Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery最新文献_第7页

Prelacrimal recess morphology in unilateral cleft lip and palate: A cone-beam computed tomography study with surgical implications 单侧唇腭裂的泪前隐窝形态：具有外科意义的锥束计算机断层扫描研究。

IF 2.1 2区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2025.10.004

Yunus Çetiner , Duygu Çelik Özen , Şuayip Burak Duman

Cleft lip and palate(CLP) is a deformity that affects the anatomical structure of the nose and the maxillary sinus(MS). In the management of MS pathologies, the prelacrimal recess approach(PLRA), a minimally invasive technique within endoscopic sinus surgery, holds significant importance. This study aims to evaluate the morphometric characteristics of the nasolacrimal duct(NLD) and the prelacrimal recess(PLR), as well as the feasibility of the prelacrimal recess approach(PLRA), in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate(UCLP) using cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT). CBCT images of both the cleft and non-cleft sides of 60 patients with UCLP were retrospectively analyzed. Morphometric measurements related to the anatomy of the NLD and the PLR were performed and statistically compared.In these patients, the mediolateral diameter of the NLD was found to be significantly narrower on the cleft side(5.10 ± 1.29 mm) compared to the non-cleft side(5.74 ± 1.28 mm)(p = 0.03). The mediolateral thickness of the PLR was also significantly thinner on the cleft side(1.89 ± 1.46 mm) than on the non-cleft side(2.91 ± 1.95 mm)(p = 0.01). However, no significant difference was observed in the anteroposterior length of the PLR between the cleft side(5.08 ± 2.54 mm) and the non-cleft side(4.64 ± 2.67 mm)(p = 0.35).The prelacrimal recess and nasolacrimal canal on the cleft side may be affected in patients with UCLP. CBCT serves as a valuable tool in identifying these anatomical variations, which are frequently associated with congenital deformities such as UCLP and should be carefully considered during surgical planning.

唇腭裂（CLP）是一种影响鼻和上颌窦解剖结构的畸形。在多发性硬化病理的治疗中，泪前隐窝入路（PLRA）是内镜鼻窦手术中的一种微创技术，具有重要意义。本研究旨在评估单侧唇腭裂（UCLP）患者鼻泪管（NLD）和泪前隐窝（PLR）的形态学特征，以及泪前隐窝入路（PLRA）的可行性。回顾性分析60例UCLP患者的裂侧和非裂侧CBCT图像。对NLD和PLR的解剖结构进行形态学测量并进行统计学比较。在这些患者中，发现裂唇侧NLD的内外侧直径（5.10±1.29 mm）明显小于非裂唇侧（5.74±1.28 mm）（p = 0.03）。裂唇侧PLR的中外侧厚度（1.89±1.46 mm）明显小于非裂唇侧（2.91±1.95 mm）（p = 0.01）。而腭裂侧和非腭裂侧PLR的前后长度（5.08±2.54 mm）与非腭裂侧（4.64±2.67 mm）差异无统计学意义（p = 0.35）。裂唇患者的泪前隐窝和鼻泪管可能受到影响。CBCT是识别这些解剖变异的有价值的工具，这些变异通常与先天性畸形（如UCLP）有关，在手术计划时应仔细考虑。

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引用次数: 0

Bioprinting for craniofacial reconstruction: A review of advancements, clinical use, and challenges 生物打印用于颅面重建：进展，临床应用和挑战的回顾。

IF 2.1 2区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2025.10.010

Niayesh Najafi, Kevin Babakhan Vartanian, Tony Eskandar, Kevin Ghookas, Edgmin Rostomian, Devendra K. Agrawal

Craniofacial reconstructive surgery faces significant challenges due to complex anatomy, intricate vascularization requirements, and the limitations of traditional grafts. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology present a promising paradigm shift, offering precise, patient-specific solutions for repairing critical zygomatic, orbital, nasal, and mandibular defects. This review systematically examines the latest breakthroughs in bioprinting methods, including extrusion-based, laser-assisted, stereolithography, magnetic bioprinting, spheroid rapid printing, and artificial intelligence integration. Through detailed analysis of clinical applications, we highlight successful case studies demonstrating enhanced surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction, particularly in complex zygomatic reconstructions and delicate orbital floor repairs. Furthermore, we explore the novel bioink formulations, emphasizing hydrogel composites and biofunctional materials optimized for craniofacial tissue regeneration, while addressing persistent technical and biological challenges such as vascularization, immune compatibility, and regulatory hurdles. Finally, we outline strategic pathways for advancing clinical translation, advocating for interdisciplinary collaboration, standardization, and innovative integration of artificial intelligence-driven optimization to accelerate the adoption of bio-printed constructs into clinical practice. Overall, 3D bioprinting represents a transformative frontier in craniofacial reconstruction, poised to significantly improve patient outcomes and reshape surgical approaches to complex head and neck defects.

由于复杂的解剖结构、复杂的血管化要求和传统移植物的局限性，颅面重建手术面临着巨大的挑战。三维（3D）生物打印技术的最新进展呈现出一种有希望的范式转变，为修复颧骨、眶、鼻和下颌的关键缺陷提供了精确的、针对患者的解决方案。本文系统地综述了生物打印技术的最新突破，包括基于挤压的生物打印、激光辅助的生物打印、立体光刻、磁性生物打印、球体快速打印和人工智能集成。通过对临床应用的详细分析，我们强调了成功的案例研究，证明了手术效果和患者满意度的提高，特别是在复杂的颧骨重建和精细的眶底修复中。此外，我们探索新的生物链接配方，强调水凝胶复合材料和生物功能材料优化颅面组织再生，同时解决持续的技术和生物学挑战，如血管化，免疫相容性和监管障碍。最后，我们概述了推进临床翻译的战略途径，倡导跨学科合作，标准化和人工智能驱动优化的创新整合，以加速生物打印构建物进入临床实践。总的来说，3D生物打印代表了颅面重建的变革前沿，有望显著改善患者的治疗效果，重塑复杂头颈部缺陷的手术方法。

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引用次数: 0

Identifying the optimal facial midsagittal plane: Harmonizing soft-tissue and skeletal references for precise incisor positioning in virtual surgery 识别最佳面部正中矢状面：协调虚拟手术中精确门牙定位的软组织和骨骼参考。

IF 2.1 2区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2025.11.007

Jinseong Park , Dohyoung Kim , Hyung-Kyu Noh

In virtual orthognathic surgery, accurate upper incisor positioning relative to the facial soft-tissue midsagittal plane is essential. However, the optimal method for constructing this plane and its relationship to the skeletal midsagittal plane remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the optimal facial soft-tissue midsagittal plane and to establish clinical guidelines for reconciling soft-tissue and skeletal planes in virtual surgery. The study analyzed pretreatment records of 60 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion (symmetric and asymmetric). Outcomes included root-mean-squared (RMS) distance and incisor deviation measurements to assess plane accuracy and alignment across various planes between groups. The Ex-Ex.midEn plane—defined by bilateral exocanthions and the midpoint of endocanthions—showed the lowest RMS distance in both groups, approximating the optimized plane. In the asymmetric group, incisor deviations varied significantly across plane types, with midEn-midTr-SubN < Ba-Na-ANS < Ex-Ex.midEn < FH⊥Ba-Na (mean difference ∼1 mm between pairs). Therefore, the Ex-Ex.midEn plane closely approximates the optimized midsagittal plane and is compatible with both Ba-Na-ANS and FH⊥Ba-Na within a 1 mm margin. Clinicians are advised to initially position the incisor using the skeletal midsagittal plane and adjust the resultant maxilla-mandibular complex position only if the discrepancy with the soft-tissue midsagittal plane exceeds 2 mm.

在虚拟正颌手术中，准确的上切牙相对于面部软组织正中矢状面定位是必不可少的。然而，构建该平面的最佳方法及其与骨骼中矢状面之间的关系尚不清楚。本研究旨在确定最佳的面部软组织正中矢状面，并建立虚拟手术中协调软组织和骨骼平面的临床指南。本研究分析了60例骨骼III类错颌畸形（对称型和非对称型）的预处理记录。结果包括根均方（RMS）距离和切牙偏差测量，以评估两组间不同平面的平面精度和对齐。Ex-Ex。中位面（由双侧外包膜和内包膜中点定义）两组的RMS距离最低，接近优化平面。在不对称组中，切牙偏差在平面类型上有显著差异，中间-中间-中间- subn

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引用次数: 0

Relations between local bone density from computed tomography and bone regeneration in alveolar cleft repair 牙槽骨裂修复术中局部骨密度与骨再生的关系。

IF 2.1 2区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2025.09.013

Guang Zhang , Siqi Wei , Qingqing Li , Tianyi Gu , Yongqian Wang

Numerous factors influence postoperative bone regeneration with autologous iliac bone grafting in alveolar cleft repair. However, few studies have reported the relationship between preoperative local bone quality and postoperative bone regeneration. Local bone density (BD) was determined according to the gray value in preoperative computed tomography (CT) images with 3D reconstruction technique. Postoperative bone formation volume (BFV) and preoperative bone defect volume (BDV) were obtained after 3D reconstruction, fitting alignment, and Boolean operation based on preoperative and postoperative CT images. The bone formation rate (BFR) was subsequently calculated (BFV/BDV). 12 patients were included in this retrospective study. The mean BD was 658.34 ± 73.40 HU, the mean BFV was 404.89 ± 164.93 mm³ and the mean BFR was 46.1 ± 12.18 % after a follow-up of at least 6 months. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the BFV and the BD (r = 0.7815, p = 0.0027), and the BFR and the BD were also significantly positively correlated (r = 0.6533, p = 0.0213). In conclusion, Postoperative BFV and BFR in patients with alveolar cleft who underwent autogenous iliac bone grafting were positively correlated with BD of recipient site.

影响牙槽裂自体髂骨移植术后骨再生的因素很多。然而，很少有研究报道术前局部骨质量与术后骨再生的关系。采用三维重建技术根据术前CT图像灰度值确定局部骨密度（BD）。术后骨形成体积（BFV）和术前骨缺损体积（BDV）根据术前、术后CT图像进行三维重建、拟合对齐、布尔运算后得到。计算骨形成率（BFR）（BFV/BDV）。本回顾性研究纳入了12例患者。随访至少6个月后，平均BD为658.34±73.40 HU，平均BFV为404.89±164.93 mm3，平均BFR为46.1±12.18%。Pearson相关分析显示BFV与BD呈显著正相关（r = 0.7815, p = 0.0027）， BFR与BD也呈显著正相关（r = 0.6533, p = 0.0213）。综上所述，牙槽沟裂行自体髂骨移植术患者术后BFV和BFR与受体部位BD呈正相关。

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引用次数: 0

Incidence, risk factors and prevention of surgical site infections following orthognathic surgery: a retrospective analysis of 736 surgical procedures over a 5-year period in a French tertiary center 正颌手术后手术部位感染的发生率、危险因素和预防：对法国某三级医疗中心5年来736例手术的回顾性分析

IF 2.1 2区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2025.10.005

Moussa Bazia , Soline Bobet , Sophie Dugast , Pierre Corre , Alice Prevost , Hélios Bertin

Surgical site infection (SSI) remains a common complication following orthognathic surgery, with no consensus on optimal antibiotic prophylaxis and a lack of comprehensive risk factors. This study aims to determine the incidence of SSI after orthognathic surgery and identify independent risk factors. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 736 procedures performed in our department between January 2019 and January 2024. Demographic data, comorbidities, data on surgical procedure, and antibiotic regimens were extracted from patients' records. SSI was defined as any documented infection occurred within 12 months postoperatively. Correlations between SSI and suggested risk factors were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Among 736 procedures performed in 699 patients, 37 (5.0 %) SSI occurred. Multivariable analysis showed that extended postoperative antibiotics reduced SSI odds by 82 % (adjusted OR = 0.18; 95 % CI [0.07–0.45]; p < 0.001). Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) performed alone increased SSI risk threefold (adjusted OR = 2.64; 95 % CI [1.25–5.59]; p = 0.011). Outpatient procedures were significantly associated with a lower risk of SSI (adjusted OR = 0.21; 95 % CI [0.05–0.91]; p = 0.038). Tailored postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis is pivotal in reducing SSI after orthognathic surgery.

手术部位感染（SSI）仍然是正颌手术后常见的并发症，关于最佳抗生素预防和缺乏综合危险因素尚无共识。本研究旨在确定正颌手术后SSI的发生率，并确定独立危险因素。我们对2019年1月至2024年1月在我科进行的736例手术进行了回顾性队列研究。从患者记录中提取人口统计数据、合并症、外科手术数据和抗生素方案。SSI定义为术后12个月内发生的任何有记录的感染。使用单变量和多变量逻辑回归评估SSI与建议危险因素之间的相关性。在699例患者的736例手术中，37例（5.0%）发生SSI。多变量分析显示，术后延长使用抗生素可使SSI发生率降低82%(调整后OR = 0.18; 95% CI [0.07-0.45]

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引用次数: 0

Effect of proximal segment osteotomy level on mandibular angle changes after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy: a three-dimensional CBCT study 近段截骨水平对口内垂直支截骨后下颌角变化的影响：三维CBCT研究。

IF 2.1 2区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2025.09.017

Haein Park , Hyunmi Jo , Jin Hoo Park , Young-Soo Jung , Jun-Young Kim

This retrospective study aimed to analyze changes in the mandibular angle, based on the ostectomy level of the proximal segment following intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) for mandibular setback in 40 patients with mandibular prognathism, using three-dimensional reconstruction images obtained from cone-beam computed tomography. The ostectomy level of the proximal segment was categorized into two groups based on the distance from the gonion to the ostectomy site: within 5 mm and over 5 mm. A statistically significant increase in the mandibular angle was observed in both hard and soft tissues following IVRO, along with a decrease in both the horizontal and vertical distances from the earlobe to the soft-tissue gonial angle. However, the mandibular angle did not vary significantly with ostectomy level. The gonion moved posteriorly and superiorly in both groups, with no significant differences between the groups, based on the ostectomy level of the proximal segment. These results suggest that while IVRO significantly enhances the aesthetics of the mandibular angle, a 5 mm difference in ostectomy level does not lead to remarkable morphological changes in this region. These findings are clinically relevant for surgical planning, particularly in aesthetic improvements to the lower third of the face.

本回顾性研究旨在分析40例下颌前突患者口腔内垂直支截骨术（IVRO）治疗下颌后退后，基于近端截骨水平的下颌角变化，使用锥形束计算机断层扫描获得三维重建图像。近段截骨水平根据骨根到截骨部位的距离分为5mm以内和5mm以上两组。在IVRO后，硬软组织和软组织的下颌角均有统计学意义的增加，耳垂到软组织角的水平和垂直距离均有减少。而下颌角随截骨水平的变化无明显差异。在近端截骨水平的基础上，两组的阴离子均向后、上移动，两组间无显著差异。这些结果表明，虽然IVRO显著提高了下颌角的美观性，但5毫米的截骨水平差异并不会导致该区域的形态学改变。这些发现对外科手术计划具有临床意义，特别是对面部下三分之一的美学改善。

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引用次数: 0

Mastering precision: Pitfalls in orthognathic surgery 3D virtual planning and strategies for error reduction 掌握精度：正颌手术三维虚拟规划的陷阱和减少误差的策略。

IF 2.1 2区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2025.10.001

Ricardo Grillo , Fernando de Oliveira Andriola , Richard Gravalos , Lázaro da Silva Caixeta Neto , Mariana Aparecida Brozoski , Fernando Melhem-Elias

This study aims to quantify the prevalence and clinical impact of common pitfalls associated with Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) for orthognathic surgery, based on a large-scale case series, and to propose evidence-based strategies for error reduction.

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 3550 consecutive orthognathic surgery VSPs performed between July 2017 and July 2025. Pitfalls were identified through a structured audit process comparing pre-planning data, intraoperative records, and postoperative outcomes. The frequency of each pitfall was calculated, and its correlation with clinical outcomes, including the need for intraoperative adjustment and revision surgery, was analyzed.

Twelve major pitfalls were identified. The most prevalent were “Overuse of automerging”, “Lack of appropriate facial analysis” and “Head orientation error”. Pitfalls related to data accuracy and protocol deviation showed a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05) with larger discrepancies between planned and achieved surgical outcomes.

Specific, identifiable pitfalls in the VSP workflow are common and have a measurable impact on surgical precision. A rigorous, protocol-driven approach with mandatory verification steps at each planning stage is essential to mitigate these errors and harness the full potential of VSP.

本研究旨在量化与正颌手术虚拟手术计划（VSP）相关的常见缺陷的患病率和临床影响，基于大规模的病例系列，并提出基于证据的减少错误的策略。回顾性队列研究对2017年7月至2025年7月期间3550例连续正颌手术vsp进行了研究。通过比较术前计划数据、术中记录和术后结果的结构化审计过程，发现了缺陷。计算每个陷阱出现的频率，并分析其与临床结果的相关性，包括术中调整和翻修手术的需要。确定了12个主要缺陷。最常见的是“过度使用自动成像”、“缺乏适当的面部分析”和“头部方向错误”。与数据准确性和方案偏差相关的缺陷显示出统计学上显著的相关性(p

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引用次数: 0

Is the combine prolotherapy more effective than the traditional prolotherapy in patients with temporomandibular joint hypermobility? 联合前驱治疗对颞下颌关节活动亢进患者是否比传统前驱治疗更有效？

IF 2.1 2区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2025.10.008

Halenur Ates , Efe Can Sivrikaya

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) hypermobility is commonly associated with symptoms such as joint pain, restricted jaw function, and clicking sounds. While prolotherapy is recognized as a conservative treatment method for TMJ disorders, arthrocentesis is frequently employed to manage intra-articular inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of combining prolotherapy with arthrocentesis compared to prolotherapy alone in patients with TMJ hypermobility. A total of 26 patients (mean age: 33.7 years) were retrospectively analyzed and divided into two treatment groups: combined prolotherapy with arthrocentesis (n = 15) and traditional prolotherapy (n = 11). Clinical outcomes, including maximal interincisal opening (MIO), pain intensity assessed via the visual analog scale (VAS), and the presence of joint clicking, were measured before treatment and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months post-treatment. Both groups demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in MIO at the 3-month follow-up (p < 0.05). However, a more substantial decrease in VAS pain scores was observed in the combined therapy group (from 6.0 to 1.5, p = 0.001) compared to the traditional group (from 6.5 to 4.5, p = 0.015). Although clicking sounds decreased in both groups, the differences were not statistically significant. Transient complications, such as dizziness and temporary facial nerve paresis, were reported in a few cases and resolved spontaneously without further intervention. These findings suggest that the integration of arthrocentesis with prolotherapy may enhance pain relief and improve clinical outcomes in the management of TMJ hypermobility, offering a promising minimally invasive option for clinicians. This clinical trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Registration No: NCT07020455).

颞下颌关节（TMJ）活动过度通常伴有关节疼痛、颌骨功能受限和咔嗒声等症状。虽然前驱疗法被认为是TMJ疾病的保守治疗方法，但关节穿刺经常被用于治疗关节内炎症。本研究旨在评价前驱激素联合关节穿刺治疗颞下颌关节活动亢进患者的临床疗效。回顾性分析26例患者，平均年龄33.7岁，分为前驱联合关节穿刺组（n = 15）和传统前驱治疗组（n = 11）。在治疗前、治疗后1周、1个月和3个月测量临床结果，包括最大内切开（MIO）、通过视觉模拟量表（VAS）评估的疼痛强度和关节咔嗒声的存在。在3个月的随访中，两组均表现出统计学上显著的MIO降低(p

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引用次数: 0

Bisphosphonates – Boon or bane for oral and maxillofacial surgery? Anti-resorptive drugs and their potential role in dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery 双膦酸盐-口腔颌面外科手术的福音还是祸根？抗吸收药物及其在牙科和口腔颌面外科中的潜在作用。

IF 2.1 2区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2025.10.003

Katharina Theresa Obermeier , Ina Dewenter , Eva Maria Schnödt , Philipp Poxleitner , Ulla Stumpf , Riham Fliefel , Eric Hesse , Ralf Schmidmaier , Sven Otto

Antiresorptive drugs such as bisphosphonates and denosumab are vital medications in the therapy of osteoporosis and in the treatment of cancer with osseous metastases. A rare but clinically relevant adverse effect is medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). This review outlines epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of MRONJ. In addition, antiresorptives show promise in rare bone diseases relevant to oral and maxillofacial surgery, such as aneurysmal bone cysts, central giant cell granuloma, and diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis. While early evidence indicates therapeutic benefit, further studies are needed to define safety and standardized protocols. Preventive dental care, patient education, and close interdisciplinary collaboration remain essential for optimal outcomes.

抗吸收药物如双膦酸盐和地诺单抗是治疗骨质疏松症和骨转移性癌症的重要药物。一种罕见但临床相关的不良反应是药物相关性颌骨骨坏死（MRONJ）。本文综述了MRONJ的流行病学、临床特征、诊断、治疗和预防。此外，抗吸收剂在与口腔颌面外科相关的罕见骨病，如动脉瘤性骨囊肿、中央巨细胞肉芽肿和弥漫性硬化性骨髓炎中显示出前景。虽然早期证据表明治疗有益，但需要进一步的研究来确定安全性和标准化方案。预防性牙科保健、患者教育和密切的跨学科合作对于取得最佳结果至关重要。

引用次数: 0

Differential expression of PD-L1, PD-L2 and inflammasome related proteins (NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1) in oral squamous cell carcinoma, lymph node metastases, and benign lesions PD-L1、PD-L2和炎性体相关蛋白（NLRP3、ASC和Caspase-1）在口腔鳞状细胞癌、淋巴结转移和良性病变中的差异表达

IF 2.1 2区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2025.10.002

Arijan Zubović , Gordana Zamolo , Leo Kovač , Marina Raguž , Lorena Zubović , Margita Belušić

This study investigates the expression of immune checkpoint proteins (PD-L1 and PD-L2) and inflammasome components (NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1) in oral lesions, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), metastases, leukoplakia, and benign conditions. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on tissue samples from 151 patients to evaluate expression patterns and assess their diagnostic and prognostic potential. PD-L1 and PD-L2 were significantly overexpressed in SCC and metastases compared to benign lesions with IRS factor (immunoreactive score) (p = 0.003) and (p = 0.000002), indicating their roles in immune evasion and tumor progression. NLRP3 and ASC demonstrated associations with inflammation-driven carcinogenesis, with variations linked to tumor localization. However, none of the biomarkers showed significant prognostic value for disease progression. These findings highlight the potential diagnostic utility of these proteins while underscoring the need for further research to establish reliable clinical biomarkers in oral SCC.

本研究探讨了免疫检查点蛋白（PD-L1和PD-L2）和炎性体成分（NLRP3、ASC和Caspase-1）在口腔病变中的表达，包括鳞状细胞癌（SCC）、转移瘤、白斑和良性病变。对151例患者的组织样本进行免疫组织化学分析，以评估表达模式并评估其诊断和预后潜力。与具有IRS因子（免疫反应评分）的良性病变相比，PD-L1和PD-L2在SCC和转移瘤中显著过表达（p = 0.003）和（p = 0.000002），表明它们在免疫逃避和肿瘤进展中起作用。NLRP3和ASC与炎症驱动的癌变有关，其变异与肿瘤定位有关。然而，没有一种生物标志物显示出疾病进展的显著预后价值。这些发现强调了这些蛋白的潜在诊断效用，同时也强调了进一步研究建立可靠的口腔鳞状细胞癌临床生物标志物的必要性。

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引用次数: 0