Paleobiology最新文献

英文中文

The egg-thief architect: experimental oviraptorosaur nesting physiology, the possibility of adult-mediated incubation, and the feasibility of indirect contact incubation 盗蛋建筑师:实验窃蛋龙筑巢生理，成虫介导孵化的可能性，以及间接接触孵化的可行性

IF 2.7 2区地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Paleobiology

Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2023.19

Jason D. Hogan

Numerous, high-quality reproduction-related oviraptorosaur fossils have been described. However, oviraptorosaur-style nests are unknown among extant animals, and their curious construction makes nesting behavior difficult to interpret. Experiments were undertaken to better understand oviraptorosaur nesting strategies. A surrogate was constructed and placed atop mock-oviraptorosaur nests built from sand and 36 infertile emu eggs (as Macroolithus approximations) arranged according to the most current nest reconstructions. Thermometers, placed within each egg and throughout the experimental area, recorded energy flow from the surrogate dinosaur into the nesting microenvironment. One experiment examined a basic open nest warmed from above; the second, a fully buried clutch warmed from above; and the third, a nest open like the first but with heating elements (representing hindlimbs) extending down into the nest. It was found that egg temperatures in each scenario surpassed ambient temperatures without requiring excessive energy input. Final clutch temperatures were below most avian values, closer to crocodilian incubation, but are likely conservative, considering experimental parameters. These results may support the idea that an oviraptorosaur could use adult-generated energy to warm a clutch above ambient conditions. Additionally, egg tiers would be warmer and more uniform in temperature if heated by elements within the nest, such as hindlimbs, instead of solely from above. Results from the second experiment indicate that an endothermic adult could possibly warm a clutch fully buried beneath itself despite a barrier. Although not likely a behavior exhibited by oviraptorosaurs, such results suggest an important evolutionary step bridging guarded subterranean eggs and contact-incubated subaerial eggs.

许多高质量的生殖相关的窃蛋龙化石已经被描述。然而，在现存的动物中，窃蛋龙式的巢是未知的，它们奇怪的结构使得筑巢行为难以解释。实验是为了更好地了解窃蛋龙的筑巢策略。根据最新的巢重建，他们用沙子和36个不育的鸸鹋蛋(与巨石器蛋近似)建造了一个假蛋，并将其放置在假蛋龙的巢上。放置在每个蛋内和整个实验区的温度计记录了从替代恐龙进入筑巢微环境的能量流。一项实验检查了一个基本的开放式巢穴，从上面加热;第二个是一个完全埋在地下的离合器，从上面温暖着;第三个，一个像第一个一样开放的巢，但有加热元件(代表后肢)延伸到巢中。研究发现，在每种情况下，鸡蛋的温度都超过了环境温度，而不需要过多的能量输入。最后的孵化温度低于大多数鸟类的值，更接近鳄鱼的孵化，但可能是保守的，考虑到实验参数。这些结果可能支持了一种观点，即窃蛋龙可以利用成年龙产生的能量在环境条件下加热卵窝。此外，如果由巢内的元素(如后肢)加热，而不是仅仅从上面加热，卵层的温度会更温暖，也更均匀。第二个实验的结果表明，尽管有屏障，吸热成虫可能会给完全埋在自己下面的一窝幼崽保暖。尽管窃蛋龙不太可能表现出这种行为，但这些结果表明，一个重要的进化步骤连接了受保护的地下蛋和接触孵化的地下蛋。

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引用次数: 1

A quantitative assessment of ontogeny and molting in a Cambrian radiodont and the evolution of arthropod development 寒武纪放射虫个体发生和蜕皮的定量评估及节肢动物发育的进化

IF 2.7 2区地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Paleobiology

Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2023.18

J. Moysiuk, Jean‐Bernard Caron

Radiodonta is a clade of stem euarthropods of central importance to our understanding of the evolution of this phylum. Radiodonts include some of the largest early Paleozoic animals; however, little is known about their ontogeny. We present an analysis of molting patterns and ontogeny in the radiodont Stanleycaris based on 265 exceptionally preserved specimens from the mid-Cambrian (Wuliuan) Burgess Shale. Ranging in size from 10 to 83 mm, they constitute the most extensive radiodont ontogenetic series known. Using a novel morphospace approach, we show that putative carcasses and exuviae can be quantitatively distinguished by the particular suites of structures preserved and their modes of preservation. We propose that Stanleycaris, and probably other radiodonts, molted via a suture near the anterior of the trunk. Similar anterior molting strategies, with a suture located at the head–trunk boundary, are shared with some Cambrian euarthropods and are potentially ancestral. Allometric analyses suggest that as Stanleycaris body size increased, the head sclerite and neck became relatively broader, while the trunk and flaps became slightly longer. The eyes developed precociously, indicating an important role of visual processing in juveniles. Finally, we find evidence for an initial anamorphic developmental phase, where segment number increased at least from 11 or 12 up to 17, followed by an epimorphic phase, in which growth continued without segment addition. This is consistent with the hypothesis that finite postembryonic segment addition (hemianamorphosis) is ancestral for arthropods and refines the timing of the origin of this important developmental mode.

放射齿兽是茎真节肢动物的一个分支，对我们了解这一门的进化至关重要。放射性动物包括一些最大的早期古生代动物;然而，人们对它们的个体发生知之甚少。本文以中寒武纪(武流)伯吉斯页岩中保存的265个特殊标本为基础，分析了放射性Stanleycaris的蜕皮模式和个体发育。它们的大小从10毫米到83毫米不等，构成了已知的最广泛的放射成因系列。使用一种新颖的形态空间方法，我们表明假定的尸体和蜕皮可以通过保存的特定结构套件和它们的保存模式来定量区分。我们认为Stanleycaris，可能还有其他放射兽，是通过躯干前部附近的缝合线脱皮的。一些寒武纪真节肢动物也有类似的前蜕皮策略，在头干边界处有一条缝线，可能是它们的祖先。异速生长分析表明，随着Stanleycaris体型的增大，头部硬骨和颈部变得相对更宽，而躯干和襟翼则略微变长。眼睛发育较早，表明在青少年中视觉处理起着重要作用。最后，我们发现了最初的变形发育阶段的证据，其中节数至少从11或12增加到17，然后是附形阶段，在这个阶段，生长继续，没有增加节。这与有限胚胎后节段添加(半变形)是节肢动物祖先的假设一致，并完善了这一重要发育模式起源的时间。

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引用次数: 1

James Valentine (20 November 1926–7 April 2023), co-founder of Paleobiology and master of idiographically informed nomothetism 詹姆斯·瓦伦丁(James Valentine, 1926年11月20日- 2023年4月7日)，古生物学联合创始人，无神论大师

IF 2.7 2区地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Paleobiology

Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2023.21

C. Marshall

In 1980, Steven J. Gould published an essay on the emergence of paleobiology as a nomothetic discipline (Gould 1980), nomothetism referring to the search for general laws or principles. Gould contrasted this with the foundation of paleontology, the idiographic tradition of detailing the history of life from the description of new fossil taxa to the elucidation of the long-term patterns of change through time. Among the pioneers of this nomothetic expansion was Jim Valentine. Here I pay tribute to Jim as one of the first paleobiologists, a colleague, coauthor, and friend, emphasizing his intellectual style and insights as much as his lasting contributions. I have written this in part as a eulogy, a remembrance for those who knew him, but also as an introduction to the continuing relevance of his work for those who may be unfamiliar with it.

1980年，Steven J. Gould发表了一篇关于古生物学作为一门学科出现的文章(Gould 1980)，无神论指的是寻找一般规律或原则。古尔德将此与古生物学的基础进行了对比，古生物学是详细描述生命历史的具体传统，从描述新的化石分类群到阐明随时间变化的长期模式。吉姆·瓦伦丁(Jim Valentine)是这一学科扩张的先驱之一。在这里，我向吉姆致敬，他是最早的古生物学家之一，是我的同事、合著者和朋友，我强调他的学术风格和见解，以及他的持久贡献。我写这篇文章的部分目的是作为悼词，是对那些认识他的人的纪念，也是为了向那些可能不熟悉他的人介绍他的作品的持续相关性。

引用次数: 0

Challenges and directions in analytical paleobiology. 分析古生物学的挑战和方向。

IF 2.7 2区地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Paleobiology

Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2023.3

Erin M Dillon, Emma M Dunne, Tom M Womack, Miranta Kouvari, Ekaterina Larina, Jordan Ray Claytor, Angelina Ivkić, Mark Juhn, Pablo S Milla Carmona, Selina Viktor Robson, Anwesha Saha, Jaime A Villafaña, Michelle E Zill

Over the last 50 years, access to new data and analytical tools has expanded the study of analytical paleobiology, contributing to innovative analyses of biodiversity dynamics over Earth's history. Despite-or even spurred by-this growing availability of resources, analytical paleobiology faces deep-rooted obstacles that stem from the need for more equitable access to data and best practices to guide analyses of the fossil record. Recent progress has been accelerated by a collective push toward more collaborative, interdisciplinary, and open science, especially by early-career researchers. Here, we survey four challenges facing analytical paleobiology from an early-career perspective: (1) accounting for biases when interpreting the fossil record; (2) integrating fossil and modern biodiversity data; (3) building data science skills; and (4) increasing data accessibility and equity. We discuss recent efforts to address each challenge, highlight persisting barriers, and identify tools that have advanced analytical work. Given the inherent linkages between these challenges, we encourage discourse across disciplines to find common solutions. We also affirm the need for systemic changes that reevaluate how we conduct and share paleobiological research.

在过去的50年里，获得新数据和分析工具扩大了分析古生物学的研究，有助于对地球历史上的生物多样性动态进行创新分析。尽管资源不断增加，甚至受到资源不断增加的刺激，但分析古生物学面临着根深蒂固的障碍，这些障碍源于需要更公平地获取数据和最佳实践来指导化石记录的分析。最近的进展因集体推动更具协作性、跨学科和开放性的科学而加速，尤其是早期职业研究人员。在这里，我们从职业生涯早期的角度调查了分析古生物学面临的四个挑战：（1）解释化石记录时的偏见；（2）整合化石和现代生物多样性数据；（3）培养数据科学技能；以及（4）提高数据的可访问性和公平性。我们讨论了最近为应对每一项挑战所做的努力，强调了持续存在的障碍，并确定了具有先进分析工作的工具。鉴于这些挑战之间的内在联系，我们鼓励跨学科的讨论，以找到共同的解决方案。我们还确认需要进行系统性变革，重新评估我们如何进行和共享古生物学研究。

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引用次数: 5

PAB volume 49 issue 3 Cover PAB第49卷第3期封面

IF 2.7 2区地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Paleobiology

Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2023.25

引用次数: 0

Relative oversampling of carbonate rocks in the North American marine fossil record 北美海相化石记录中碳酸盐岩的相对过采样

IF 2.7 2区地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Paleobiology

Pub Date : 2023-05-29 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2023.16

Diego Balseiro, M. Powell

Paleontologists have long stressed the need to know how sampling the fossil record might influence our knowledge of the evolution of life. Here, we combine fossil occurrences of North American marine invertebrates from the Paleobiology Database with lithologic data from Macrostrat to identify sampling patterns in carbonate and siliciclastic rocks. We aim to quantify temporal trends in sampling effort within and between lithologies, focusing on the proportion of total available volume that has been sampled (sampled fossiliferous proportion, here called κ). Results indicate that the sampled fossiliferous proportion was stable during the Paleozoic, and variable during the post-Paleozoic, but showed no systematic increase through time. Fossiliferous carbonate rocks are proportionally more sampled than siliciclastic rocks, with intervals where the carbonate κ is double the siliciclastic κ. Among possible explanations for the apparent oversampling of fossiliferous carbonate rocks, analyses suggest that barren units, taphonomic dissolution, or data entry errors cannot completely explain sampling patterns. Our results suggest that one of the important drivers might be that paleontologists publish taxonomic descriptions from carbonate rocks more frequently. The higher diversity in carbonate rocks might account for an ease in the description of unknown species and therefore a higher rate of published fossils. Finally, a strong effect in favor of carbonate rocks might distort our perception of diversity through time, even under commonly used standardization methods. Our results also confirm that previous descriptions of an increase in the proportion of sampled fossiliferous rocks over time were driven by the sampling of the nonmarine fossil record.

古生物学家长期以来一直强调，有必要了解对化石记录进行取样可能会如何影响我们对生命进化的认识。在这里，我们将古生物数据库中北美海洋无脊椎动物的化石出现与macrostrata的岩性数据相结合，以确定碳酸盐和硅质碎屑岩的采样模式。我们的目标是量化岩性内部和岩性之间采样努力的时间趋势，重点关注已采样的总可用体积的比例(采样化石比例，这里称为κ)。结果表明，古生代的化石比例较为稳定，后古生代的化石比例有所变化，但没有随时间系统增加的趋势。化石碳酸盐岩的采样比例高于硅屑岩，其中碳酸盐κ是硅屑岩κ的两倍。在对碳酸盐岩化石明显过采样的可能解释中，分析表明，贫瘠单元、地貌学溶解或数据输入错误不能完全解释采样模式。我们的研究结果表明，其中一个重要的驱动因素可能是古生物学家更频繁地发表碳酸盐岩的分类描述。碳酸盐岩中较高的多样性可能解释了对未知物种的描述比较容易，因此发表的化石比率较高。最后，即使在常用的标准化方法下，对碳酸盐岩有利的强烈影响可能会扭曲我们对时间多样性的看法。我们的结果也证实了先前关于化石岩石样本比例随时间增加的描述是由非海洋化石记录的采样驱动的。

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引用次数: 0

Is the hyoid a constraint on innovation? A study in convergence driving feeding in fish-shaped marine tetrapods – CORRIGENDUM 舌骨是创新的约束吗?鱼类海洋四足动物收敛性驱动摄食的研究-勘误

2区地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Paleobiology

Pub Date : 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2023.17

Lene Liebe Delsett, Nicholas Pyenson, Feiko Miedema, Øyvind Hammer

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引用次数: 0

Sediment-encased pressure–temperature maturation experiments elucidate the impact of diagenesis on melanin-based fossil color and its paleobiological implications 沉积包裹的压力-温度成熟实验阐明了成岩作用对以黑色素为基础的化石颜色的影响及其古生物学意义

IF 2.7 2区地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Paleobiology

Pub Date : 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2023.11

Arindam Roy, M. Pittman, Thomas G. Kaye, E. Saitta

Melanin pigments are central to colors and patterns in modern vertebrate integuments, which inform upon ecological and behavioral strategies like crypsis, aposematism, and sociosexual selection. Over the last decade, melanin has emerged as a valuable tool for predicting color in exceptionally preserved fossil feathers and subsequent testing of paleobiological hypotheses in long-extinct dinosaurs and birds. Yet much remains to be learned about melanin stability, diagenetic alterations to melanin chemistry, and their implications for “paleocolor reconstruction.” Pressure–temperature maturation experiments with modern feathers offer a way to examine these topics but have mostly been conducted in closed-system capsules or open-system aluminum foil. Both methods have operational limitations and do not consider the filtering effect of porous sediment matrices on thermally labile chemical groups versus stable ones during natural fossilization. We use sediment-encased maturation to resolve this issue and demonstrate replication of organic preservation of melanin highly comparable to compression fossils. Our experiments, coupled with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, show predictable volatilization of N/S-bearing molecules and increased melanin cross-linking with elevated temperatures. We also suggest that eumelanin is more stable compared with pheomelanin at higher temperatures, explaining why eumelanic colors (black, dark brown, iridescent) are better preserved in fossils than pheomelanic ones (reddish brown). Furthermore, we propose that proteins preferentially undergo hydrolysis more so than forming N-heterocycles in selectively open systems analogous to natural matrices. Thus, we conclude that melanin pigments and not diagenetically altered protein remnants are the key players in promoting fossilization of soft tissues like feathers.

黑色素是现代脊椎动物被皮颜色和图案的核心，它决定着生态和行为策略，如隐化、警告和社会性选择。在过去的十年里，黑色素已经成为一种有价值的工具，用于预测保存完好的化石羽毛的颜色，以及随后对灭绝已久的恐龙和鸟类的古生物学假设进行测试。然而，关于黑色素的稳定性、黑色素化学的成岩改变，以及它们对“古颜色重建”的影响，还有很多有待研究。压力-温度成熟实验与现代羽毛提供了一种方法来检查这些主题，但大多是在封闭系统胶囊或开放系统铝箔进行。这两种方法都有操作局限性，并且没有考虑多孔沉积物基质在自然石化过程中对热不稳定化学基团与稳定化学基团的过滤作用。我们使用沉积物包裹的成熟来解决这个问题，并证明黑色素的有机保存复制与压缩化石高度相似。我们的实验，结合飞行时间二次离子质谱分析，显示了可预测的含N/ s分子的挥发，以及随着温度升高而增加的黑色素交联。我们还认为，在较高的温度下，真黑素比异黑素更稳定，这就解释了为什么真黑素的颜色(黑色、深棕色、彩虹色)比异黑素的颜色(红棕色)在化石中保存得更好。此外，我们提出蛋白质在类似于自然基质的选择性开放系统中比形成n -杂环更优先地进行水解。因此，我们得出结论，黑色素色素而非成岩改变的蛋白质残余物是促进羽毛等软组织石化的关键参与者。

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引用次数: 1

Blood flow rates to leg bones of extinct birds indicate high levels of cursorial locomotion 已灭绝鸟类腿骨的血流速度表明其粗略运动水平很高

IF 2.7 2区地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Paleobiology

Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2023.14

Qiaohui Hu, C. V. Miller, E. Snelling, R. Seymour

Abstract Foramina of bones are beginning to yield more information about metabolic rates and activity levels of living and extinct species. This study investigates the relationship between estimated blood flow rate to the femur and body mass among cursorial birds extending back to the Late Cretaceous. Data from fossil foramina are compared with those of extant species, revealing similar scaling relationships for all cursorial birds and supporting crown bird–like terrestrial locomotor activity. Because the perfusion rate in long bones of birds is related to the metabolic cost of microfracture repair due to stresses applied during locomotion, as it is in mammals, this study estimates absolute blood flow rates from sizes of nutrient foramina located on the femur shafts. After differences in body mass and locomotor behaviors are accounted for, femoral bone blood flow rates in extinct species are similar to those of extant cursorial birds. Femoral robustness is generally greater in aquatic flightless birds than in terrestrial flightless and ground-dwelling flighted birds, suggesting that the morphology is shaped by life-history demands. Femoral robustness also increases in larger cursorial bird taxa, probably associated with their weight redistribution following evolutionary loss of the tail, which purportedly constrains femur length, aligns it more horizontally, and necessitates increased robustness in larger species.

骨孔开始提供更多关于现存和灭绝物种的代谢率和活动水平的信息。本研究调查了可追溯到晚白垩纪的游禽的股骨估计血流量与体重之间的关系。将化石有孔虫的数据与现存物种的数据进行了比较，揭示了所有游禽的相似尺度关系，并支持冠鸟样的陆地运动活动。由于鸟类长骨的灌注率与运动过程中施加的应力引起的微骨折修复的代谢成本有关，因此本研究根据位于股骨轴上的营养孔的大小估算绝对血流量。在考虑了体重和运动行为的差异后，灭绝物种的股骨骨血流量率与现存的游禽相似。水生不会飞的鸟类的股骨健壮性通常比陆生不会飞的鸟类和地面栖息的会飞的鸟类更强，这表明形态是由生活史需求形成的。股骨稳健性在大型游禽类群中也有所增加，这可能与它们在进化中失去尾巴后的体重重新分配有关，据称尾巴限制了股骨长度，使其更水平，因此需要在大型物种中增加稳健性。

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引用次数: 1

Linking host plants to damage types in the fossil record of insect herbivory – CORRIGENDUM 将寄主植物与食草昆虫化石记录中的损害类型联系起来-勘误表

IF 2.7 2区地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences

Paleobiology

Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/pab.2023.15

Sandra R. Schachat, J. Payne, C. Boyce

引用次数: 0

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