Journal of Sports Science and Medicine最新文献

This study examined the relationship between well-being, exercise intensity, and enjoyment in soccer players. Seventy-seven players participated in this study. Participants performed the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test and took part in four training formats: 5v5 and 1v1 small-sided games (SSGs), long HIIT, and short HIIT. Enjoyment was measured using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), well-being was assessed with the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (SNQ), Profile of Mood States (POMS), Total Mood Disturbance (TMD), sleep duration, and Perceived Recovery Status (PRS). Exercise intensity was measured with heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). TMD predicted enjoyment across all training formats (β = -0.68 to -0.36, p < 0.001). Sleep duration predicted enjoyment in long HIIT (β = -.21, p < 0.05), SNQ predicted enjoyment in 1v1 SSGs (β = 0.29, p < 0.05), PRS predicted enjoyment in short HIIT (β = 0.20, p < 0.05), and RPE predicted enjoyment in long HIIT (β = -0.30, p < 0.01). The regression models were statistically significant across all conditions, indicating that 33% to 49% of the variance in enjoyment was explained by well-being and intensity. This study showed that TMD was the strongest predictor of enjoyment. Lower sleep duration and higher RPE reduced enjoyment in long HIIT. In 1v1 SSGs, greater SNQ was associated with higher enjoyment, while in short HIIT, a higher PRS resulted in higher enjoyment. However, potential confounding factors such as individual fitness levels, baseline mood, and training experience may have influenced these findings. Coaches should consider mood, sleep, recovery, and exertion when planning training to enhance enjoyment.

The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast cardiovascular responses during acute upper body resistance exercise (UBRE) and lower body resistance exercise (LBRE) and resting with or without blood flow restriction (BFR) in adult women. The subjects were 18 adult women (21.5 ± 2.0 years old) and it was a cross-over experimental design. Resistance exercise consisted of 20% 1-RM, 10 repetitions, and 4 sets. For UBRE, arm curl and bench press exercise, and LBRE squat and leg extension exercise were performed. The change in cardiovascular response during exercise and recovery with or without BFR was significantly different between UBRE (diastolic blood pressure: DBP, mean arterial pressure: MAP, total peripheral resistance: TPR) and LBRE (DBP, MAP, heart rate: HR, Cardiac output: CO) (p < .05). In non-BFR, DBP, MAP, SV, HR, CO, there was a difference in TPR (p < .05). It was concluded LBRE with BFR had a positive effect on the cardiovascular response of the cardiovascular system during exercise and recovery.

This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of HIIT on basketball players' physical fitness and skill-related performance. This study adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of HIIT on basketball players. The databases searched included Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus (up to 4 March 2024). The meta-analysis used a random-effects model, with effect sizes (ES) calculated for various performance outcomes. A total of 15 studies, with a low risk of bias or some concerns of bias, including 369 players (130 females, 239 males) at the developmental level, national level, and international level, were included in the systematic review, with 7 of these included in the meta-analysis. The systematic review indicated that HIIT significantly improved cardiovascular endurance, power, change of direction (COD) ability, linear sprint, and basketball skill-related performance. However, the effects on certain physical aspects such as VO_2max, the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR 1), jump tests, ball throw test, 20-m COD sprint test, T-test, 20-m linear sprint, and basketball-specific skills such as shooting accuracy and passing were inconsistent. The meta-analysis revealed a very large effect on the Yo-Yo IR 1 (ES = 2.32; p = 0.000), a moderate effect on VO_2max (ES = 0.90; p = 0.000), T-test performance (ES = 0.91; p = 0.000), and CMJ height (ES = 0.76; p = 0.000), and a small effect on the 20-m sprint test (ES = 0.59; p = 0.006). HIIT appears to be an effective training method for improving general physical fitness and certain basketball-specific skills, particularly endurance, power, and agility. However, its impact on more skill-specific aspects, such as shooting accuracy and passing, requires further investigation. Coaches should consider supplementing HIIT with targeted skill training and carefully plan its timing, ideally incorporating HIIT during pre-season or off-season periods for optimal effectiveness. Further research is needed to explore the differential effects of HIIT across various age groups and playing levels.

This study examined the effects of Accentuated Eccentric Loading Countermovement Jump (AEL CMJ) training on jump performance, lower body strength, sprint performance, and change of direction ability, compared to drop jump (DJ) training. This study used a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a parallel design. Forty men physical education students (Mean ± SD: age 22.60 ± 3.24 years, body mass 75.21 ± 8.12 kg, height 1.79 ± 0.07 m) were randomly assigned to AEL (n = 14), DJ (n = 13), or a control group (CON, n = 13). The AEL and DJ groups trained three times per week for 8 weeks, while the CON group maintained their usual routines. All groups with similar levels of physical activity outside the training. Pre-, mid- (4 weeks), and post-intervention (8 weeks) assessments measured jump performance (CMJ and squat jump (SJ)), 1RM squat strength, 30 m sprint time, and change of direction (T-test). A mixed-effects model evaluated group and time effects. Significant group × time interactions were observed for CMJ height (P = 0.006), with both AEL and DJ training improving CMJ (AEL: +11.8%, ES = 0.77; DJ: +7.7%, ES = 0.47), SJ height (AEL: +5.7%, ES = 0.37; DJ: +11.3%, ES = 0.66), and 1RM squat (AEL: +7.0%, ES = 0.44; DJ: +8.4%, ES = 0.46) at 8 weeks. Neither training method significantly improved sprint or change of direction performance. Additionally, no significant gains were seen in any indicator at 4 weeks. These results indicate that AEL CMJ and DJ training both effectively enhance vertical jump and strength, positioning AEL CMJ as an effective alternative or complement to DJ training.

Although mobile applications are used as an alternative to expensive and difficult to access systems used to evaluate dynamic balance, existing applications have some shortcomings. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of the Physics Toolbox Suite mobile application, which can obtain objective data for dynamic balance measurements in healthy adults, shorten the duration of measurements, and minimize the number of measurement equipment. The dynamic balance of 22 university students (9 male, 13 female, aged 20.3 (± 1.13 years)) was evaluated using the Physics Toolbox Suite mobile application in three test sessions with a 1-week interval. Anterior-posterior stability index (APSI), medial-lateral stability index (MLS), and overall stability index (OSI) of dynamic balance were calculated. Interclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC), Minimal Detectable Change (MDC), Standard Error of Measurement (SEM), and Coefficient of Variation for SEM (CV_SEM) were evaluated as indicators of intra- and inter-rater reliability. The mean APSI, MLSI, and OSI scores (Standard deviation) were 2.59 (0.69), 2.21 (0.68), and 3.58 (0.94), respectively. In the evaluation made with the Physics Toolbox Suite mobile application, APSI scores had good intra-rater (ICC(3,1) = 0.67) and inter-rater reliability (ICC(3,1) = 0.73), MLSI scores had high intra-rater (ICC(3,1) = 0.90) with good inter-rater reliability (ICC(3,1) = 0.71), and OSI scores had high intra- rater (ICC(3,1) = 0.87) with good inter-rater reliability (ICC(3,1) = 0.73). The Physics Toolbox Suite Mobile Application can be used as a reliable objective tool to assess dynamic balance among healthcare professionals and athletes.

The rise of sport climbing as a popular Olympic sport has underscored the need for optimal warm-up regimes, especially for rock climbers. This randomized, counterbalanced crossover study investigated the effects of dynamic stretching warm-up (DW) with Thera-Band, vibration rolling warm-up (VR), and climbing-specific warm-up (CW) on the flexibility, muscle strength, and dynamic stability of upper limbs in 22 recreational rock climbers without musculoskeletal diseases. Participants underwent each warm-up method in a randomized order. Each warm-up session lasted 10 minutes. Flexibility was measured with a goniometer, muscle strength was measured with a hand-held dynamometer, and dynamic stability was measured with an Upper Quarter Y-balance test. The findings revealed that all three warm-up methods significantly enhanced range of motion (ROM) of shoulder flexion, internal rotation, external rotation, overhead flexibility, and dynamic stability (p < 0.05). Moreover, VR was notably more effective than DW and CW in augmenting shoulder flexion flexibility and external rotation. All warm-ups increased the maximal muscle strength of the elbow flexors and shoulder extensors, but did not in finger flexors. CW demonstrated superior change improvements in the maximal muscle strength of the shoulder external rotators compared to DW (p = 0.04). This study highlights our design, recommending all three warm-ups to enhance flexibility, muscle strength, and dynamic stability of the upper limbs. Specifically, VR is the most effective for improving flexibility, while CW provides superior gains in shoulder external rotator strength. These insights can help climbers and coaches develop targeted warm-up strategies to optimize performance.

While research exists to induce fatigue using isokinetic dynamometers or simple repetition tasks in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI), there is a lack of research examining landing movement strategies using fatigue protocols that mimic actual sports. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of CAI and fatiguing exercises on the lower-extremity kinematics and kinetics during single-leg drop landings among patients with CAI, lateral ankle sprain (LAS) copers and controls. A cross-sectional study recruited 20 patients with CAI, 20 LAS copers, and 20 controls in a biomechanics laboratory. All participants performed single-leg drop landings before and after the fatiguing exercises. The fatiguing exercise protocol consisted of a cycle including forward, side, and backward running, L-shape running, side hopping, cone jumps, and tuck jumps. This cycle was repeated until rate of perceived exertion (RPE) reached 17 and heart rate (HR) reached 85% of the maximum. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics of the lower extremity were collected and analyzed using functional analysis of variance. All participants reached an RPE level of 17.89 ± 1.02 and HR of 180.64 ± 7.87 (maximal HR 96.11%) at the last cycle of the fatigue protocol. Several group-by-fatigue interactions were noted. Patients with CAI exhibited increased hip external rotation angle and moment, increased angle and decreased moment of knee valgus, and increased hip and knee extension moments after the fatiguing exercise compared with copers and/or controls. Under fatigue conditions, patients with CAI exhibited biomechanical changes in the proximal joint, a stiffer landing position, and biomechanics associated with ankle injuries. Fatigue resistance training should be a key focus during the rehabilitation of these patients to improve their lower-extremity stability.

Smaller formats of sided games (SSG), such as 1v1 to 4v4, are often reported to be more physically and physiologically demanding than medium-sided games (e.g., 6v6 to 8v8). However, there is a lack of experimental research examining the effects of such stimuli on physical fitness adaptations in untrained men. This study aimed to compare the effects of small-sided games (SSG) and medium-sided games (MSG) on various physical fitness parameters (e.g., outcome 1; outcome 2) in untrained men after an 8-week intervention period. A randomized controlled design was used, comparing two experimental groups with a control group that maintained a sedentary lifestyle, which was confirmed through questionnaires. Sixty men (mean age: 18.8 ± 0.74 years) volunteered for the study. The experimental groups underwent a training intervention three times per week for eight weeks. Participants in the SSG group played games ranging from 1v1 to 3v3, while those in the MSG group engaged in games from 6v6 to 8v8. Before and after the intervention, all participants completed a series of fitness assessments, including the standing long jump (SLJ), vertical jump (VJ), 10- and 30-meter sprints, change of direction (COD), and a 20-meter multi-stage fitness test (MFT). Results revealed that after eight weeks, the SSG group demonstrated significant improvements over the control group in SLJ (p < 0.01; ES = 0.642), VJ (p < 0.01; ES = 0.511), 10-meter sprint (p < 0.01; ES = 0.62), 30-meter sprint (p < 0.01; ES = 0.41), COD (p < 0.01; ES = 0.435), and 20-meter MFT (p < 0.01; ES = 0.64). Similarly, the MSG group showed significant gains compared to the control group in SLJ (p < 0.01; ES = 0.541), VJ (p < 0.01; ES = 0.439), 10-meter sprint (p < 0.01; ES = 0.451), 30-meter sprint (p < 0.01; ES = 0.25), COD (p < 0.01; ES = 0.523), and 20-meter MFT (p < 0.01; ES = 0.693). In conclusion, this study shows that both SSG and MSG are equally effective in enhancing physical fitness parameters in untrained men, despite slight variations in intensity.

Sprint interval exercise can cause transient, intense exercise-induced pain (EIP) during and several minutes after the activity. A hypoalgesic strategy for high-intensity exercise, such as sprint interval exercise, against EIP is necessary to maintain exercise habituation and improve training quality/exercise performance. Preexercise caffeine supplementation, a well-known ergogenic strategy, may improve sprint performance and alleviate EIP as the hypoalgesic strategy. However, whether preexercise caffeine supplementation exhibits both the ergogenic effect on sprint interval performance and the hypoalgesic effect on intensive EIP during and several minutes after high intensity sprint interval exercise remains unknown, and thus we investigated to clarify those points. In this double-blind, randomized, crossover trial, sixteen male collegiate athletes performed 3 sets of 30-sec all-out Wingate pedaling exercises at 2-min intervals. Participants ingested 6 mg·kg^-1 caffeine or placebo via capsules at 60 min prior to exercise. Quadriceps EIP was measured using a visual analogue scale during and up to 20 min after exercise. The results showed that caffeine did not significantly affect peak or mean power during sprint interval exercise (peak power: P = 0.196, η_p ² = 0.11, mean power: P = 0.157, η_p ² = 0.13; interaction). No significant interactions were also found for quadriceps EIP during (P = 0.686, η_p ² = 0.03) and immediately after exercise (P = 0.112, η_p ² = 0.12), nor for changes in physiological responses (blood lactate and ammonia concentrations) and caffeine-induced side effects (all P > 0.05). In conclusion, caffeine had no ergogenic or hypoalgesic effects on sprint interval exercise with intensive EIP.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of maximal strength training (MST), plyometric training (PT), and muscular endurance training (MET) on starting performance and swimming performance at 25- and 50-meters freestyle. A randomized parallel controlled study was conducted involving twenty-seven high-level university swimmers (Tier 2), both men and women (age: 20.2 ± 1.1 years). The training interventions lasted six weeks, with each training group participating twice a week. MST involved resistance training at 80-95% of one maximum repetition, while PT included maximal eccentric-concentric quick movements. MET, considered as a control group, consisted of free-weight exercises or light loads performed multiple times. The swimmers were assessed before, during (in the 3rd week), and after the interventions by measuring their start performance based on takeoff distance and time at the 15-meter mark. Swimming performance was assessed through the following tests: 25-meter freestyle kicking (without stroking), 25-meter freestyle stroke (without kicking), and 25-meter and 50-meter freestyle sprints. The mixed ANCOVA, using pre-evaluation scores as covariates, revealed that after the intervention, MST was significantly better than MET in start flight distance (p = 0.021), 15-meter start time (p < 0.001), 25-meter freestyle kick (p < 0.001), 25-meter freestyle stroke (p < 0.001), 25-meter freestyle (p = 0.004), and 50-meter freestyle (p < 0.001). PT was also significantly better than MET in 15-meter start time (p = 0.004), 25-meter freestyle kick (p = 0.011), 25-meter freestyle stroke (p < 0.001), and 50-meter freestyle (p = 0.014). After the intervention, no significant differences were found between MST and PT, although some differences were observed during the mid-evaluation. The conclusions reveal that, although all groups showed significant improvement in performance, MST and PT exhibited significantly better results compared to MET in enhancing sprint freestyle performance overall.