the microplasma was ignited before the FE initiation. Thus, the FE properties of the CNTs in air were stable when the FE potential was lower than the voltage of conventional gas discharge with CNT cathode.
{"title":"Field emission from carbon nanotubes in air","authors":"Q. Zou, M. Wang, Y. Li, L. Zou, Y. C. Zhao","doi":"10.1080/10519990903283500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10519990903283500","url":null,"abstract":"The properties of the field emission (FE) from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in air used to generate the microplasma at near-atmospheric pressure were investigated in a removable gas cell built into a scanning electron microscope. The gaps between the electrodes were adjusted from 5 to 100 μm and the pressure was changed from 0 to 100 kPa. The obtained results have shown that the FE properties of the CNTs at 10 kPa and lower pressures were the same as those in vacuum. At a pressure more than 10 kPa, the FE threshold voltage in air was higher than those in vacuum, and increased with increasing atmospheric pressure. When the FE threshold voltage became higher than that of the gas breakdown, the microplasma was ignited before the FE initiation. Thus, the FE properties of the CNTs in air were stable when the FE potential was lower than the voltage of conventional gas discharge with CNT cathode.","PeriodicalId":54600,"journal":{"name":"Plasma Devices and Operations","volume":"36 1","pages":"286 - 292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78397008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-13DOI: 10.1080/10519990903043748
T. Mohamed
Confinement of pure electron plasma has been studied in an electromagnetic multi-ring trap. The trap was housed inside a bore tube and surrounded by a superconducting solenoid. A magnetic field of 5 T was used to ensure radial confinement of electron plasma, while an electrostatic harmonic potential well was used for its axial confinement. The lifetime of the electron plasma was found to be strongly dependent on the temperature of the bore tube. In the case of electron plasma of 7×109 electrons and when the temperature of the bore tube changed from room temperature to 40 K, the lifetime also changed from 40 to 3700 s. A significant improvement in the electron plasma lifetime was observed when a rotating electric field with optimum parameters was applied. When the bore tube was operated at room temperature with the rotating electric field, the electron plasma lifetime increased up to 2200 s.
{"title":"Experimental studies of the confinement of electron plasma in a multi-ring trap","authors":"T. Mohamed","doi":"10.1080/10519990903043748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10519990903043748","url":null,"abstract":"Confinement of pure electron plasma has been studied in an electromagnetic multi-ring trap. The trap was housed inside a bore tube and surrounded by a superconducting solenoid. A magnetic field of 5 T was used to ensure radial confinement of electron plasma, while an electrostatic harmonic potential well was used for its axial confinement. The lifetime of the electron plasma was found to be strongly dependent on the temperature of the bore tube. In the case of electron plasma of 7×109 electrons and when the temperature of the bore tube changed from room temperature to 40 K, the lifetime also changed from 40 to 3700 s. A significant improvement in the electron plasma lifetime was observed when a rotating electric field with optimum parameters was applied. When the bore tube was operated at room temperature with the rotating electric field, the electron plasma lifetime increased up to 2200 s.","PeriodicalId":54600,"journal":{"name":"Plasma Devices and Operations","volume":"30 1","pages":"250 - 256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81531720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-13DOI: 10.1080/10519990903043623
V. Amoskov, A. Belov, V. Belyakov, Y. Gribov, A. Kavin, V. Kukhtin, E. Lamzin, K. Lobanov, N. Maximenkova, A. Mineev, S. Sytchevsky
The stray magnetic fields produced at plasma initiation (in particular at the gas breakdown (BD)) by the ITER tokamak complex building have been studied. The influence of global elements of the tokamak complex building is estimated. The scenario of plasma initiation was designed and simulated using virtual coils with currents producing a magnetic field in the BD region similar to that from the building.
{"title":"Stray magnetic field at plasma initiation produced by ferromagnetic elements of the ITER tokamak complex","authors":"V. Amoskov, A. Belov, V. Belyakov, Y. Gribov, A. Kavin, V. Kukhtin, E. Lamzin, K. Lobanov, N. Maximenkova, A. Mineev, S. Sytchevsky","doi":"10.1080/10519990903043623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10519990903043623","url":null,"abstract":"The stray magnetic fields produced at plasma initiation (in particular at the gas breakdown (BD)) by the ITER tokamak complex building have been studied. The influence of global elements of the tokamak complex building is estimated. The scenario of plasma initiation was designed and simulated using virtual coils with currents producing a magnetic field in the BD region similar to that from the building.","PeriodicalId":54600,"journal":{"name":"Plasma Devices and Operations","volume":"51 1","pages":"238 - 249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78699694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-13DOI: 10.1080/10519990903151517
Y. Akgün, A. S. Bölükdemir, E. Kurt, T. Öncü, A. Alacakir
In this study, a newly-constructed plasma focus (PF) device ODAK-3K is introduced to the literature and some results of first fusion research realized in this device are reported. The device has a maximal energy input of 3 kJ and is used for both plasma and D–D reaction explorations. Experiments with deuterium have shown that peak current of I peak=39 kA flows between the electrodes at P=11.5 mbar for the operation voltage of V=14 kV. An average total neutron yield is measured around 3.3×105 neutrons per shot using CR-39 plastic detectors located in different places opposite to the anode inside the PF chamber. Neutron anisotropy and pressure-dependent neutron yields are also determined for a series of shots.
{"title":"Preliminary plasma focus studies at ODAK-3K device using track detectors","authors":"Y. Akgün, A. S. Bölükdemir, E. Kurt, T. Öncü, A. Alacakir","doi":"10.1080/10519990903151517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10519990903151517","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a newly-constructed plasma focus (PF) device ODAK-3K is introduced to the literature and some results of first fusion research realized in this device are reported. The device has a maximal energy input of 3 kJ and is used for both plasma and D–D reaction explorations. Experiments with deuterium have shown that peak current of I peak=39 kA flows between the electrodes at P=11.5 mbar for the operation voltage of V=14 kV. An average total neutron yield is measured around 3.3×105 neutrons per shot using CR-39 plastic detectors located in different places opposite to the anode inside the PF chamber. Neutron anisotropy and pressure-dependent neutron yields are also determined for a series of shots.","PeriodicalId":54600,"journal":{"name":"Plasma Devices and Operations","volume":"83 1","pages":"293 - 300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73046142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-13DOI: 10.1080/10519990903172364
I. Lyublinski, A. Vertkov, V. Evtikhin
A short review of the modern state of lithium use in experimental facilities and fusion devices is presented. This paper is intended to be used by the engineers and researchers involved in activities on thermonuclear fusion.
简要回顾了锂在实验设施和聚变装置中的应用现状。本文拟供从事热核聚变研究的工程师和研究人员使用。
{"title":"Application of lithium in systems of fusion reactors. 2. The issues of practical use of lithium in experimental facilities and fusion devices","authors":"I. Lyublinski, A. Vertkov, V. Evtikhin","doi":"10.1080/10519990903172364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10519990903172364","url":null,"abstract":"A short review of the modern state of lithium use in experimental facilities and fusion devices is presented. This paper is intended to be used by the engineers and researchers involved in activities on thermonuclear fusion.","PeriodicalId":54600,"journal":{"name":"Plasma Devices and Operations","volume":"123 1","pages":"265 - 285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85677650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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