Pub Date : 2018-10-25DOI: 10.11648/j.ie.20180201.13
E. Emam
Clays are the most utilized minerals and considered very efficient and economical sorbents according to their chemical and physical properties. Clays are enjoying rapid popularity in the petroleum refining industry for the various processes such as adsorption and separation. Removal of many components such as sulfur, heavy metals, colors and separation of different hydrocarbon groups of crude oil and petroleum fractions can be carried out by clay adsorption. The present review summarizes the using of clay as adsorbent in several petroleum refining processes such as desulphurization, deasphalting, waste oil recovery, bleaching, corrosion reduction, heavy metals removal and other. One of the simplest, easiest and efficient separation processes used in different industries is adsorption. Review results show that different types of clay are obtainable and used in many applications. Clay adsorption can be enhanced the treatment and finishing of crude oils and petroleum fractions through several modifications such as metals impregnation, acid and thermal activations. Bentonite clays promote the highest adsorption capacity to remove sulfur and a high bleaching potential. Attapulgite clay is effective in decolorization and neutralization any petroleum oil. Impregnation of NiO nanoparticles into kaolin improves the asphaltenes adsorption. Several modified as well as unmodified clays promote the highest removal efficiency of Ni and V from crude oil. Additionally, the adsorption pre-treatment affects the reduction in corrosion yields and the corrosion rate.
{"title":"Clay Adsorption Perspective on Petroleum Refining Industry","authors":"E. Emam","doi":"10.11648/j.ie.20180201.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ie.20180201.13","url":null,"abstract":"Clays are the most utilized minerals and considered very efficient and economical sorbents according to their chemical and physical properties. Clays are enjoying rapid popularity in the petroleum refining industry for the various processes such as adsorption and separation. Removal of many components such as sulfur, heavy metals, colors and separation of different hydrocarbon groups of crude oil and petroleum fractions can be carried out by clay adsorption. The present review summarizes the using of clay as adsorbent in several petroleum refining processes such as desulphurization, deasphalting, waste oil recovery, bleaching, corrosion reduction, heavy metals removal and other. One of the simplest, easiest and efficient separation processes used in different industries is adsorption. Review results show that different types of clay are obtainable and used in many applications. Clay adsorption can be enhanced the treatment and finishing of crude oils and petroleum fractions through several modifications such as metals impregnation, acid and thermal activations. Bentonite clays promote the highest adsorption capacity to remove sulfur and a high bleaching potential. Attapulgite clay is effective in decolorization and neutralization any petroleum oil. Impregnation of NiO nanoparticles into kaolin improves the asphaltenes adsorption. Several modified as well as unmodified clays promote the highest removal efficiency of Ni and V from crude oil. Additionally, the adsorption pre-treatment affects the reduction in corrosion yields and the corrosion rate.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"7 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86819633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-23DOI: 10.11648/J.IE.20180201.12
Mohammad Mahmuduzzaman Tawhid, O. F. Rasel, M. Hoq, Nasrul Haque
This research represents the fabrication and characterization of a solar cell which is based on a thin p-type silicon (Si) wafer. Solar cells are the basic building blocks of Solar Panels or Modules. There are presently nine companies manufacturing solar modules in the country. Nowadays a large amount of electricity comes from solar cell. The total demand for solar cells in assembling solar modules of the nine companies are about 80-90MWp annually. Mainly, cost of solar cell depends on the Brand, type of crystal structure (Mono or Multi) and the shape or size of wafer. For the first time in the country, ‘Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC)’ has set up a laboratory to fabricate crystalline solar cells on a pilot basis. The method used to fabricate solar cells is the low-cost diffusion technique using POCl 3 gas source. Several solar cells of 150×150 mm 2 sizes and 200 micrometer thick are produced and characterized in the laboratory. A p-type silicon wafer is cleaned and textured to make its surface pyramid shape for absorbing more sunlight. The p-n junction used in Si-based solar cell is created after applying diffusion technique using Phosphorus-oxy-try chloride (POCl 3 ) within the silicon wafer and putting Aluminum (Al) paste on one side of the wafer. Perfectly texturing ensures the excellent pyramid height of the silicon wafers. The pyramid heights of raw, textured and doped wafers are 8233.2 A, 15222.5 A and 55654.1 A respectively. The pyramid surface shows the increasing light absorption by the solar cell that can lead to an increase in conversion efficiency of the device. The efficiency of the produced solar cell is 3.3%. The results have shown that some challenges and good opportunities in getting the high-efficient and cost effective solar cells. If the cost effective technology can be made familiar in Bangladesh then it will help in solving the power crisis in the country a great deal.
本研究代表了一种基于薄p型硅(Si)晶圆的太阳能电池的制造和特性。太阳能电池是太阳能电池板或组件的基本组成部分。目前国内有9家公司生产太阳能组件。现在大量的电力来自太阳能电池。九家公司在组装太阳能组件时，每年对太阳能电池的总需求约为80-90MWp。太阳能电池的成本主要取决于品牌、晶体结构类型(单晶还是多晶)以及晶圆的形状或尺寸。孟加拉国原子能委员会(BAEC)在该国首次建立了一个实验室，在试点基础上制造晶体太阳能电池。利用POCl 3气源制备太阳能电池的方法是低成本扩散技术。生产了几种尺寸为150×150 mm 2，厚度为200微米的太阳能电池，并在实验室中进行了表征。p型硅片经过清洗和纹理处理，使其表面呈金字塔形，以吸收更多的阳光。硅基太阳能电池中使用的p-n结是在硅片内应用扩散技术，在硅片的一侧涂上铝(Al)浆料制成的。完美的纹理保证了硅片的金字塔高度。原始晶圆、织构晶圆和掺杂晶圆的金字塔高度分别为8233.2 A、15222.5 A和55654.1 A。金字塔表面显示了太阳能电池对光的吸收增加，从而提高了设备的转换效率。所生产的太阳能电池的效率为3.3%。结果表明，在获得高效、低成本的太阳能电池方面存在一些挑战和良好的机遇。如果这种低成本的技术能够在孟加拉国普及，那么它将极大地帮助解决该国的电力危机。
{"title":"Fabrication and Identification of the Efficiency of a Si-Based Solar Cell","authors":"Mohammad Mahmuduzzaman Tawhid, O. F. Rasel, M. Hoq, Nasrul Haque","doi":"10.11648/J.IE.20180201.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IE.20180201.12","url":null,"abstract":"This research represents the fabrication and characterization of a solar cell which is based on a thin p-type silicon (Si) wafer. Solar cells are the basic building blocks of Solar Panels or Modules. There are presently nine companies manufacturing solar modules in the country. Nowadays a large amount of electricity comes from solar cell. The total demand for solar cells in assembling solar modules of the nine companies are about 80-90MWp annually. Mainly, cost of solar cell depends on the Brand, type of crystal structure (Mono or Multi) and the shape or size of wafer. For the first time in the country, ‘Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC)’ has set up a laboratory to fabricate crystalline solar cells on a pilot basis. The method used to fabricate solar cells is the low-cost diffusion technique using POCl 3 gas source. Several solar cells of 150×150 mm 2 sizes and 200 micrometer thick are produced and characterized in the laboratory. A p-type silicon wafer is cleaned and textured to make its surface pyramid shape for absorbing more sunlight. The p-n junction used in Si-based solar cell is created after applying diffusion technique using Phosphorus-oxy-try chloride (POCl 3 ) within the silicon wafer and putting Aluminum (Al) paste on one side of the wafer. Perfectly texturing ensures the excellent pyramid height of the silicon wafers. The pyramid heights of raw, textured and doped wafers are 8233.2 A, 15222.5 A and 55654.1 A respectively. The pyramid surface shows the increasing light absorption by the solar cell that can lead to an increase in conversion efficiency of the device. The efficiency of the produced solar cell is 3.3%. The results have shown that some challenges and good opportunities in getting the high-efficient and cost effective solar cells. If the cost effective technology can be made familiar in Bangladesh then it will help in solving the power crisis in the country a great deal.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"94 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80658665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.11648/j.ie.20180201.11
A. Awwad, M. H. Gobran, R. M. Kamal, M. A. Boraey
As the manpower is the most valuable and important element for production in any industrial plant or organisation, so their health and safety must be managed to protect them against the reasonably foreseeable risks. In this paper risk assessment is carried out for five Reverse Osmosis desalination plants to detect the main hazards in such type of plants. Health safety executive -five steps to risk assessment model is used including 5×5 risk matrix to rank the risk level and then represented by color code to clarify the priority. The materials, equipment, working place and peoples included in the operation are considered while assessing the risk and working activities are monitored and analyzed. The most common hazards are found in working at height, working inside confined spaces or under water, exposure to noise, contacting with uncovered rotating equipment, electricity, high pressurized fluid and fire. The control measures are introduced to mitigate the level of identified risks to an acceptable level like developing a permit to work system and procedures for confined space entry or working under water, lock out and tag out of the power supply while dealing with electrical equipment, guarding all rotating parts of the machines, provide the right equipment for working at height, reduce the exposure time to noise and providing sufficient training, information and safety instructions to the employees. This paper can be used as a safety booklet for RO desalination plants operators.
{"title":"Risk Assessment and Control for Main Hazards in Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants","authors":"A. Awwad, M. H. Gobran, R. M. Kamal, M. A. Boraey","doi":"10.11648/j.ie.20180201.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ie.20180201.11","url":null,"abstract":"As the manpower is the most valuable and important element for production in any industrial plant or organisation, so their health and safety must be managed to protect them against the reasonably foreseeable risks. In this paper risk assessment is carried out for five Reverse Osmosis desalination plants to detect the main hazards in such type of plants. Health safety executive -five steps to risk assessment model is used including 5×5 risk matrix to rank the risk level and then represented by color code to clarify the priority. The materials, equipment, working place and peoples included in the operation are considered while assessing the risk and working activities are monitored and analyzed. The most common hazards are found in working at height, working inside confined spaces or under water, exposure to noise, contacting with uncovered rotating equipment, electricity, high pressurized fluid and fire. The control measures are introduced to mitigate the level of identified risks to an acceptable level like developing a permit to work system and procedures for confined space entry or working under water, lock out and tag out of the power supply while dealing with electrical equipment, guarding all rotating parts of the machines, provide the right equipment for working at height, reduce the exposure time to noise and providing sufficient training, information and safety instructions to the employees. This paper can be used as a safety booklet for RO desalination plants operators.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"56 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90579209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-07DOI: 10.11648/j.ie.20170102.14
A. Nafisa, Mohammed Sani Sambo Datsugwai, Ladan Zakari
Vegetable are considered as the leafy outgrowth of plants shoot used as food. These include those plants or plant part used in making soup or served as an integral part of main meal they are sources of nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Drying is a cheap means of preserving vegetables because they are prone to fungi contamination. The assessment of aflatoxigenic fungi associated with dried vegetables (Baobab, Red chilli pepper, Okro and Tomatoes) from selected markets within Kaduna metropolis were investigated. A total of forty (40) samples (ten samples each) of the dried vegetables were analyzed for fungi and total aflatoxin. Fungi were identified and characterized using the conventional and Molecular technique and Total Aflatoxin were identified using Enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). The fungi identified were Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger . The result of the total aflatoxin revealed that Baobab from Sabo (SB 001) had the highest aflatoxin of 31.6μg/kg while Baobab from Barnawa (BRW 001), with aflatoxin content of 18.80μg/kg. Baobab from Tudun wada (TW 001) with aflatoxin content of 15.00μg/kg, Baobab from Malali (MLL 001) had aflatoxin content of 12.10μg/kg is higher while Baobab from Central Market had aflatoxin of 1.60μg/kg. The vegetable with the highest aflatoxin content is Baobab from Sabo (SB 001) had aflatoxin content of 31.6μg/kg, while Okra from kamazou (KMZ 003) with aflatoxin content of 27.00μg/kg and Red Chilli Pepper from Malali (MLL004) had aflatoxin content of 26.40μg/kg, Tomatoes from Malali (MLL 002) had the lowest aflatoxin content of 6.50μg /kg. These result can serve as baseline for enacting laws and observing the critical control point as the ingestion of such mycotoxins contaminated vegetables have enormous health significance. Because these toxins are capable of causing diseases in man and animals.
{"title":"Assessment of Aflatoxins and Aflatoxigenic Fungi Associated with Dried Vegetables from Selected Markets with in Kaduna Metropolis","authors":"A. Nafisa, Mohammed Sani Sambo Datsugwai, Ladan Zakari","doi":"10.11648/j.ie.20170102.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ie.20170102.14","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetable are considered as the leafy outgrowth of plants shoot used as food. These include those plants or plant part used in making soup or served as an integral part of main meal they are sources of nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Drying is a cheap means of preserving vegetables because they are prone to fungi contamination. The assessment of aflatoxigenic fungi associated with dried vegetables (Baobab, Red chilli pepper, Okro and Tomatoes) from selected markets within Kaduna metropolis were investigated. A total of forty (40) samples (ten samples each) of the dried vegetables were analyzed for fungi and total aflatoxin. Fungi were identified and characterized using the conventional and Molecular technique and Total Aflatoxin were identified using Enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). The fungi identified were Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger . The result of the total aflatoxin revealed that Baobab from Sabo (SB 001) had the highest aflatoxin of 31.6μg/kg while Baobab from Barnawa (BRW 001), with aflatoxin content of 18.80μg/kg. Baobab from Tudun wada (TW 001) with aflatoxin content of 15.00μg/kg, Baobab from Malali (MLL 001) had aflatoxin content of 12.10μg/kg is higher while Baobab from Central Market had aflatoxin of 1.60μg/kg. The vegetable with the highest aflatoxin content is Baobab from Sabo (SB 001) had aflatoxin content of 31.6μg/kg, while Okra from kamazou (KMZ 003) with aflatoxin content of 27.00μg/kg and Red Chilli Pepper from Malali (MLL004) had aflatoxin content of 26.40μg/kg, Tomatoes from Malali (MLL 002) had the lowest aflatoxin content of 6.50μg /kg. These result can serve as baseline for enacting laws and observing the critical control point as the ingestion of such mycotoxins contaminated vegetables have enormous health significance. Because these toxins are capable of causing diseases in man and animals.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"44 1","pages":"68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79326054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-24DOI: 10.11648/J.IE.20170101.14
A. Yehia, F. El-hosiny, S. Ibrahim, M. A. Khalek, Rasha Amin, A. H. El-Menshawy
Egyptian oil shale from Wadii El-Nakhil, Red sea region was upgraded using enhanced gravity separation. The oil shale sample was characterized physically and chemically to determine its mineral content and characteristics. The sample includes quartz, siderite, apatite, anhydrite and calcite. The clay mineral is mainly represented by kaolinite while the organic matter is 30%. The ground sample (less than 50 microns) was classified into two fractions. The coarser was higher than 25 µm while the finer was less than 25 µm. The lower and upper levels of both the centrifugal force and water pressure have been suggested to construct the design for Falcon Concentrator type SB-40. The coarse concentrate of 42% kerogen with 94.35% recovery was achieved at 60 Hz (equivalent to G-force 176) and water pressure of 4 Psi from feed of 29% kerogen. The fine concentrate of 38.46% kerogen with 85.4% recovery was achieved at 70 Hz (equivalent to G-force 243) and water pressure of 2 Psi from feed of 33% kerogen.
{"title":"Upgrading of Egyptian Oil Shale Using Enhanced Gravity Separation","authors":"A. Yehia, F. El-hosiny, S. Ibrahim, M. A. Khalek, Rasha Amin, A. H. El-Menshawy","doi":"10.11648/J.IE.20170101.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IE.20170101.14","url":null,"abstract":"Egyptian oil shale from Wadii El-Nakhil, Red sea region was upgraded using enhanced gravity separation. The oil shale sample was characterized physically and chemically to determine its mineral content and characteristics. The sample includes quartz, siderite, apatite, anhydrite and calcite. The clay mineral is mainly represented by kaolinite while the organic matter is 30%. The ground sample (less than 50 microns) was classified into two fractions. The coarser was higher than 25 µm while the finer was less than 25 µm. The lower and upper levels of both the centrifugal force and water pressure have been suggested to construct the design for Falcon Concentrator type SB-40. The coarse concentrate of 42% kerogen with 94.35% recovery was achieved at 60 Hz (equivalent to G-force 176) and water pressure of 4 Psi from feed of 29% kerogen. The fine concentrate of 38.46% kerogen with 85.4% recovery was achieved at 70 Hz (equivalent to G-force 243) and water pressure of 2 Psi from feed of 33% kerogen.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"105 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80669080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-15DOI: 10.11648/J.EAS.20170206.14
B. Maryam, Mohammed Sani Sambo Datsugwai, Idris Shehu
Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or any technological applications that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the fields of bioengineering and biomedical engineering. Some of the applications were identified in this paper to include biotechnology in food fermentation to enhance properties such as the taste, aroma, shelf-life, texture and nutritional value of food. Biotechnology in the production of enzymes to bring about desirable changes in food, biotechnology in the production of food ingredients; flavours, fragrances, food additives and a range of other high valued-added products, genetically modified starter cultures, genetically modified foods, the use of all these modern technologies in diagnostics for food testing, the role of biotechnology in food production by increasing food production, improved harvesting, storage and nutritional value, better raw materials, better flavour and the production of food containing vaccines, the safety of food produced with biotechnology as well as the risks and benefits of biotechnology in food production.
{"title":"The Role of Biotechnology in Food Production and Processing","authors":"B. Maryam, Mohammed Sani Sambo Datsugwai, Idris Shehu","doi":"10.11648/J.EAS.20170206.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EAS.20170206.14","url":null,"abstract":"Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or any technological applications that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the fields of bioengineering and biomedical engineering. Some of the applications were identified in this paper to include biotechnology in food fermentation to enhance properties such as the taste, aroma, shelf-life, texture and nutritional value of food. Biotechnology in the production of enzymes to bring about desirable changes in food, biotechnology in the production of food ingredients; flavours, fragrances, food additives and a range of other high valued-added products, genetically modified starter cultures, genetically modified foods, the use of all these modern technologies in diagnostics for food testing, the role of biotechnology in food production by increasing food production, improved harvesting, storage and nutritional value, better raw materials, better flavour and the production of food containing vaccines, the safety of food produced with biotechnology as well as the risks and benefits of biotechnology in food production.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"12 1 1","pages":"113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78401379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-15DOI: 10.11648/J.AJASR.20170304.13
Burak Omer Saracoglu
100% renewable worldwide power grid (Global Grid) system needs a Global Grid Electricity Demand Prediction System (G2EDPS) with very short, short, medium and long term forecasting consoles. This paper presents the 1st core module and its 10 extension modules in the long term prediction console. A type 1 Mamdani like Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) with 7 triangle membership functions and 49 rules is designed for 2 input and 1 output variables for a 100 year forecasting period. The maximum absolute percentage errors (MAP), the mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE), and the Symmetric MAPE (SMAPE) of the best core module and its extension modules are respectively 0, 24; 0, 08; 0, 05 and 0, 22; 0, 07; 0, 05.
{"title":"G 2 EDPS's First Module & Its First Extension Modules","authors":"Burak Omer Saracoglu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJASR.20170304.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJASR.20170304.13","url":null,"abstract":"100% renewable worldwide power grid (Global Grid) system needs a Global Grid Electricity Demand Prediction System (G2EDPS) with very short, short, medium and long term forecasting consoles. This paper presents the 1st core module and its 10 extension modules in the long term prediction console. A type 1 Mamdani like Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) with 7 triangle membership functions and 49 rules is designed for 2 input and 1 output variables for a 100 year forecasting period. The maximum absolute percentage errors (MAP), the mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE), and the Symmetric MAPE (SMAPE) of the best core module and its extension modules are respectively 0, 24; 0, 08; 0, 05 and 0, 22; 0, 07; 0, 05.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"64 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73206920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-15DOI: 10.11648/J.AJASR.20170306.13
H. Hashem, Hasan H. Abd El-Daym, G. El-Sharnouby, S. A. Farghal, Hossameldin A. Badr
Second grade Siwi date palm fruits in Baharia Oasis were used forproduction of high quality date syrup (Dibs). Physical and chemical characteristics of Siwi date fruits (second grade) as well as quality parameters of Siwi date extract as affected by bleaching and clarification treatments were investigated. Also, quality parameters of the obtained dibs by different methods and treatments were examined. Physical and chemical characteristics of Siwi date illustrated that, fruit weight, flesh/pit ratio, fruit length, fruit diameter, T.S.S, total and reducing sugars, crude protein, ash, soluble pectin and tannins were 10.0g, 6.40, 3.46 cm, 2.22 cm, 81.40%, 91.41%, 86.78%, 2.76%, 0.83%, 1.55% and 0.27%, respectively. Granular activated charcoal (G.A.C) is more effective bleaching treatment than powder activated charcoal (P.A.C), Also, liming phosphatation is more effective clarification treatment than centrifugation with filtration. Quality dibs results indicated that, the highest values of T.S.S, total and reducing sugars and date syrup yield were recorded for the dibs samples extracted at 75°C and 96°C and concentrated under vacuum while the lowest values were recorded for commercial sample(except yield), also, clarification processed sample recorded the lowest browning index, ash and pectin contents, while the highest values of these parameter were recorded for commercial sample. Sensory quality parameters demonstrated that, the highest taste and flavor scores were recorded for the extracted sample at 96°C with bleaching by GAC then concentrated under vacuum while the extracted sample by blender at room temperature (with or without clarification treatment) had the highest color scores. In relation to microbial quality, results showed that, microwave extraction followed by concentration at 100% power level recorded the highest microbial quality (the lowest counts of bacteria, yeast and mould, and coliform group) followed by sample extracted at 96°C and then concentrated under vacuum.
{"title":"The Effect of Extraction Method, Bleaching and Clarification Processes on Quality Second Grade Siwi Date Dibs","authors":"H. Hashem, Hasan H. Abd El-Daym, G. El-Sharnouby, S. A. Farghal, Hossameldin A. Badr","doi":"10.11648/J.AJASR.20170306.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJASR.20170306.13","url":null,"abstract":"Second grade Siwi date palm fruits in Baharia Oasis were used forproduction of high quality date syrup (Dibs). Physical and chemical characteristics of Siwi date fruits (second grade) as well as quality parameters of Siwi date extract as affected by bleaching and clarification treatments were investigated. Also, quality parameters of the obtained dibs by different methods and treatments were examined. Physical and chemical characteristics of Siwi date illustrated that, fruit weight, flesh/pit ratio, fruit length, fruit diameter, T.S.S, total and reducing sugars, crude protein, ash, soluble pectin and tannins were 10.0g, 6.40, 3.46 cm, 2.22 cm, 81.40%, 91.41%, 86.78%, 2.76%, 0.83%, 1.55% and 0.27%, respectively. Granular activated charcoal (G.A.C) is more effective bleaching treatment than powder activated charcoal (P.A.C), Also, liming phosphatation is more effective clarification treatment than centrifugation with filtration. Quality dibs results indicated that, the highest values of T.S.S, total and reducing sugars and date syrup yield were recorded for the dibs samples extracted at 75°C and 96°C and concentrated under vacuum while the lowest values were recorded for commercial sample(except yield), also, clarification processed sample recorded the lowest browning index, ash and pectin contents, while the highest values of these parameter were recorded for commercial sample. Sensory quality parameters demonstrated that, the highest taste and flavor scores were recorded for the extracted sample at 96°C with bleaching by GAC then concentrated under vacuum while the extracted sample by blender at room temperature (with or without clarification treatment) had the highest color scores. In relation to microbial quality, results showed that, microwave extraction followed by concentration at 100% power level recorded the highest microbial quality (the lowest counts of bacteria, yeast and mould, and coliform group) followed by sample extracted at 96°C and then concentrated under vacuum.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"54 1","pages":"87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75961908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-25DOI: 10.11648/J.IE.20170101.13
G. Nalisi, J. A. Okello, J. Sigey, M. Kimathi
We analyze the effects of hall current and radiation on unsteady hydro magnetic free convection flow of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid past an inclined parabolic accelerated plate in a porous medium by applying a transverse magnetic field which makes an angle α to the inclined plate. The fluid is assumed to be viscous, incompressible and electrically conducting with a strong magnetic field. Using the modified Ohm’s law and the Bossinesq approximation the governing equations of the problem are reduced to local non-similarity boundary layer equations using suitable transformation. The dimensionless governing equations of flow field are solved numerically by Crank-Nicolson finite difference method for different values of governing flow parameters. The velocity and temperature profiles are shown through graphs.
{"title":"Unsteady MHD Free Convective Flow Past an Inclined Parabolic Accelerated Plate with Hall Current, Radiation Effects and Variable Temperature in a Porous Medium","authors":"G. Nalisi, J. A. Okello, J. Sigey, M. Kimathi","doi":"10.11648/J.IE.20170101.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IE.20170101.13","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the effects of hall current and radiation on unsteady hydro magnetic free convection flow of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid past an inclined parabolic accelerated plate in a porous medium by applying a transverse magnetic field which makes an angle α to the inclined plate. The fluid is assumed to be viscous, incompressible and electrically conducting with a strong magnetic field. Using the modified Ohm’s law and the Bossinesq approximation the governing equations of the problem are reduced to local non-similarity boundary layer equations using suitable transformation. The dimensionless governing equations of flow field are solved numerically by Crank-Nicolson finite difference method for different values of governing flow parameters. The velocity and temperature profiles are shown through graphs.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"11 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86057768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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