Abstract. The lizard genus Teius is widely distributed in lowland areas to the east of the Andes in southern South America and includes three species: Teius teyou, T. oculatus, and T. suquiensis. All three Teius species are broadly similar in morphological characters, the dorsal coloration pattern being the best feature to distinguish them. Furthermore, T. suquiensis are parthenogenetic, whereas the other two are bisexual. We applied 2D geometric morphometric methods on head morphology to measure and compare variability between these clonally and sexually reproductive lizards and to assess form variability among populations within the parthenogenetic species. We studied 181 adult females of the three species from across a wide range of their distributions. Geometric morphometrics successfully separated them in the morphospace. The three Teius presented similar head size; hence, the differences found are related to shape. Teius teyou has a shorter snout and a narrower posterior area of the head whereas T. oculatus has a longer snout and a wider posterior area of the head, and T. suquiensis shows an intermediate phenotype. Levels of morphological variability among the species were similar and independent of reproductive mode. Differences in head size and shape among populations were observed within T. suquiensis, despite its clonal inheritance. The observed variability might be explained by populations that are composed of different clonal lineages, populations that showed different responses to varying local environmental factors, or both. Additional morphological studies considering genetic diversity and habitat characteristics may clarify the factors that promote morphological variability in the genus, especially in the parthenogenetic species.
{"title":"Morphometric Variability in Lizards of the Genus Teius: A Comparative Study of Species with Different Reproductive Modes","authors":"Bárbara A. Espeche, A. Brigada, P. C. Rivera","doi":"10.1670/21-044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1670/21-044","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The lizard genus Teius is widely distributed in lowland areas to the east of the Andes in southern South America and includes three species: Teius teyou, T. oculatus, and T. suquiensis. All three Teius species are broadly similar in morphological characters, the dorsal coloration pattern being the best feature to distinguish them. Furthermore, T. suquiensis are parthenogenetic, whereas the other two are bisexual. We applied 2D geometric morphometric methods on head morphology to measure and compare variability between these clonally and sexually reproductive lizards and to assess form variability among populations within the parthenogenetic species. We studied 181 adult females of the three species from across a wide range of their distributions. Geometric morphometrics successfully separated them in the morphospace. The three Teius presented similar head size; hence, the differences found are related to shape. Teius teyou has a shorter snout and a narrower posterior area of the head whereas T. oculatus has a longer snout and a wider posterior area of the head, and T. suquiensis shows an intermediate phenotype. Levels of morphological variability among the species were similar and independent of reproductive mode. Differences in head size and shape among populations were observed within T. suquiensis, despite its clonal inheritance. The observed variability might be explained by populations that are composed of different clonal lineages, populations that showed different responses to varying local environmental factors, or both. Additional morphological studies considering genetic diversity and habitat characteristics may clarify the factors that promote morphological variability in the genus, especially in the parthenogenetic species.","PeriodicalId":54821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetology","volume":"57 1","pages":"238 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47616790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Bang, F. A. Bockmann, A. Giaretta, Thiago Ribeiro Carvalho
Abstract. Bokermannohyla treefrogs produce a rich array of acoustic signals in their vocal repertoires. Here we report and describe for the first time the vocalizations of B. caramaschii, a species lacking vocal slits. We also extend the known vocal repertoire of B. gouveai by describing a previously unreported note type and revisiting intraspecific variation based on an increased sample of recorded males. The advertisement call of both species is composed of two types of multipulsed notes with emphasized sound energy at low frequencies (<1 kHz). We discuss the possible implications of lack of vocal slits for production of vocal sounds by B. caramaschii. Furthermore, we address inconsistencies in the previous call description of B. gouveai and reassess the species' acoustic variation based on an increased sample size of topotypes. Lastly, we provide the first overview of the advertisement call diversity within Bokermannohyla, recognizing major temporal patterns of their calls.
{"title":"Vocal Repertoire of Two Bokermannohyla (Anura: Hylidae) Species, with an Overview of Advertisement Call Diversity in the Genus","authors":"D. Bang, F. A. Bockmann, A. Giaretta, Thiago Ribeiro Carvalho","doi":"10.1670/22-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1670/22-009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Bokermannohyla treefrogs produce a rich array of acoustic signals in their vocal repertoires. Here we report and describe for the first time the vocalizations of B. caramaschii, a species lacking vocal slits. We also extend the known vocal repertoire of B. gouveai by describing a previously unreported note type and revisiting intraspecific variation based on an increased sample of recorded males. The advertisement call of both species is composed of two types of multipulsed notes with emphasized sound energy at low frequencies (<1 kHz). We discuss the possible implications of lack of vocal slits for production of vocal sounds by B. caramaschii. Furthermore, we address inconsistencies in the previous call description of B. gouveai and reassess the species' acoustic variation based on an increased sample size of topotypes. Lastly, we provide the first overview of the advertisement call diversity within Bokermannohyla, recognizing major temporal patterns of their calls.","PeriodicalId":54821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetology","volume":"57 1","pages":"211 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45661965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Sex ratio is a key demographic characteristic indicative of the condition of populations. Despite over 70 yr of study, researchers have not fully evaluated morphological characteristics that differentiate sex in Jemez Mountains Salamanders (Plethodon neomexicanus; federally endangered). Populations of this endemic salamander, which are distributed in north-central New Mexico, have undergone declines in the past two decades. We assessed morphological characters of 160 preserved P. neomexicanus specimens, evaluated our ability to infer sex in the field, and tested our ability to determine sex on a subset of preserved specimens. In preserved salamanders with body length (i.e., postcloaca snout–vent length, SVLp) ≥ 55 mm, females exhibited greater total length, trunk length, tail length, and cloaca length, and males exhibited greater precloacal tail width, head length, head width, and head height. We documented weakly female-biased size dimorphism. Females with SVLp ≥ 52 mm had cloacal rugae, whereas males with SVLp ≥ 51 mm had distinct papillose tissue in the cloaca and a cloacal cleft. In an evaluation of 30 preserved specimens, we correctly inferred sex in 97% of salamanders by cloacal characters alone. Of 29 adult salamanders captured in the field, we confidently inferred the sex of 27 individuals (16 females, 11 males) with SVL ≥ 44 mm. Thus, sex of most individuals can be correctly inferred in the field by cloacal characters. This information will aid researchers in better understanding population trajectories of this endangered species.
{"title":"Sexual Dimorphism in Endangered Jemez Mountains Salamanders (Plethodon neomexicanus)","authors":"N. Karraker, R. Loehman, Samantha J. Cordova","doi":"10.1670/21-083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1670/21-083","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Sex ratio is a key demographic characteristic indicative of the condition of populations. Despite over 70 yr of study, researchers have not fully evaluated morphological characteristics that differentiate sex in Jemez Mountains Salamanders (Plethodon neomexicanus; federally endangered). Populations of this endemic salamander, which are distributed in north-central New Mexico, have undergone declines in the past two decades. We assessed morphological characters of 160 preserved P. neomexicanus specimens, evaluated our ability to infer sex in the field, and tested our ability to determine sex on a subset of preserved specimens. In preserved salamanders with body length (i.e., postcloaca snout–vent length, SVLp) ≥ 55 mm, females exhibited greater total length, trunk length, tail length, and cloaca length, and males exhibited greater precloacal tail width, head length, head width, and head height. We documented weakly female-biased size dimorphism. Females with SVLp ≥ 52 mm had cloacal rugae, whereas males with SVLp ≥ 51 mm had distinct papillose tissue in the cloaca and a cloacal cleft. In an evaluation of 30 preserved specimens, we correctly inferred sex in 97% of salamanders by cloacal characters alone. Of 29 adult salamanders captured in the field, we confidently inferred the sex of 27 individuals (16 females, 11 males) with SVL ≥ 44 mm. Thus, sex of most individuals can be correctly inferred in the field by cloacal characters. This information will aid researchers in better understanding population trajectories of this endangered species.","PeriodicalId":54821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetology","volume":"57 1","pages":"204 - 210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41918302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Productivity of warm deserts is highly correlated with rainfall. We analyzed body size data from a 35-yr study of Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizards, Uma inornata, to reveal precipitation-related differences among years both in growth and in the length–mass relationship (LMR). The LMR is a linear function enabling comparison of regression coefficients among groups. Adult male U. inornata were significantly larger and their maximum size differed substantially from that of females. Comparing regression coefficients of LMR between sexes revealed equal slopes, although intercepts differed slightly but significantly. We treated the sexes independently to test for seasonal and rainfall differences. Comparing seasonal differences among adults revealed that slopes were not parallel. Regression coefficients predicted that individuals weighed more in spring than in fall, which we attribute to winter rainfall. This was corroborated by recapture data. LMR slopes for extreme dry, extreme wet, and typical rainfall years were parallel, but the elevation for typical years differed significantly from both dry and wet years: they were heavier in typical years. Growth was slower in dry years than in wet or typical years. Differences in growth rates affect time to maturity. We used the production relation model of juvenile growth to estimate time to minimum reproductive size. Time to maturity is doubled during dry years in comparison with wet years (542 vs. 288 d for females, 400 vs. 200 d for males). Together, delayed maturity and predicted future increases in drought frequency and intensity imply conservation concerns for this protected species.
摘要温暖沙漠的生产力与降雨高度相关。我们分析了来自Coachella fre - toe Lizards, Uma inornata的35年研究的体型数据，以揭示不同年份在生长和长度-质量关系(LMR)方面与降水相关的差异。LMR是一个线性函数，可以比较组间的回归系数。成年雄斑蝶体型显著大于雌斑蝶，其最大体型与雌斑蝶差异显著。性别间LMR回归系数比较显示斜率相等，截距略有差异，但差异显著。我们对不同性别进行了独立处理，以测试季节和降雨量的差异。比较成年人之间的季节差异发现斜坡并不平行。回归系数预测春季个体体重大于秋季，我们将其归因于冬季降雨。这一点得到了重新捕获数据的证实。极端干旱年、极端潮湿年和典型降雨年的LMR坡面是平行的，但典型年的海拔高度与干湿年都存在显著差异:典型年的海拔高度比典型年大。干旱年份的生长速度比潮湿年份或典型年份慢。生长速率的差异影响到成熟的时间。我们利用幼鱼生长的生产关系模型来估计达到最小生殖尺寸所需的时间。干旱年份的成熟时间是湿润年份的两倍(雌性542天和288天，雄性400天和200天)。总之，延迟成熟和预测未来干旱频率和强度的增加暗示了对这种受保护物种的保护问题。
{"title":"A Long-Term Study of Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizards, Uma inornata, Reveals Seasonal and Annual Variation in Size and Growth","authors":"A. Muth, M. Fisher, C. Tracy","doi":"10.1670/22-044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1670/22-044","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Productivity of warm deserts is highly correlated with rainfall. We analyzed body size data from a 35-yr study of Coachella Fringe-Toed Lizards, Uma inornata, to reveal precipitation-related differences among years both in growth and in the length–mass relationship (LMR). The LMR is a linear function enabling comparison of regression coefficients among groups. Adult male U. inornata were significantly larger and their maximum size differed substantially from that of females. Comparing regression coefficients of LMR between sexes revealed equal slopes, although intercepts differed slightly but significantly. We treated the sexes independently to test for seasonal and rainfall differences. Comparing seasonal differences among adults revealed that slopes were not parallel. Regression coefficients predicted that individuals weighed more in spring than in fall, which we attribute to winter rainfall. This was corroborated by recapture data. LMR slopes for extreme dry, extreme wet, and typical rainfall years were parallel, but the elevation for typical years differed significantly from both dry and wet years: they were heavier in typical years. Growth was slower in dry years than in wet or typical years. Differences in growth rates affect time to maturity. We used the production relation model of juvenile growth to estimate time to minimum reproductive size. Time to maturity is doubled during dry years in comparison with wet years (542 vs. 288 d for females, 400 vs. 200 d for males). Together, delayed maturity and predicted future increases in drought frequency and intensity imply conservation concerns for this protected species.","PeriodicalId":54821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetology","volume":"57 1","pages":"229 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43691348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katherine O. Montana, Valeria Ramírez-Castañeda, Rebecca D. Tarvin
Abstract. Animals that frequently encounter toxins often develop mechanisms of toxin resistance over evolutionary time. Both predators that consume toxic prey and organisms in physical contact with a toxin in their environment may experience natural selection for resistance. Based on observations that Pacific Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris regilla) sometimes eat and mistakenly amplect tetrodotoxin (TTX)-defended Taricha newts, we predicted that P. regilla may possess TTX resistance. We compared amino acid sequences of domain IV of the muscle voltage-gated sodium channel gene SCN4A (NaV1.4) in populations of P. regilla that are sympatric and allopatric with Taricha. We identified a single substitution in NaV1.4 of P. regilla at a conserved site in the pore loop where TTX binds. Although the role of this site in TTX resistance has not been functionally assessed, both allopatric and sympatric P. regilla had this substitution, along with several other reptiles and amphibians, suggesting that it may be unrelated to TTX exposure from Taricha. Thus, there is no conclusive evidence that P. regilla possesses TTX resistance encoded by amino acid substitutions in this domain. California occurrence data from the last 50 yr indicate that Taricha activity peaks in January while the activity of P. regilla peaks in April, with times where the species may come into contact. However, P. regilla may not be exposed to levels of TTX from Taricha high enough to select for mutations in NaV1.4. Other unidentified mechanisms of TTX resistance could be present in P. regilla and other species sympatric with toxic newts. Resumen. Los animales que están expuestos frecuentemente a toxinas suelen desarrollar mecanismos de resistencia a las mismas a lo largo de su historia evolutiva. Tanto los depredadores que consumen presas tóxicas como los organismos en contacto físico con una toxina o contaminante en su entorno pueden experimentar presiones de selección natural hacia mecanismos de resistencia. Observaciones de campo han reportado a las ranas coro del Pacífico (Pseudacris regilla) comiendo y amplexando por error a salamandras del género Taricha que secretan tetrodotoxina (TTX). Por lo tanto, surge la hipótesis de que P. regilla podría poseer resistencia al TTX. Probamos esta hipótesis comparando las secuencias de aminoácidos del gen del canal de sodio voltaje dependiente muscular SCN4A (NaV1.4), que es una proteína diana de la TTX, en poblaciones de P. regilla que son simpátricas y alopátricas con Taricha. Identificamos una única sustitución en NaV1.4 de P. regilla en un sitio conservado en el ploop del poro donde se une la TTX. Aunque el papel de este sitio en la resistencia a la TTX no ha sido evaluada funcionalmente, tanto las P. regilla alopátricas como en las poblaciones simpátricas tenían esta sustitución, junto con varios otros reptiles y anfibios, lo que sugiere que esta sustitución no está relacionada con la exposición a la TTX. Por lo tanto, no hay pruebas concluyentes d
{"title":"Are Pacific Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris regilla) Resistant to Tetrodotoxin (TTX)? Characterizing Potential TTX Exposure and Resistance in an Ecological Associate of Pacific Newts (Taricha)","authors":"Katherine O. Montana, Valeria Ramírez-Castañeda, Rebecca D. Tarvin","doi":"10.1670/22-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1670/22-002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Animals that frequently encounter toxins often develop mechanisms of toxin resistance over evolutionary time. Both predators that consume toxic prey and organisms in physical contact with a toxin in their environment may experience natural selection for resistance. Based on observations that Pacific Chorus Frogs (Pseudacris regilla) sometimes eat and mistakenly amplect tetrodotoxin (TTX)-defended Taricha newts, we predicted that P. regilla may possess TTX resistance. We compared amino acid sequences of domain IV of the muscle voltage-gated sodium channel gene SCN4A (NaV1.4) in populations of P. regilla that are sympatric and allopatric with Taricha. We identified a single substitution in NaV1.4 of P. regilla at a conserved site in the pore loop where TTX binds. Although the role of this site in TTX resistance has not been functionally assessed, both allopatric and sympatric P. regilla had this substitution, along with several other reptiles and amphibians, suggesting that it may be unrelated to TTX exposure from Taricha. Thus, there is no conclusive evidence that P. regilla possesses TTX resistance encoded by amino acid substitutions in this domain. California occurrence data from the last 50 yr indicate that Taricha activity peaks in January while the activity of P. regilla peaks in April, with times where the species may come into contact. However, P. regilla may not be exposed to levels of TTX from Taricha high enough to select for mutations in NaV1.4. Other unidentified mechanisms of TTX resistance could be present in P. regilla and other species sympatric with toxic newts. Resumen. Los animales que están expuestos frecuentemente a toxinas suelen desarrollar mecanismos de resistencia a las mismas a lo largo de su historia evolutiva. Tanto los depredadores que consumen presas tóxicas como los organismos en contacto físico con una toxina o contaminante en su entorno pueden experimentar presiones de selección natural hacia mecanismos de resistencia. Observaciones de campo han reportado a las ranas coro del Pacífico (Pseudacris regilla) comiendo y amplexando por error a salamandras del género Taricha que secretan tetrodotoxina (TTX). Por lo tanto, surge la hipótesis de que P. regilla podría poseer resistencia al TTX. Probamos esta hipótesis comparando las secuencias de aminoácidos del gen del canal de sodio voltaje dependiente muscular SCN4A (NaV1.4), que es una proteína diana de la TTX, en poblaciones de P. regilla que son simpátricas y alopátricas con Taricha. Identificamos una única sustitución en NaV1.4 de P. regilla en un sitio conservado en el ploop del poro donde se une la TTX. Aunque el papel de este sitio en la resistencia a la TTX no ha sido evaluada funcionalmente, tanto las P. regilla alopátricas como en las poblaciones simpátricas tenían esta sustitución, junto con varios otros reptiles y anfibios, lo que sugiere que esta sustitución no está relacionada con la exposición a la TTX. Por lo tanto, no hay pruebas concluyentes d","PeriodicalId":54821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetology","volume":"57 1","pages":"220 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42428947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Todd W. Pierson, Jasmyne Blake-Sinclair, Leah T. Rittenburg, Y. Kalki
Abstract. Geographic variation in reproductive phenology can reveal how life history is shaped by the environment. For amphibians, the timing of reproduction has downstream consequences on other life history traits such as larval period and size at metamorphosis. Two-lined Salamanders (Eurycea bislineata species complex) are widespread across the eastern United States and Canada and exhibit dramatic geographic variation in reproductive morphology, reproductive behavior, and larval life history, and thus make compelling models for studying these processes. Here, we compile courtship and nesting records from citizen science data, published literature, museum records, field notes, and social media to describe the geographic variation of reproductive phenology in the E. bislineata species complex. We demonstrate that the date of oviposition is negatively correlated with mean annual temperature and examine how this may interact with the timing of other seasonal behaviors such as migration and overwintering. Finally, we discuss how these geographic patterns may influence the evolution of reproductive tactics through differences in the spatial and temporal clustering of courtship opportunities in terrestrial and aquatic environments.
摘要生殖物候学的地理差异可以揭示环境是如何塑造生命史的。对于两栖动物来说，繁殖的时间对其他生活史特征有下游的影响，如幼虫期和变态时的大小。双线蝾螈(Eurycea bislineata species complex)广泛分布于美国东部和加拿大，在繁殖形态、繁殖行为和幼虫生活史上表现出显著的地理差异，因此为研究这些过程提供了有说服力的模型。在这里，我们从公民科学数据、已发表的文献、博物馆记录、实地笔记和社交媒体中收集了求偶和筑巢记录，以描述双线莲物种综合体中生殖物候的地理差异。我们证明了产卵日期与年平均温度呈负相关，并研究了这与其他季节性行为(如迁徙和越冬)的时间如何相互作用。最后，我们讨论了这些地理模式如何通过陆地和水生环境中求偶机会的时空聚类差异影响生殖策略的进化。
{"title":"Geographic Variation in the Reproductive Phenology of a Widespread Amphibian","authors":"Todd W. Pierson, Jasmyne Blake-Sinclair, Leah T. Rittenburg, Y. Kalki","doi":"10.1670/22-028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1670/22-028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Geographic variation in reproductive phenology can reveal how life history is shaped by the environment. For amphibians, the timing of reproduction has downstream consequences on other life history traits such as larval period and size at metamorphosis. Two-lined Salamanders (Eurycea bislineata species complex) are widespread across the eastern United States and Canada and exhibit dramatic geographic variation in reproductive morphology, reproductive behavior, and larval life history, and thus make compelling models for studying these processes. Here, we compile courtship and nesting records from citizen science data, published literature, museum records, field notes, and social media to describe the geographic variation of reproductive phenology in the E. bislineata species complex. We demonstrate that the date of oviposition is negatively correlated with mean annual temperature and examine how this may interact with the timing of other seasonal behaviors such as migration and overwintering. Finally, we discuss how these geographic patterns may influence the evolution of reproductive tactics through differences in the spatial and temporal clustering of courtship opportunities in terrestrial and aquatic environments.","PeriodicalId":54821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetology","volume":"57 1","pages":"125 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46053904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel D. Knapp, Lauren Diaz, S. Unger, Chelsea N. Anderson, S. Spear, Lori Williams, Anjelika D. Kidd‐Weaver, Matthew W. Green, Olivia M. Poelmann, Jelsie Kerr, Catherine M. Bodinof Jachowski
Abstract. The ability to identify individuals is essential for determining population demographics of a species, but traditional marking techniques, such as passive integrated transponder tags, are often limited to individuals that meet minimum size thresholds. Visible implant elastomer (VIE) and visible implant alpha (VI Alpha) tags are promising methods for marking small-bodied individuals. However, the efficacy and health effects of VIE and VI Alpha tags are not established for many, increasingly imperiled, herpetofauna. Over a 12-mo period, we examined tag retention, tag readability, VIE tag color readability, and effects on growth and body condition of VIE and VI Alpha tags in larval Eastern Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis), a species of conservation concern. We observed 100% retention of VIE tags and 80% retention of VI Alpha tags over 1 yr. Readability degraded over time for both tag types but was consistently higher for VIE relative to VI Alpha tags. Degradation in readability over time increased our reliance on a 450-nm-wavelength VI light to read VIE tags but had more severe implications for VI Alpha codes, which were illegible after 4 mo. Pink- and green-colored VIE tags performed similarly well and we found that neither VIE nor VI Alpha tags negatively affected growth or body condition of larval hellbenders. Our findings collectively suggest that VI Alpha tags are an unviable tagging method, but VIE tags were safe and effective for identifying unique larval hellbenders up to 1 yr.
{"title":"Long-term Retention, Readability, and Health Effects of Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) and Visible Implant Alpha (VI Alpha) Tags in Larval Eastern Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis)","authors":"Daniel D. Knapp, Lauren Diaz, S. Unger, Chelsea N. Anderson, S. Spear, Lori Williams, Anjelika D. Kidd‐Weaver, Matthew W. Green, Olivia M. Poelmann, Jelsie Kerr, Catherine M. Bodinof Jachowski","doi":"10.1670/22-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1670/22-011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The ability to identify individuals is essential for determining population demographics of a species, but traditional marking techniques, such as passive integrated transponder tags, are often limited to individuals that meet minimum size thresholds. Visible implant elastomer (VIE) and visible implant alpha (VI Alpha) tags are promising methods for marking small-bodied individuals. However, the efficacy and health effects of VIE and VI Alpha tags are not established for many, increasingly imperiled, herpetofauna. Over a 12-mo period, we examined tag retention, tag readability, VIE tag color readability, and effects on growth and body condition of VIE and VI Alpha tags in larval Eastern Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis), a species of conservation concern. We observed 100% retention of VIE tags and 80% retention of VI Alpha tags over 1 yr. Readability degraded over time for both tag types but was consistently higher for VIE relative to VI Alpha tags. Degradation in readability over time increased our reliance on a 450-nm-wavelength VI light to read VIE tags but had more severe implications for VI Alpha codes, which were illegible after 4 mo. Pink- and green-colored VIE tags performed similarly well and we found that neither VIE nor VI Alpha tags negatively affected growth or body condition of larval hellbenders. Our findings collectively suggest that VI Alpha tags are an unviable tagging method, but VIE tags were safe and effective for identifying unique larval hellbenders up to 1 yr.","PeriodicalId":54821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetology","volume":"57 1","pages":"133 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46052270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mariano J. Feldman, M. Mazerolle, L. Imbeau, N. Fenton
Abstract. As resource extraction moves north across the globe, wetland ecosystems in Canada are increasingly degraded because of disturbances associated with anthropic activities, including timber harvesting, hydroelectric development, and mining. These activities may particularly affect amphibian species that depend on certain wetland types for breeding, such as peatland and beaver ponds. We assessed the influence of pond and landscape-level characteristics on amphibian use of 50 ponds in northern Quebec, Canada in 2018 and 2019. Using acoustic recorders and visual counts, we estimated occupancy of calling males and abundance of metamorphosed individuals and egg masses of three amphibian species: Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), Mink Frogs (Lithobates septentrionalis), and Spring Peepers (Pseudacris crucifer). We quantified the influence of variables such as pond type, area, fish presence, acidity, and landscape features on occupancy and abundance. We found no effect of explanatory variables on the probability of occupancy of calling males of the three species. Detection probability of Spring Peeper choruses increased with air temperature. The abundance of Mink Frog metamorphosed individuals decreased with increasing pond area and increased with water pH. Wood Frog reproductive effort, quantified as egg mass abundance, was more than four times greater in beaver ponds than in peatland ponds. Our survey results provide a reference to guide management decisions regarding conservation of amphibian assemblages in increasingly disturbed wetlands of northern Canada. Résume. Comme l'extraction des ressources se déplace vers le nord de la planète, les écosystèmes des milieux humides du Nord canadien sont de plus en plus dégradés en raison des perturbations associées aux activités anthropiques, notamment la récolte du bois, le développement hydroélectrique et les activités minières. Ces activités peuvent affecter particulièrement les espèces d'amphibiens qui dépendent de certains types de milieux humides pour la reproduction, comme les étangs de tourbières et les étangs de castors. Nous avons évalué l'influence des caractéristiques au niveau de l'étang et du paysage sur l'utilisation par les amphibiens de 50 étangs du nord du Québec, Canada, en 2018 et 2019. À l'aide d'enregistreurs acoustiques et de décomptes visuels, nous avons estimé l'occupation des mâles chanteurs et l'abondance des individus métamorphosés et des masses d'œufs de trois espèces d'amphibiens: la Grenouille des bois (Lithobates sylvaticus), la Grenouille du Nord (Lithobates septentrionalis) et la Rainette crucifère (Pseudacris crucifer). Nous avons quantifié l'influence des variables de l'étang telles que le type d'habitat, la superficie de l'étang, la présence de poissons, le pH de l'eau et les variables du paysage sur l'occupation et l'abondance. Nous n'avons trouvé aucun effet des variables explicatives sur la probabilité d'occupation des mâles chanteurs des trois espèces. La prob
{"title":"Occupancy and Abundance of Pond-Breeding Anurans in Boreal Landscapes","authors":"Mariano J. Feldman, M. Mazerolle, L. Imbeau, N. Fenton","doi":"10.1670/21-080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1670/21-080","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. As resource extraction moves north across the globe, wetland ecosystems in Canada are increasingly degraded because of disturbances associated with anthropic activities, including timber harvesting, hydroelectric development, and mining. These activities may particularly affect amphibian species that depend on certain wetland types for breeding, such as peatland and beaver ponds. We assessed the influence of pond and landscape-level characteristics on amphibian use of 50 ponds in northern Quebec, Canada in 2018 and 2019. Using acoustic recorders and visual counts, we estimated occupancy of calling males and abundance of metamorphosed individuals and egg masses of three amphibian species: Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), Mink Frogs (Lithobates septentrionalis), and Spring Peepers (Pseudacris crucifer). We quantified the influence of variables such as pond type, area, fish presence, acidity, and landscape features on occupancy and abundance. We found no effect of explanatory variables on the probability of occupancy of calling males of the three species. Detection probability of Spring Peeper choruses increased with air temperature. The abundance of Mink Frog metamorphosed individuals decreased with increasing pond area and increased with water pH. Wood Frog reproductive effort, quantified as egg mass abundance, was more than four times greater in beaver ponds than in peatland ponds. Our survey results provide a reference to guide management decisions regarding conservation of amphibian assemblages in increasingly disturbed wetlands of northern Canada. Résume. Comme l'extraction des ressources se déplace vers le nord de la planète, les écosystèmes des milieux humides du Nord canadien sont de plus en plus dégradés en raison des perturbations associées aux activités anthropiques, notamment la récolte du bois, le développement hydroélectrique et les activités minières. Ces activités peuvent affecter particulièrement les espèces d'amphibiens qui dépendent de certains types de milieux humides pour la reproduction, comme les étangs de tourbières et les étangs de castors. Nous avons évalué l'influence des caractéristiques au niveau de l'étang et du paysage sur l'utilisation par les amphibiens de 50 étangs du nord du Québec, Canada, en 2018 et 2019. À l'aide d'enregistreurs acoustiques et de décomptes visuels, nous avons estimé l'occupation des mâles chanteurs et l'abondance des individus métamorphosés et des masses d'œufs de trois espèces d'amphibiens: la Grenouille des bois (Lithobates sylvaticus), la Grenouille du Nord (Lithobates septentrionalis) et la Rainette crucifère (Pseudacris crucifer). Nous avons quantifié l'influence des variables de l'étang telles que le type d'habitat, la superficie de l'étang, la présence de poissons, le pH de l'eau et les variables du paysage sur l'occupation et l'abondance. Nous n'avons trouvé aucun effet des variables explicatives sur la probabilité d'occupation des mâles chanteurs des trois espèces. La prob","PeriodicalId":54821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetology","volume":"57 1","pages":"159 - 171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45727817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The trajectory of biological research may be affected by historical factors (such as locations of influential researchers) as well as by underlying biological dimensions (such as species diversity and location of potential study taxa). Such influences on research focus can be clarified by examining the topics of published papers. Based on 93,816 scientific papers published on snake biology since 1804 (from Web of Science), we found a nonrandom distribution of research output among snake clades, fields of research, and geographic locations and strong changes through time in overall research effort as well as in the foci of that work. Snakes have been the subject of more scientific papers than other lineages of reptiles, but research on turtles has been increasing faster, and research effort per species has been higher for smaller reptile lineages. Studies on systematics and taxonomy dominated snake research until the mid-20th century, when the field was overtaken by studies of venoms, ecology, morphology, and physiology. Colubrids and Vipers have been the most intensively studied taxa, reflecting a concentration of research on continents (Europe and the Americas) where these taxa are diverse and abundant. Research effort on Vipers (Viperidae) increased around 1920, reflecting advances in antivenom and radiotelemetry technology. Blindsnakes (Scolecophidia) and smaller families remain relatively neglected in absolute terms. The numbers of papers per species are 10-fold greater for North American and European snakes than those in most other regions. We attribute these nonrandom patterns to temporal and spatial variation in research priorities, methods, and availability of scientific infrastructure.
摘要生物学研究的轨迹可能受到历史因素(如有影响力的研究人员的位置)以及潜在的生物学维度(如物种多样性和潜在研究分类群的位置)的影响。这种对研究焦点的影响可以通过检查已发表论文的主题来澄清。基于自1804年以来发表的93,816篇关于蛇生物学的科学论文(来自Web of Science)，我们发现研究成果在蛇枝、研究领域和地理位置之间存在非随机分布，并且总体研究工作和工作重点随着时间的推移而发生强烈变化。与其他爬行动物谱系相比，蛇一直是更多科学论文的主题，但对海龟的研究增长得更快，对小型爬行动物谱系的每一物种的研究力度也更高。系统学和分类学的研究一直主导着蛇的研究，直到20世纪中期，该领域才被毒液、生态学、形态学和生理学的研究所取代。彩蝶和蝰蛇是研究最深入的分类群，反映了研究集中在大陆(欧洲和美洲)，这些分类群多样性和丰富。对蝰蛇(蝰蛇科)的研究力度在1920年左右增加，反映了抗蛇毒血清和无线电遥测技术的进步。盲蛇(Scolecophidia)和较小的科在绝对数量上仍然相对被忽视。在北美和欧洲，每一种蛇的论文数量是大多数其他地区的10倍。我们将这些非随机模式归因于研究重点、方法和科学基础设施可用性的时空变化。
{"title":"When, Where, and Why Has Research Been Conducted on Snakes?","authors":"R. Shine, M. Elphick","doi":"10.1670/22-054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1670/22-054","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The trajectory of biological research may be affected by historical factors (such as locations of influential researchers) as well as by underlying biological dimensions (such as species diversity and location of potential study taxa). Such influences on research focus can be clarified by examining the topics of published papers. Based on 93,816 scientific papers published on snake biology since 1804 (from Web of Science), we found a nonrandom distribution of research output among snake clades, fields of research, and geographic locations and strong changes through time in overall research effort as well as in the foci of that work. Snakes have been the subject of more scientific papers than other lineages of reptiles, but research on turtles has been increasing faster, and research effort per species has been higher for smaller reptile lineages. Studies on systematics and taxonomy dominated snake research until the mid-20th century, when the field was overtaken by studies of venoms, ecology, morphology, and physiology. Colubrids and Vipers have been the most intensively studied taxa, reflecting a concentration of research on continents (Europe and the Americas) where these taxa are diverse and abundant. Research effort on Vipers (Viperidae) increased around 1920, reflecting advances in antivenom and radiotelemetry technology. Blindsnakes (Scolecophidia) and smaller families remain relatively neglected in absolute terms. The numbers of papers per species are 10-fold greater for North American and European snakes than those in most other regions. We attribute these nonrandom patterns to temporal and spatial variation in research priorities, methods, and availability of scientific infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":54821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetology","volume":"57 1","pages":"197 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48562948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Owen M. Edwards, D. D. Edwards, Sarah I. Duncan, D. Laurencio, J. Goessling
Abstract. Since the 1980s, there has been rapid and ongoing hypothesized climate-related range expansion in native Green Treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) northward and eastward in Illinois, Kentucky, and Indiana, United States. Because anuran leg length is positively correlated with locomotor function, longer legs have been shown to facilitate dispersal of invasive anuran populations undergoing biological invasion. These recent range-expansion populations of H. cinerea provide an ideal opportunity to test if a native frog species exhibits similar changes in dispersal-related traits to those found in invasive species. We tested if individuals on the front end of this expansion exhibit significant differences in femur length when compared with frogs collected from the historical-range distribution. We predicted that frogs found at the expansion edge would have longer femur lengths than their counterparts located in historical parts of the range. We found that relative to snout–vent length (SVL), the femur lengths (FL) of H. cinerea from expanded ranges were on average significantly larger than those of frogs from the historical range. This suggests that native expanded-range populations of this species have undergone changes in FL. Rapid shifts in morphological traits of a native species, H. cinerea, in expanded-range populations, appear to mimic morphological trade-offs observed for invasive species of anurans.
{"title":"Range Expansion and Dispersal Traits of Green Treefrogs (Hyla cinerea)","authors":"Owen M. Edwards, D. D. Edwards, Sarah I. Duncan, D. Laurencio, J. Goessling","doi":"10.1670/21-063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1670/21-063","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Since the 1980s, there has been rapid and ongoing hypothesized climate-related range expansion in native Green Treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) northward and eastward in Illinois, Kentucky, and Indiana, United States. Because anuran leg length is positively correlated with locomotor function, longer legs have been shown to facilitate dispersal of invasive anuran populations undergoing biological invasion. These recent range-expansion populations of H. cinerea provide an ideal opportunity to test if a native frog species exhibits similar changes in dispersal-related traits to those found in invasive species. We tested if individuals on the front end of this expansion exhibit significant differences in femur length when compared with frogs collected from the historical-range distribution. We predicted that frogs found at the expansion edge would have longer femur lengths than their counterparts located in historical parts of the range. We found that relative to snout–vent length (SVL), the femur lengths (FL) of H. cinerea from expanded ranges were on average significantly larger than those of frogs from the historical range. This suggests that native expanded-range populations of this species have undergone changes in FL. Rapid shifts in morphological traits of a native species, H. cinerea, in expanded-range populations, appear to mimic morphological trade-offs observed for invasive species of anurans.","PeriodicalId":54821,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetology","volume":"57 1","pages":"151 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42113208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：