A. Vrijdaghs, P. De Block, Karen L. G. De Toni, E. Smets, E. Robbrecht
Background – Vegetative and fruit characters of the Amazonian genus Dialypetalanthus point to a position in Rubiaceae. However, its floral morphology is so deviant that the genus was often placed in a family of its own. Even relationships outside Gentianales were postulated. Current molecular phylogenetic studies firmly show that Dialypetalanthus belongs to Rubiaceae. Aims – This study aims to understand the idiosyncratic floral morphology in Dialypetalanthus and to compare it with the floral development in two other Condamineeae genera as well as in other Rubiaceae for which ontogenetic data are available. Material and methods – SEM and LM based floral ontogeny in Dialypetalanthus fuscescens, Mussaendopsis beccariana, and Pogonopus exsertus. Results and main conclusions – Flowers in Dialypetalanthus develop a stamen-corolla-calyx tube, which can be considered as a floral morphological link between the genus and the other Rubiaceae. The polyandrous androecium originates from an annular intercalary meristem at the adaxial side of the stamen-corolla-calyx tube.
{"title":"Floral ontogeny links Dialypetalanthus (Condamineeae) with the floral developmental morphology of other Rubiaceae","authors":"A. Vrijdaghs, P. De Block, Karen L. G. De Toni, E. Smets, E. Robbrecht","doi":"10.5091/plecevo.84606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.84606","url":null,"abstract":"Background – Vegetative and fruit characters of the Amazonian genus Dialypetalanthus point to a position in Rubiaceae. However, its floral morphology is so deviant that the genus was often placed in a family of its own. Even relationships outside Gentianales were postulated. Current molecular phylogenetic studies firmly show that Dialypetalanthus belongs to Rubiaceae.\u0000 Aims – This study aims to understand the idiosyncratic floral morphology in Dialypetalanthus and to compare it with the floral development in two other Condamineeae genera as well as in other Rubiaceae for which ontogenetic data are available.\u0000 Material and methods – SEM and LM based floral ontogeny in Dialypetalanthus fuscescens, Mussaendopsis beccariana, and Pogonopus exsertus.\u0000 Results and main conclusions – Flowers in Dialypetalanthus develop a stamen-corolla-calyx tube, which can be considered as a floral morphological link between the genus and the other Rubiaceae. The polyandrous androecium originates from an annular intercalary meristem at the adaxial side of the stamen-corolla-calyx tube.","PeriodicalId":54603,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45357109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sayed Jalal Moosavi, K. Budde, M. Mueller, O. Gailing
Background and aims – Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) is a near-threatened tree species from the north-western Himalayas. This species is the economically most important pine in Afghanistan because of its edible nuts; however, its distribution range is disjunct and restricted to a few isolated regions. The IUCN lists Chilgoza as a near threatened species because of overexploitation of its nuts and a declining population trend. This research is the first in-depth analysis of the genetic variability and structure of Chilgoza in Afghanistan using microsatellite markers. Material and methods –We tested cross-amplification of 44 SSR markers developed for pine species. Eight polymorphic EST-SSRs were genotyped in a natural Chilgoza population in Gardiz, Afghanistan. To evaluate the genetic diversity, fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS), signatures of bottleneck events, and the effective population size, 191 trees were sampled and genotyped. Based on the diameter at breast height, individuals were classified as young or old trees. Key results – Genetic variation in the whole population was moderate. For individual markers, He ranged from 0.130 to 0.515 (mean = 0.338) and Ho from 0.118 to 0.542 (mean = 0.328). The expected heterozygosity in young trees was slightly lower than in old trees. The SGS was stronger for young trees (Sp = 0.0100) than for old trees (Sp = 0.0029). Heterozygosity excess analysis detected no recent population size reduction, but the M ratio revealed an ancient and prolonged bottleneck in the Chilgoza population. Conclusion – Identification of suitable EST-SSRs for future studies of natural Chilgoza populations provides important tools for the conservation of the species. Despite the moderate genetic variation in Gardiz, scarcity of natural regeneration is likely to reduce the genetic variation and adaptability in future generations. Our results indicated a slight decrease in genetic diversity and stronger SGS in young trees calling for conservation measures fostering natural regeneration.
{"title":"Genetic diversity and fine-scale spatial genetic structure of the near-threatened Pinus gerardiana in Gardiz, Afghanistan","authors":"Sayed Jalal Moosavi, K. Budde, M. Mueller, O. Gailing","doi":"10.5091/plecevo.95754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.95754","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims – Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) is a near-threatened tree species from the north-western Himalayas. This species is the economically most important pine in Afghanistan because of its edible nuts; however, its distribution range is disjunct and restricted to a few isolated regions. The IUCN lists Chilgoza as a near threatened species because of overexploitation of its nuts and a declining population trend. This research is the first in-depth analysis of the genetic variability and structure of Chilgoza in Afghanistan using microsatellite markers.\u0000 Material and methods –We tested cross-amplification of 44 SSR markers developed for pine species. Eight polymorphic EST-SSRs were genotyped in a natural Chilgoza population in Gardiz, Afghanistan. To evaluate the genetic diversity, fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS), signatures of bottleneck events, and the effective population size, 191 trees were sampled and genotyped. Based on the diameter at breast height, individuals were classified as young or old trees.\u0000 Key results – Genetic variation in the whole population was moderate. For individual markers, He ranged from 0.130 to 0.515 (mean = 0.338) and Ho from 0.118 to 0.542 (mean = 0.328). The expected heterozygosity in young trees was slightly lower than in old trees. The SGS was stronger for young trees (Sp = 0.0100) than for old trees (Sp = 0.0029). Heterozygosity excess analysis detected no recent population size reduction, but the M ratio revealed an ancient and prolonged bottleneck in the Chilgoza population.\u0000 Conclusion – Identification of suitable EST-SSRs for future studies of natural Chilgoza populations provides important tools for the conservation of the species. Despite the moderate genetic variation in Gardiz, scarcity of natural regeneration is likely to reduce the genetic variation and adaptability in future generations. Our results indicated a slight decrease in genetic diversity and stronger SGS in young trees calling for conservation measures fostering natural regeneration.","PeriodicalId":54603,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45329571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thales Silva Coutinho, Mariela Analía Sader, A. Pedrosa‐Harand, M. Alves
Background – Waltheria marielleae is a new species of Malvaceae endemic to north-eastern Brazil that occurs only in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas, in areas of Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. It is characterized by cinereous leaves, axillary and sessile to subsessile inflorescences, pallid yellow corollas with apically eciliate petals and fan-plumose stigmas. Material and methods – DNA was extracted from leaf tissue and the markers matK, ndhF, and ITS were amplified using universal primers, with PCR products purified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was performed, including DNA sequences obtained from GenBank. Morphological studies were based on the analysis of specimens deposited in seven herbaria and specimens collected in Pernambuco state, Brazil. Results – Waltheria marielleae is morphologically and phylogenetically related to pantropical W. indica and W. ackermanniana, with these three species forming a well-supported clade. Overall, phylogenetic molecular analysis suggests the monophyly of Waltheria, with the two currently proposed sections also being monophyletic, and Melochia as its sister group. The new species is assessed here as Endangered, according to IUCN criteria. In addition, we formally present new occurrences of W. ackermanniana and W. rotundifolia. Conclusion – In this study, a complete morphological description, illustration, distribution map, and phylogenetic tree are provided for Waltheria marielleae. This species is compared with morphologically and phylogenetically related species (W. ackermanniana, W. indica, and W. rotundifolia) and an identification key to the species occurring in Alagoas and Pernambuco is provided.
背景- Waltheria marielleae是巴西东北部特有的malvacae科新种，仅见于Pernambuco州和Alagoas州以及大西洋森林和Caatinga地区。它的特征是灰白色的叶子，腋生和无梗到近无梗的花序，淡黄色的花冠，顶部具柔毛的花瓣和扇形羽状柱头。材料和方法-从叶片组织中提取DNA，用通用引物扩增标记物matK、ndhF和ITS，并对PCR产物进行纯化和测序。进行系统发育分析，包括从GenBank获得的DNA序列。形态学研究是基于对巴西伯南布哥州7个植物标本馆的标本和收集的标本的分析。结果-玛丽叶Waltheria marielleae在形态和系统发育上与泛热带的印度W.和ackermanniana有亲缘关系，这三个物种形成了一个得到很好支持的分支。总体而言，系统发育分子分析表明Waltheria属单系，目前提出的两个分支也属单系，而Melochia为其姊妹类群。根据世界自然保护联盟的标准，这种新物种在这里被评估为濒危物种。此外，我们正式提出新出现的W. ackermanniana和W. rotundifolia。结论:本研究提供了一套完整的形态描述、图解、分布图和系统发育树。该物种与形态和系统发育相关的物种(W. ackermanniana, W. indica和W. rotundifolia)进行了比较，并提供了在Alagoas和Pernambuco发生的物种的鉴定关键。
{"title":"Waltheria marielleae (Byttnerioideae, Malvaceae), a new species from north-eastern Brazil supported by morphological and phylogenetic evidence","authors":"Thales Silva Coutinho, Mariela Analía Sader, A. Pedrosa‐Harand, M. Alves","doi":"10.5091/plecevo.94921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.94921","url":null,"abstract":"Background – Waltheria marielleae is a new species of Malvaceae endemic to north-eastern Brazil that occurs only in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas, in areas of Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. It is characterized by cinereous leaves, axillary and sessile to subsessile inflorescences, pallid yellow corollas with apically eciliate petals and fan-plumose stigmas.\u0000 Material and methods – DNA was extracted from leaf tissue and the markers matK, ndhF, and ITS were amplified using universal primers, with PCR products purified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was performed, including DNA sequences obtained from GenBank. Morphological studies were based on the analysis of specimens deposited in seven herbaria and specimens collected in Pernambuco state, Brazil.\u0000 Results – Waltheria marielleae is morphologically and phylogenetically related to pantropical W. indica and W. ackermanniana, with these three species forming a well-supported clade. Overall, phylogenetic molecular analysis suggests the monophyly of Waltheria, with the two currently proposed sections also being monophyletic, and Melochia as its sister group. The new species is assessed here as Endangered, according to IUCN criteria. In addition, we formally present new occurrences of W. ackermanniana and W. rotundifolia.\u0000 Conclusion – In this study, a complete morphological description, illustration, distribution map, and phylogenetic tree are provided for Waltheria marielleae. This species is compared with morphologically and phylogenetically related species (W. ackermanniana, W. indica, and W. rotundifolia) and an identification key to the species occurring in Alagoas and Pernambuco is provided.","PeriodicalId":54603,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46475532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andressa Cabral, Renato Albuquerque Magri, J. C. Lopes
Background and aims – Two new species of Vellozia (Velloziaceae) are here described and illustrated, Vellozia albohexandra and V. mellosilvae. These new species are morphologically similar to Vellozia armata, V. luteola, and V. inselbergae, probably belonging to the same informal group. Material and methods – Morphological and anatomical descriptions were based on herbarium specimens and in situ observations. Standard taxonomy and plant anatomy practices and methods were applied. Key results – Vellozia albohexandra can be easily distinguished from the other species of the group of V. luteola by its sessile flowers with white and smaller petals and sepals, six stamens, and smaller style and stigma. The species is endemic to the Cristália municipality, Minas Gerais state, and has been classified as Data Deficient according to IUCN criteria. Vellozia mellosilvae shares morphological affinities with V. armata, but it is distinguished by the leaves with serrate margin and abaxial furrows, longer and evident pedicel, and larger petals and sepals. This species is endemic to the Itacambira municipality, and should be considered Critically Endangered.
{"title":"Increasing knowledge on the diversity of canelas-de-ema in the campo rupestre: two new species of Vellozia (Velloziaceae) from the southern Espinhaço Range, Brazil","authors":"Andressa Cabral, Renato Albuquerque Magri, J. C. Lopes","doi":"10.5091/plecevo.94326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.94326","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims – Two new species of Vellozia (Velloziaceae) are here described and illustrated, Vellozia albohexandra and V. mellosilvae. These new species are morphologically similar to Vellozia armata, V. luteola, and V. inselbergae, probably belonging to the same informal group.\u0000 Material and methods – Morphological and anatomical descriptions were based on herbarium specimens and in situ observations. Standard taxonomy and plant anatomy practices and methods were applied.\u0000 Key results – Vellozia albohexandra can be easily distinguished from the other species of the group of V. luteola by its sessile flowers with white and smaller petals and sepals, six stamens, and smaller style and stigma. The species is endemic to the Cristália municipality, Minas Gerais state, and has been classified as Data Deficient according to IUCN criteria. Vellozia mellosilvae shares morphological affinities with V. armata, but it is distinguished by the leaves with serrate margin and abaxial furrows, longer and evident pedicel, and larger petals and sepals. This species is endemic to the Itacambira municipality, and should be considered Critically Endangered.","PeriodicalId":54603,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47676635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and aims – A new species of Amorphophallus (Araceae) is described from D.R. Congo in connection with preparing the family treatment for the Flore d’Afrique centrale. Another species is recorded for the first time from Rwanda. Methods – Standard herbarium practices were applied. Key results – Amorphophallus dumboi sp. nov. is related to A. margretae. The differences between these species are discussed and distribution maps for the taxa are presented. Both species are range-restricted in the Albertine Rift and preliminarily assessed as Critically Endangered. Amorphophallus mayoi is for the first time recorded for Rwanda. The taxon, originally described as a subspecies of A. calabaricus, is raised here to specific rank.
{"title":"A new species of Amorphophallus (Araceae) from Eastern D.R. Congo, and a new record of the genus from Rwanda","authors":"E. Fischer, Bonny Dumbo, Landry Dumbo","doi":"10.5091/plecevo.93804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.93804","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims – A new species of Amorphophallus (Araceae) is described from D.R. Congo in connection with preparing the family treatment for the Flore d’Afrique centrale. Another species is recorded for the first time from Rwanda.\u0000 Methods – Standard herbarium practices were applied.\u0000 Key results – Amorphophallus dumboi sp. nov. is related to A. margretae. The differences between these species are discussed and distribution maps for the taxa are presented. Both species are range-restricted in the Albertine Rift and preliminarily assessed as Critically Endangered. Amorphophallus mayoi is for the first time recorded for Rwanda. The taxon, originally described as a subspecies of A. calabaricus, is raised here to specific rank.","PeriodicalId":54603,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47057268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis Emiliano Jacobo-Arteaga, Max Demián Medina-Rodríguez, Brenda Hernández-Hernádez, Itzel Aurora Piña de la Rosa, N. I. Cacho
Background and aims – Understanding whether variation in plant attributes is primarily driven by selection or historical contingencies is a main goal in evolutionary biology. We characterize leaf diversity in Euphorbia tithymaloides and identify patterns related to taxonomy, geography, biogeography, and climate that provide insights on the role of ecological and evolutionary forces in shaping its leaf diversity. Material and methods – We constructed a leaf morphospace using linear morphometric measurements derived from images (leaf maximum length and width, area, and perimeter), and calculated indexes that reflect aspects of leaf shape (leaf aspect ratio, area-perimeter ratio, obovate index, and circularity). Climatic data were extracted from WorldClim layers based on occurrence data. We visualized leaf and climate spaces with principal components analyses and used Kruskal-Wallis tests, linear models, and Mantel tests to test predictors of leaf variation (taxonomy, geography, climate). Key results – We document differences in the foliar morphospace occupied by subspecies of Euphorbia tithymaloides, and a substantial overlap in the climatic space they occupy, suggesting that foliar differences among subspecies are not likely driven by climate. Foliar morphology can be used as a proxy for subspecies in E. tithymaloides, as taxonomy explains a large proportion of variation in leaf morphology (10–60%). Geography and climate explain a small proportion of foliar variation not explained by subspecies (~3% and 5%, respectively). Temperature, precipitation, and seasonality are the climate variables with most explicative power. Conclusion – Leaf diversity in E. tithymaloides is not driven by climate, instead, it is likely the result of evolutionary contingencies faced by this species throughout its historical range expansion across the Caribbean Basin. This study shows that historical contingencies in addition to selection acting on ecological processes can shape foliar diversity and expand a lineage’s potential to explore morphological and climatic spaces.
{"title":"Leaf morphospace in Euphorbia tithymaloides (Euphorbiaceae) was likely shaped by evolutionary contingencies rather than climate","authors":"Luis Emiliano Jacobo-Arteaga, Max Demián Medina-Rodríguez, Brenda Hernández-Hernádez, Itzel Aurora Piña de la Rosa, N. I. Cacho","doi":"10.5091/plecevo.91487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.91487","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims – Understanding whether variation in plant attributes is primarily driven by selection or historical contingencies is a main goal in evolutionary biology. We characterize leaf diversity in Euphorbia tithymaloides and identify patterns related to taxonomy, geography, biogeography, and climate that provide insights on the role of ecological and evolutionary forces in shaping its leaf diversity.\u0000 Material and methods – We constructed a leaf morphospace using linear morphometric measurements derived from images (leaf maximum length and width, area, and perimeter), and calculated indexes that reflect aspects of leaf shape (leaf aspect ratio, area-perimeter ratio, obovate index, and circularity). Climatic data were extracted from WorldClim layers based on occurrence data. We visualized leaf and climate spaces with principal components analyses and used Kruskal-Wallis tests, linear models, and Mantel tests to test predictors of leaf variation (taxonomy, geography, climate).\u0000 Key results – We document differences in the foliar morphospace occupied by subspecies of Euphorbia tithymaloides, and a substantial overlap in the climatic space they occupy, suggesting that foliar differences among subspecies are not likely driven by climate. Foliar morphology can be used as a proxy for subspecies in E. tithymaloides, as taxonomy explains a large proportion of variation in leaf morphology (10–60%). Geography and climate explain a small proportion of foliar variation not explained by subspecies (~3% and 5%, respectively). Temperature, precipitation, and seasonality are the climate variables with most explicative power.\u0000 Conclusion – Leaf diversity in E. tithymaloides is not driven by climate, instead, it is likely the result of evolutionary contingencies faced by this species throughout its historical range expansion across the Caribbean Basin. This study shows that historical contingencies in addition to selection acting on ecological processes can shape foliar diversity and expand a lineage’s potential to explore morphological and climatic spaces.","PeriodicalId":54603,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology and Evolution","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42744874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arthur F. Boom, Jérémy Migliore, E. Kaymak, P. Meerts, O. Hardy
Background and aims – Brachystegia is a species-rich tree genus found in tropical Africa and a typical element of Miombo woodlands, a widely distributed subtype of the Zambezian savanna. Plastid DNA was shown to be largely uninformative to assess species phylogenetic relationships due to widespread chloroplast capture among species. Here, we aim to assess the capacity of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) to clarify the phylogeny of Brachystegia species while accounting for intra-individual site polymorphisms (2ISPs), which are often present in rDNA and potentially phylogenetically informative. Material and methods – Genome skimming sequencing on 47 samples representing 27 of the 29 currently recognized Brachystegia species, allowed us to retrieve complete nuclear ribosomal cistrons encoding for 18S, 5.8S, and 25S rRNA genes (35S rDNA). We reconstructed the Brachystegia phylogeny using Maximum Likelihood methods based on the standard substitution model or integrating 2ISPs (GENOTYPE implementation in RAxML-NG). We additionally tested the effect of partitioning the data (one partition for rDNA genes and one for the ITS1+ITS2). We also conducted network inferences (Neighbor-Net splits graph), as a strict bifurcative approach might not properly model topological uncertainty at shallow phylogenetic depth. Key results – 2ISPs-aware and standard phylogenetic reconstructions are largely congruent. We identified several well-supported main clades clarifying the species relationships, including two clades of Miombo woodlands species. Miombo Group A includes species with ovoid to globose axillary dormant buds, while Miombo Group B species have flattened ones. Two morphologically close Brachystegia species (B. kennedyi and B. leonensis) found in Guineo-Congolian rain forests form also a robustly supported clade. 2ISPs coding allowed to identify an additional Guineo-Congolian clade (B. eurycoma and B. nigerica). Ribosomal DNA therefore proves more useful to explore the generic phylogeny than plastid DNA but the species relationships within and among the main clades remain poorly resolved, probably due to recent diversification and/or recurrent hybridization, so that the diversification of Brachystegia remains to be more properly characterised. Conclusion – Nuclear and plastid phylogenetic reconstructions of Brachystegia species are discordant. Even if not well-resolved, rDNA phylograms and networks are characterized by taxonomic sorting, while we observe a strictly geographic sorting in the plastid dataset. Most of the species’ relationships remain to be characterized using additional nuclear markers combined with in-depth morphological investigations.
背景和目的-Brachystegia是一个在热带非洲发现的物种丰富的乔木属，也是Miombo林地的典型元素，Miombo woodlands是赞比西大草原的一个广泛分布的亚型。质体DNA在评估物种系统发育关系方面基本上没有信息，因为叶绿体在物种之间广泛捕获。在这里，我们的目的是评估核核糖体DNA（rDNA）澄清Brachystegia物种系统发育的能力，同时考虑个体内位点多态性（2ISPs），这通常存在于rDNA中，并可能提供系统发育信息。材料和方法——对47个样本进行基因组撇除测序，这些样本代表了目前公认的29种Brachystegia物种中的27种，使我们能够检索到编码18S、5.8S和25S rRNA基因（35S rDNA）的完整核核糖体顺反子。我们使用基于标准替代模型或集成2ISPs（RAxML-NG中的GENOTYPE实现）的最大似然方法重建了Brachystegia系统发育。我们还测试了划分数据的效果（一个是rDNA基因的划分，一个是ITS1+ITS2的划分）。我们还进行了网络推断（邻居网络分裂图），因为严格的分叉方法可能无法在浅系统发育深度正确建模拓扑不确定性。关键结果——2ISP意识和标准的系统发育重建在很大程度上是一致的。我们确定了几个得到充分支持的主要分支，澄清了物种关系，包括Miombo林地物种的两个分支。Miombo类群A包括具有卵球形至球形腋生休眠芽的物种，而Miombo Group B物种具有扁平的休眠芽。在几内亚-刚果雨林中发现的两个形态相近的Brachystegia物种（B.kenedyi和B.leonensis）也形成了一个强大的分支。2ISP编码允许识别另一个几内亚-刚果分支（B.eurycoma和B.nigerica）。因此，核糖体DNA被证明比质体DNA更有助于探索一般的系统发育，但主要分支内部和之间的物种关系仍然很难解决，这可能是由于最近的多样化和/或反复杂交，因此Brachystegia的多样化仍有待更正确地表征。结论：Brachystegia物种的细胞核和质体系统发育重建不一致。即使没有很好地解决，rDNA系统图和网络也以分类排序为特征，而我们在质体数据集中观察到严格的地理排序。大多数物种的亲缘关系仍有待于使用额外的核标记和深入的形态学研究来表征。
{"title":"Nuclear ribosomal phylogeny of Brachystegia: new markers for new insights about rain forests and Miombo woodlands evolution","authors":"Arthur F. Boom, Jérémy Migliore, E. Kaymak, P. Meerts, O. Hardy","doi":"10.5091/plecevo.91373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.91373","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims – Brachystegia is a species-rich tree genus found in tropical Africa and a typical element of Miombo woodlands, a widely distributed subtype of the Zambezian savanna. Plastid DNA was shown to be largely uninformative to assess species phylogenetic relationships due to widespread chloroplast capture among species. Here, we aim to assess the capacity of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) to clarify the phylogeny of Brachystegia species while accounting for intra-individual site polymorphisms (2ISPs), which are often present in rDNA and potentially phylogenetically informative.\u0000 Material and methods – Genome skimming sequencing on 47 samples representing 27 of the 29 currently recognized Brachystegia species, allowed us to retrieve complete nuclear ribosomal cistrons encoding for 18S, 5.8S, and 25S rRNA genes (35S rDNA). We reconstructed the Brachystegia phylogeny using Maximum Likelihood methods based on the standard substitution model or integrating 2ISPs (GENOTYPE implementation in RAxML-NG). We additionally tested the effect of partitioning the data (one partition for rDNA genes and one for the ITS1+ITS2). We also conducted network inferences (Neighbor-Net splits graph), as a strict bifurcative approach might not properly model topological uncertainty at shallow phylogenetic depth.\u0000 Key results – 2ISPs-aware and standard phylogenetic reconstructions are largely congruent. We identified several well-supported main clades clarifying the species relationships, including two clades of Miombo woodlands species. Miombo Group A includes species with ovoid to globose axillary dormant buds, while Miombo Group B species have flattened ones. Two morphologically close Brachystegia species (B. kennedyi and B. leonensis) found in Guineo-Congolian rain forests form also a robustly supported clade. 2ISPs coding allowed to identify an additional Guineo-Congolian clade (B. eurycoma and B. nigerica). Ribosomal DNA therefore proves more useful to explore the generic phylogeny than plastid DNA but the species relationships within and among the main clades remain poorly resolved, probably due to recent diversification and/or recurrent hybridization, so that the diversification of Brachystegia remains to be more properly characterised.\u0000 Conclusion – Nuclear and plastid phylogenetic reconstructions of Brachystegia species are discordant. Even if not well-resolved, rDNA phylograms and networks are characterized by taxonomic sorting, while we observe a strictly geographic sorting in the plastid dataset. Most of the species’ relationships remain to be characterized using additional nuclear markers combined with in-depth morphological investigations.","PeriodicalId":54603,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45217525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and aims – The genus Carapichea (Rubiaceae), recently resurrected and separated from Psychotria, currently includes 24 Neotropical species and is morphologically heterogeneous. A revision of the genus in the Guianas is presented here, as part of the authors’ work on the Rubiaceae treatment in the Flora of the Guianas series. Material and methods – This paper is based on a study of herbarium specimens from BBS, BM, BR, BRB, CAY, INPA, K, P, P-JJR, and U; type specimens from other herbaria were consulted online. Some of the species were also studied in the field by the authors. Normal practices of herbarium taxonomy have been applied. Results – Three species previously included in Carapichea (C. altsonii, C. nivea, and C. sandwithiana) show aberrant characters for the genus and are transferred to Notopleura; new combinations are published for the former two (N. altsonii and N. nivea). Eight species of Carapichea, one of them still imperfectly known, are recorded from the Guianas; a ninth species, C. araguariensis, is included in this revision as it is expected to occur in the region. New combinations are published for two species: Carapichea galbaoensis and C. squamelligera, based on Psychotria galbaoensis and P. squamelligera, respectively; the former species was previously included in synonymy of C. guianensis, which is here redefined in a narrower sense. The delimitation of C. ligularis is expanded to include C. pacimonica as a synonym. The first records of C. adinantha in French Guiana – and the Guiana Shield – are documented. The taxonomy of the two remaining species, C. tillettii and C. urniformis, is left unchanged. For every species a complete description is presented, as well as data on distribution, ecology, phenology, local names (when known), and a list of collections studied.
{"title":"Revision of Carapichea (Rubiaceae-Psychotrieae) in the Guianas, with two new combinations and transfer of three species to Notopleura","authors":"O. Lachenaud, P. Delprete","doi":"10.5091/plecevo.90936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.90936","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims – The genus Carapichea (Rubiaceae), recently resurrected and separated from Psychotria, currently includes 24 Neotropical species and is morphologically heterogeneous. A revision of the genus in the Guianas is presented here, as part of the authors’ work on the Rubiaceae treatment in the Flora of the Guianas series.\u0000 Material and methods – This paper is based on a study of herbarium specimens from BBS, BM, BR, BRB, CAY, INPA, K, P, P-JJR, and U; type specimens from other herbaria were consulted online. Some of the species were also studied in the field by the authors. Normal practices of herbarium taxonomy have been applied.\u0000 Results – Three species previously included in Carapichea (C. altsonii, C. nivea, and C. sandwithiana) show aberrant characters for the genus and are transferred to Notopleura; new combinations are published for the former two (N. altsonii and N. nivea). Eight species of Carapichea, one of them still imperfectly known, are recorded from the Guianas; a ninth species, C. araguariensis, is included in this revision as it is expected to occur in the region. New combinations are published for two species: Carapichea galbaoensis and C. squamelligera, based on Psychotria galbaoensis and P. squamelligera, respectively; the former species was previously included in synonymy of C. guianensis, which is here redefined in a narrower sense. The delimitation of C. ligularis is expanded to include C. pacimonica as a synonym. The first records of C. adinantha in French Guiana – and the Guiana Shield – are documented. The taxonomy of the two remaining species, C. tillettii and C. urniformis, is left unchanged. For every species a complete description is presented, as well as data on distribution, ecology, phenology, local names (when known), and a list of collections studied.","PeriodicalId":54603,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48857203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taynara Rabelo-Costa, Paulo Weslem Portal Gomes, Brenda Oliveira Rocha, Iury Leite Cruz, Ravena Santiago Alves, Tiê Rocha de Sousa Oliveira, José Luís Passos Cordeiro, Moabe Ferreira Fernandes, E. N. Lughadha, Marcelo Freire Moro
Background and aims – Climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene altered the distribution of many species and even entire biomes, allowing some species to increase their range while others underwent reductions. Recent and ongoing anthropogenic climate change is altering climatic patterns very rapidly and is likely to impact species’ distributions over shorter timescales than previous natural fluctuations. Therefore, we aimed to understand how Pleistocene and Holocene climatic fluctuations might have shaped the current distribution of Holoregmia and explore its expected distribution under future climate scenarios. Material and methods – We modelled the potential distribution of Holoregmia viscida (Martyniaceae), a monospecific plant genus endemic to the semi-arid Caatinga Domain in Brazil. We used an ensemble approach to model suitable areas for Holoregmia under present conditions, Paleoclimatic scenarios, and global warming scenarios in 2050 and 2090. Key results – Holocene climates in most Caatinga were too humid for Holoregmia, which restricted its suitable areas to the southern Caatinga, similar to its current distribution. However, under global warming scenarios, the Caatinga is expected to become too dry for this lineage, resulting in a steady decline in the area suitable for Holoregmia and even its possible extinction under the most pessimistic scenario modelled. Conclusion – The predicted extinction of the ancient and highly specialized Holoregmia viscida highlights the possible consequences of climate change for some species of endemic Caatinga flora. Invaluable phylogenetic diversity may be lost in the coming decades, representing millions of years of unique evolutionary history and consequent loss of evolutionary potential to adapt to future environmental changes in semi-arid environments.
{"title":"The fate of Holoregmia, a monospecific genus endemic to the Brazilian Caatinga, under different future climate scenarios","authors":"Taynara Rabelo-Costa, Paulo Weslem Portal Gomes, Brenda Oliveira Rocha, Iury Leite Cruz, Ravena Santiago Alves, Tiê Rocha de Sousa Oliveira, José Luís Passos Cordeiro, Moabe Ferreira Fernandes, E. N. Lughadha, Marcelo Freire Moro","doi":"10.5091/plecevo.90511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.90511","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims – Climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene altered the distribution of many species and even entire biomes, allowing some species to increase their range while others underwent reductions. Recent and ongoing anthropogenic climate change is altering climatic patterns very rapidly and is likely to impact species’ distributions over shorter timescales than previous natural fluctuations. Therefore, we aimed to understand how Pleistocene and Holocene climatic fluctuations might have shaped the current distribution of Holoregmia and explore its expected distribution under future climate scenarios.\u0000 Material and methods – We modelled the potential distribution of Holoregmia viscida (Martyniaceae), a monospecific plant genus endemic to the semi-arid Caatinga Domain in Brazil. We used an ensemble approach to model suitable areas for Holoregmia under present conditions, Paleoclimatic scenarios, and global warming scenarios in 2050 and 2090.\u0000 Key results – Holocene climates in most Caatinga were too humid for Holoregmia, which restricted its suitable areas to the southern Caatinga, similar to its current distribution. However, under global warming scenarios, the Caatinga is expected to become too dry for this lineage, resulting in a steady decline in the area suitable for Holoregmia and even its possible extinction under the most pessimistic scenario modelled.\u0000 Conclusion – The predicted extinction of the ancient and highly specialized Holoregmia viscida highlights the possible consequences of climate change for some species of endemic Caatinga flora. Invaluable phylogenetic diversity may be lost in the coming decades, representing millions of years of unique evolutionary history and consequent loss of evolutionary potential to adapt to future environmental changes in semi-arid environments.","PeriodicalId":54603,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48724143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salvatora Nsenga Nkulu, P. Meerts, Edouard Ilunga wa Ilunga, Mylor Ngoy Shutcha, D. Bauman
Background and aims – Sustainable management of the medicinal plant resources provided by tropical forests is of utmost importance to human populations in developing countries. Trees and shrubs of the genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) are of great medicinal importance in Haut-Katanga (SE D.R. Congo), frequently used to treat tropical diseases. However, the security of supply is threatened, particularly by urban sprawl and mining. A conservation strategy for medicinal plants is urgently needed. In this context, we try to better understand the ecological factors (mostly soil) explaining the distribution of three medicinal species of Vitex (Lamiaceae) (V. fischeri, V. madiensis, and V. mombassae) that co-occur in the tropical dry woodlands in the region of Lubumbashi. Material and methods – In 114 plots (10 m radius), comprising at least one species of Vitex, all woody species with a DBH ≥ 10 cm were inventoried and soil samples were collected. Multivariate Regression Trees (MRT) combined with indicator species index IndVal and Redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to characterise habitats and woody plant communities associated to each Vitex species and to explain the variability of plant community composition. Key results – Four habitats were identified, and the three Vitex species differ significantly in ecological range. Vitex fischeri is a specialist of a most distinctive community on high Mg and low Al soil (termite mounds). Vitex mombassae is indicative of one habitat, corresponding to low altitude (< 1230 m) plots. Vitex madiensis has a broader range, being a generalist of all habitats except termite mounds. Conclusion – These results emphasise the importance of a detailed knowledge of species ecology to design species-specific conservation strategies, even for congeneric species occurring in sympatry in the same landscape.
背景和目标-热带森林提供的药用植物资源的可持续管理对发展中国家的人口至关重要。荆属乔灌木在上加丹加省(刚果民主共和国东南部)具有重要的药用价值，常用于治疗热带病。然而，供应的安全受到威胁，特别是受到城市扩张和采矿的威胁。迫切需要药用植物的保护策略。在此背景下，我们试图更好地了解解释三种药用牡荆(Lamiaceae) (V. fischeri, V. madiensis和V. mombassae)在卢本巴希地区热带干燥林地共同分布的生态因素(主要是土壤)。材料和方法:在114个(10 m半径)至少包含一种牡荆属植物的样地中，调查了所有胸径≥10 cm的木本植物，并收集了土壤样品。采用多元回归树(MRT)、指示种指数(IndVal)和冗余分析(RDA)对各牡荆树种的生境和木本植物群落特征进行了分析，并解释了植物群落组成的变异性。主要结果:确定了四种生境，三种牡荆的生态范围差异显著。白蚁是高镁低铝土壤(白蚁丘)中最具特色的群落。黄荆为单一生境，对应于低海拔(< 1230 m)样地。黄荆的分布范围较广，除白蚁丘外，它是所有生境的通才。结论:这些结果强调了物种生态学的详细知识对于设计物种特定保护策略的重要性，即使是在同一景观中发生的同属物种。
{"title":"Medicinal Vitex species (Lamiaceae) occupy different niches in Haut-Katanga tropical dry woodlands","authors":"Salvatora Nsenga Nkulu, P. Meerts, Edouard Ilunga wa Ilunga, Mylor Ngoy Shutcha, D. Bauman","doi":"10.5091/plecevo.89394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.89394","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims – Sustainable management of the medicinal plant resources provided by tropical forests is of utmost importance to human populations in developing countries. Trees and shrubs of the genus Vitex (Lamiaceae) are of great medicinal importance in Haut-Katanga (SE D.R. Congo), frequently used to treat tropical diseases. However, the security of supply is threatened, particularly by urban sprawl and mining. A conservation strategy for medicinal plants is urgently needed. In this context, we try to better understand the ecological factors (mostly soil) explaining the distribution of three medicinal species of Vitex (Lamiaceae) (V. fischeri, V. madiensis, and V. mombassae) that co-occur in the tropical dry woodlands in the region of Lubumbashi.\u0000 Material and methods – In 114 plots (10 m radius), comprising at least one species of Vitex, all woody species with a DBH ≥ 10 cm were inventoried and soil samples were collected. Multivariate Regression Trees (MRT) combined with indicator species index IndVal and Redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to characterise habitats and woody plant communities associated to each Vitex species and to explain the variability of plant community composition.\u0000 Key results – Four habitats were identified, and the three Vitex species differ significantly in ecological range. Vitex fischeri is a specialist of a most distinctive community on high Mg and low Al soil (termite mounds). Vitex mombassae is indicative of one habitat, corresponding to low altitude (< 1230 m) plots. Vitex madiensis has a broader range, being a generalist of all habitats except termite mounds.\u0000 Conclusion – These results emphasise the importance of a detailed knowledge of species ecology to design species-specific conservation strategies, even for congeneric species occurring in sympatry in the same landscape.","PeriodicalId":54603,"journal":{"name":"Plant Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48706770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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