Pediatric Annals最新文献

Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a skin condition that often begins in adolescence, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 10%. The severity of SD varies widely, from mild dandruff to severe erythema, scaling, and flaking, which can be distressing and can impact an adolescent's quality of life. In individuals with darker skin tones, hypopigmentation may be observed. While the exact cause of SD remains unclear, a combination of environmental, medical, and lifestyle factors are believed to contribute to its development. Some researchers identify Malassezia yeast as central to the pathogenesis of SD, while others point to individual susceptibility factors that contribute to skin barrier dysfunction. Treatment strategies focus on controlling flare-ups and preventing recurrence, with options that include topical antifungals, corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and, more recently, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors. Health care providers should collaborate with patients to identify a treatment plan that is both effective and well tolerated. [Pediatr Ann. 2025;54(6):e203-e208.].

Cannabis is the most commonly used recreational drug in the United States and use among adolescents is prevalent. Its availability and potency have increased significantly in the past decade, as a growing number of US states have legalized its use for medicinal or recreational purposes. Meanwhile, adolescent perception of the risk of harm from cannabis use has declined over time. However, there are well-established risks associated with prolonged cannabis use in adolescence. Cannabis has a strong link to the development of psychosis and psychiatric diagnoses, negative neurodevelopmental and school performance outcomes, poorer sleep, and gastrointestinal effects. Research is also showing potential risks related to the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and endocrine systems. The purpose of this article is to describe the long-term health effects of adolescent cannabis use. [Pediatr Ann. 2025;54(6):e217-e221.].

The prevalence of pediatric suicidal ideation and deaths by suicide continues to rise with suicide now representing the second leading cause of death in those age 10 to 24 years. To decrease the number of children experiencing suicidal ideation or death by suicide, we must improve suicide risk screening and access to mental health care, as well as continue to seek novel treatment modalities. Efforts are underway to address each of these objectives. This article will detail current research pertaining to the prevalence of suicidal ideation and death by suicide, the implementation of universal suicide risk screening, and data supporting ongoing treatment innovation. [Pediatr Ann. 2025;54(6):e184-e187.].

Primary hyperhidrosis is a common condition that often begins before age 18 years and frequently presents to the pediatric primary care provider. It can have significant negative impacts on a child's quality of life (QOL) and emotional well-being. There are a variety of treatment options available that have been shown to decrease symptoms, as well as improve QOL. These treatments include over-the-counter antiperspirants, prescription antiperspirants, topical anticholinergics, iontophoresis, systemic anticholinergics, injectable botulinum toxin, and surgical sympathectomy. Treatment of this condition is lifelong and often nuanced. It is imperative for the pediatric practitioner to be well versed in the risks and benefits, as well as proper usage, of these various therapeutic modalities. With this knowledge, effective treatment plans can be crafted to improve both the physical and mental health of affected children. [Pediatr Ann. 2025;54(6):e196-e202.].

Adolescence is a critical developmental period marked by physical, psychological, and social changes, and hair loss can significantly impact self-esteem. Delays in treatment are common, and they sometimes result in permanent hair loss. This article reviews the most common causes of hair loss in adolescents (eg, androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, traction alopecia, trichotillomania). Key diagnostic approaches include thorough history taking and scalp examination. Management strategies range from pharmacological management to lifestyle modifications and behavioral therapies. Early identification and treatment, patient education, and understanding indications for referral are crucial for optimal clinical and psychosocial outcomes. This review emphasizes the importance of a primary care physician's initial evaluation and management of adolescent hair loss. [Pediatr Ann. 2025;54(6):e189-e195.].

For infants up to age 12 months, there is an urgent need for protection against respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Nirsevimab (Beyfortus [Sanofi (Bridgewater, NJ), AstraZeneca (Wilmington, DE)], a long-acting monoclonal antibody for infants, and the bivalent RSV prefusion F (RSVpreF) vaccine (ABRYSVO [Pfizer (New York, NY)]) for pregnant women are the current recommendations for protection against RSV. This review summarizes current evidence-based practices for these interventions, highlights recommendations for delivery, and addresses challenges faced by providers during the RSV season. [Pediatr Ann. 2025;54(5):e160-e166.].

Cow milk allergy (CMA) is an immune-mediated condition affecting infants and young children, leading to a range of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and skin-related symptoms. This review explores the epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CMA. CMA's prevalence varies geographically and is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In this article, we review how to accurately diagnose CMA to avoid unnecessary dietary restrictions, as well as provide an overview of treatment options that highlight the importance of tailored dietary management and the potential for developing tolerance in affected children. [Pediatr Ann. 2025;54(5):e179-e181.].

Measles is an acute, serious, highly contagious viral infection. Despite the existence of an effective and safe vaccine for more than half a century, measles outbreaks continue in the United States and cases are increasing worldwide. Further, there is a decreasing trend in national measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination coverage among kindergarteners. This article is intended to provide practitioners caring for children with an overview of the history of measles, its current national and international epidemiology, clinical picture, and important complications, as well as methods for prevention. Readers are directed to in-depth reviews for specific detailed recommendations regarding vaccines and biologics mentioned herein. [Pediatr Ann. 2025;54(5):e167-e173.].

Vaccine hesitancy is the delay in acceptance or outright refusal of immunizations, which has evolved into a growing public health threat. In this article, we explore recent trends in vaccine hesitancy in the setting of the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic, vaccine-specific variations, social media influence, and sociodemographic factors. During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the antivaccine movement gained increasing support and generated widespread conspiracy theories and mistrust. This highlighted the importance of enhancing communication between the health care field and general public. While the impact of antivaccine social media is widespread, physicians have also begun to use technology to spread factual information and increase vaccination uptake. There is a growing body of evidence regarding sociodemographic data, including the pervasive impact of medical racism on vaccine hesitancy, with additional studies on age, education, income, and more. Providers must serve as communicators and focus on presumptive language, strong recommendations, and tailored conversations with families who are hesitant about vaccines. [Pediatr Ann. 2025;54(5):e154-e159.].