Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.11648/J.IE.20200402.15
Ramadhani Said Tekka, Saidi Mustapha Msangi
Attaining an outstanding performance in a construction project has for decades being a problem in Tanzania. Contractors have too many projects failed to conquer the project’s value for money as a result of time extension, increase in cost with unsatisfactory quality. This study aims to identify the Tanzanian opinion on the effects of strong government in attaining outstanding performance on construction projects. The questionnaire and an-in-depth interview survey method were opted to collect the data from one hundred fifty-four (154) respondents obtained through purposely sampling technique. Microsoft Excel was used to analyze the quantitative descriptive data. The finding of the study has identified twelve (12) effects of a stable government on performance in construction industry in Tanzania: attainment value for money, fight against malpractices (corruption), timely project completion, timely project completion, society satisfaction with projects, society satisfaction with projects, community participation/local fundi, reduced of construction cost, abide to construction specification, increased quality social services, suspending of ghost engineer, de-register incompetent contractors, reasonable operational cost, timely payment grouped into four variables namely: an increased construction quality, fighting against malpractices, society satisfaction, and timely payment. However, the study has eventually proposed the measure to be considered for local firms to attain a sustainable, outstanding performance and growth.
{"title":"Effects of Strong Government in Attaining Outstanding Performance on Construction Projects: Stakeholder’s Opinions in Tanzania","authors":"Ramadhani Said Tekka, Saidi Mustapha Msangi","doi":"10.11648/J.IE.20200402.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IE.20200402.15","url":null,"abstract":"Attaining an outstanding performance in a construction project has for decades being a problem in Tanzania. Contractors have too many projects failed to conquer the project’s value for money as a result of time extension, increase in cost with unsatisfactory quality. This study aims to identify the Tanzanian opinion on the effects of strong government in attaining outstanding performance on construction projects. The questionnaire and an-in-depth interview survey method were opted to collect the data from one hundred fifty-four (154) respondents obtained through purposely sampling technique. Microsoft Excel was used to analyze the quantitative descriptive data. The finding of the study has identified twelve (12) effects of a stable government on performance in construction industry in Tanzania: attainment value for money, fight against malpractices (corruption), timely project completion, timely project completion, society satisfaction with projects, society satisfaction with projects, community participation/local fundi, reduced of construction cost, abide to construction specification, increased quality social services, suspending of ghost engineer, de-register incompetent contractors, reasonable operational cost, timely payment grouped into four variables namely: an increased construction quality, fighting against malpractices, society satisfaction, and timely payment. However, the study has eventually proposed the measure to be considered for local firms to attain a sustainable, outstanding performance and growth.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"1 1","pages":"55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77124471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-04DOI: 10.11648/J.IE.20200402.14
Munshi Muhammad Raihan, A. K. Piya, Mirajul Mahmud Abir, M. A. Hossain
In the recent years, porous structure is being drawn attention to the researcher for implant application for superior characteristics over bulk materials. The aim of this study is to evaluate the cyclic compression behaviour of porous titanium components in simulated body fluid (SBF). Porous titanium component developed by replica impregnation method was taken for study. Compression tests in air revealed that the yield strength of the porous body is 8MPa on average and elastic modulus is around 180MPa which is compatible to cancellous bone application. After 10% strain porous structure deformed plastically producing a long plateau region. Compressive fatigue tests revealed that at higher stress level porous titanium failed earlier in SBF than in air. In contrast, fatigue limit of porous substrate is 2 MPa which was not affected by SBF medium. After 10 million cycles in SBF, Calcium Phosphate layer was partially formed on the surface of porous titanium by re-precipitation from SBF. EDS analysis showed that the Ca/P atomic ratio was 1.44 which is near to beta TCP and HA phase and these phases are beneficial for bone tissue ingrowth.
{"title":"Effect of SBF on Cyclic Compression Behaviour of Porous Titanium Component for Implant Application","authors":"Munshi Muhammad Raihan, A. K. Piya, Mirajul Mahmud Abir, M. A. Hossain","doi":"10.11648/J.IE.20200402.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IE.20200402.14","url":null,"abstract":"In the recent years, porous structure is being drawn attention to the researcher for implant application for superior characteristics over bulk materials. The aim of this study is to evaluate the cyclic compression behaviour of porous titanium components in simulated body fluid (SBF). Porous titanium component developed by replica impregnation method was taken for study. Compression tests in air revealed that the yield strength of the porous body is 8MPa on average and elastic modulus is around 180MPa which is compatible to cancellous bone application. After 10% strain porous structure deformed plastically producing a long plateau region. Compressive fatigue tests revealed that at higher stress level porous titanium failed earlier in SBF than in air. In contrast, fatigue limit of porous substrate is 2 MPa which was not affected by SBF medium. After 10 million cycles in SBF, Calcium Phosphate layer was partially formed on the surface of porous titanium by re-precipitation from SBF. EDS analysis showed that the Ca/P atomic ratio was 1.44 which is near to beta TCP and HA phase and these phases are beneficial for bone tissue ingrowth.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"26 1","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81746244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-04DOI: 10.11648/J.IE.20200402.13
N. Ikramov, T. Majidov
In the natural current of water, the growing bed movement leads to a reduction of reservoir volume and canal cross-section area, filling by forebay of pump station and hydroelectric station pressure basins with sediment. This leads to abrasive wear of pumps, water turbines, and pressure pipelines, as well as other negative consequences. In many countries, rivers come laden with a large amount of sediment and enormous costs. At determining of sediment discharge it is important values of height and movement velocity of bed ridges. The determination of these values is based on experimental studies was not taken into account the heterogeneity of sediment with different fractions. For this reason, the calculated values according to obtained formulas have large discrepancies with field data. To eliminate these discrepancies, experimental studies were conducted using six types of fractions with the same weighted average diameter. Based on of laboratory data diagrams and interrelation were obtained for ridge length, height and movement velocity from sediment hydraulic and geometric sizes.
{"title":"Experimental Research of the Influence of Bedload Sediment Heterogeneity on Length, Height and Shifting Velocity of Growing Bed Configuration","authors":"N. Ikramov, T. Majidov","doi":"10.11648/J.IE.20200402.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IE.20200402.13","url":null,"abstract":"In the natural current of water, the growing bed movement leads to a reduction of reservoir volume and canal cross-section area, filling by forebay of pump station and hydroelectric station pressure basins with sediment. This leads to abrasive wear of pumps, water turbines, and pressure pipelines, as well as other negative consequences. In many countries, rivers come laden with a large amount of sediment and enormous costs. At determining of sediment discharge it is important values of height and movement velocity of bed ridges. The determination of these values is based on experimental studies was not taken into account the heterogeneity of sediment with different fractions. For this reason, the calculated values according to obtained formulas have large discrepancies with field data. To eliminate these discrepancies, experimental studies were conducted using six types of fractions with the same weighted average diameter. Based on of laboratory data diagrams and interrelation were obtained for ridge length, height and movement velocity from sediment hydraulic and geometric sizes.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"14 1","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79908768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-28DOI: 10.11648/J.IE.20200402.12
Anbese Ambomsa, T. Seyoum, T. Hordofa
Water is scarce resource in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia and is major limiting factor for crop production. The field experiment was conducted in 2018 at Melkasa Agricultural Research Center during the off-season to identify irrigation method and irrigation application level that maximizes productivity of onion per unit of water consumed and enhanced onion crop production. The experiment was carried out using split plot design in RCBD having three replications. The experiment consisted of two irrigation methods viz., furrow and drip irrigation as main plot and three levels of manageable allowable depletion viz., 120%, 100% and 80% as sub-plot. The ANOVA revealed that their interaction had a significant (p<0.01) effect on bulb diameter, total bulb yield, marketable bulb yield and water productivity. The maximum total bulb yield (41.76 t/ha), marketable bulb yield (38.39 t/ha), bulb diameter (6.02 cm) and water productivity (13.05 kg/m3) were observed from drip irrigation method at 80% management allowed depletion application, while significantly lower of 34.48 t/kg, 31.6 t/ha, 5.11 cm, and 6.84 kg/m3 respectively were recorded from furrow irrigation method at 120% management allowed depletion application. Among all tested treatments drip irrigation method with 80% MAD was the best practice because of its high yield, water productivity.
{"title":"Effect of Irrigation Methods and Irrigation Levels on Yield and Water Productivity of Onion at Awash Melkasa, Ethiopia","authors":"Anbese Ambomsa, T. Seyoum, T. Hordofa","doi":"10.11648/J.IE.20200402.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IE.20200402.12","url":null,"abstract":"Water is scarce resource in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia and is major limiting factor for crop production. The field experiment was conducted in 2018 at Melkasa Agricultural Research Center during the off-season to identify irrigation method and irrigation application level that maximizes productivity of onion per unit of water consumed and enhanced onion crop production. The experiment was carried out using split plot design in RCBD having three replications. The experiment consisted of two irrigation methods viz., furrow and drip irrigation as main plot and three levels of manageable allowable depletion viz., 120%, 100% and 80% as sub-plot. The ANOVA revealed that their interaction had a significant (p<0.01) effect on bulb diameter, total bulb yield, marketable bulb yield and water productivity. The maximum total bulb yield (41.76 t/ha), marketable bulb yield (38.39 t/ha), bulb diameter (6.02 cm) and water productivity (13.05 kg/m3) were observed from drip irrigation method at 80% management allowed depletion application, while significantly lower of 34.48 t/kg, 31.6 t/ha, 5.11 cm, and 6.84 kg/m3 respectively were recorded from furrow irrigation method at 120% management allowed depletion application. Among all tested treatments drip irrigation method with 80% MAD was the best practice because of its high yield, water productivity.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"355 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82618424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-28DOI: 10.11648/J.IE.20200402.11
P. A. N. Wouagfack, Maurice Tenkeng, D. Lissouck, R. Tchinda
Solar energy is becoming more and more useful in the modern day life in industrial, domestic and commercial sectors, because of his cleanliness from an environmental point of view and also contributes to the reduction of greenhouse effect gases such as CO2. Exergy analysis is a thermodynamic analysis technique based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which provides an alternative and illuminating means of assessing and comparing processes and systems rationally and meaningfully. Exergy analysis can assist in improving and optimizing designs. In this paper, the exergy analysis of solar thermal refrigeration cyles is reviewed. A review of the research state of art of the solar absorption and adsorption refrigeration technologies is also carried out. The cycles involved in these technologies are: open, closed, continuous and intermittent cycles. An overview of mesures of merit with regard to exergy (exergetic efficiency, exergy losses, exergy improvement and exergetic coefficient of performance) is presented. Besides, an historical and chronological view is done on the development scenario of exergy analysis in the world from 1824 until 2014. The main mathematical relations for the simulation of those cycles are presented.
{"title":"A Review on Exergy Analysis of Solar Refrigeration Technologies","authors":"P. A. N. Wouagfack, Maurice Tenkeng, D. Lissouck, R. Tchinda","doi":"10.11648/J.IE.20200402.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IE.20200402.11","url":null,"abstract":"Solar energy is becoming more and more useful in the modern day life in industrial, domestic and commercial sectors, because of his cleanliness from an environmental point of view and also contributes to the reduction of greenhouse effect gases such as CO2. Exergy analysis is a thermodynamic analysis technique based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which provides an alternative and illuminating means of assessing and comparing processes and systems rationally and meaningfully. Exergy analysis can assist in improving and optimizing designs. In this paper, the exergy analysis of solar thermal refrigeration cyles is reviewed. A review of the research state of art of the solar absorption and adsorption refrigeration technologies is also carried out. The cycles involved in these technologies are: open, closed, continuous and intermittent cycles. An overview of mesures of merit with regard to exergy (exergetic efficiency, exergy losses, exergy improvement and exergetic coefficient of performance) is presented. Besides, an historical and chronological view is done on the development scenario of exergy analysis in the world from 1824 until 2014. The main mathematical relations for the simulation of those cycles are presented.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"1 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80506957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-14DOI: 10.11648/j.ie.20200401.12
P. Tsafack, Valery Nkemeni, Bruno Allard
This paper consists of RF-based sensor nodes design for survey of critical areas and distance collection of useful environmental data such as pollutants, pluviometry, temperature and humidity. Given poor or nonexistent accesses in areas under investigation, adequate RF equipped sensor nodes are posted at indicated locations for collecting data to be processed by a microcontroller used as a control and processing unit. The processing unit also processes requests from users and sends feedbacks by SMS; those requests and related feedbacks are transmitted through a GSM module. Data from sensors are also processed and corresponding SMS alerts or calls are automatically sent when set parameters are detected. In addition to the use of GSM and microcontroller-based processing unit as in few systems, the proposed system here used RF-based sensor nodes for local area data sensing. That allows real time investigation of given locations. The prototype was successfully developed and tested with specific COTS components such as RF TX/RX433MHz for local area communication, PLL4046 for data formatting to digital, GSM SIM900 for long distance communication, and PIC16F877 microcontroller for data processing.
{"title":"Sensor Nodes and System Proposal for Security and Environmental Data Collection in Developing Countries","authors":"P. Tsafack, Valery Nkemeni, Bruno Allard","doi":"10.11648/j.ie.20200401.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ie.20200401.12","url":null,"abstract":"This paper consists of RF-based sensor nodes design for survey of critical areas and distance collection of useful environmental data such as pollutants, pluviometry, temperature and humidity. Given poor or nonexistent accesses in areas under investigation, adequate RF equipped sensor nodes are posted at indicated locations for collecting data to be processed by a microcontroller used as a control and processing unit. The processing unit also processes requests from users and sends feedbacks by SMS; those requests and related feedbacks are transmitted through a GSM module. Data from sensors are also processed and corresponding SMS alerts or calls are automatically sent when set parameters are detected. In addition to the use of GSM and microcontroller-based processing unit as in few systems, the proposed system here used RF-based sensor nodes for local area data sensing. That allows real time investigation of given locations. The prototype was successfully developed and tested with specific COTS components such as RF TX/RX433MHz for local area communication, PLL4046 for data formatting to digital, GSM SIM900 for long distance communication, and PIC16F877 microcontroller for data processing.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"126 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75269800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-16DOI: 10.11648/J.IE.20200401.11
Zain Fathy Abu Shaeer, M. Hamed
The present paper concerns a theoretical study of heat transfer of the laminar two dimensional flows of various nanofluids taking into account the dissipation due to viscous term past a 2-D flat plate had a different temperatures. The steady incompressible flow equations were used and transformed to a nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) using a similarity variable. These equations were solved numerically using implicit finite difference method in which the partial derivatives were replaced by appropriate central differences patterns and using Newton’s method to linearize the resulting algebraic equations. Finally, the block-tridiagonal-elimination technique was used to solve that linear system. Three types of nanoparticles namely, Cu-water, Al2O3-water, and TiO2-water in the base flow of water were considered. The symbolic software Mathematica was used in the present study. Different types of nanoparticles, different values of, nanoparticle volume fraction, Eckart and Prandtl number were tested and analyzed at different wall temperature. The effect of these parameters on the flow behaviour, the local skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, the velocity and the temperature profiles were presented and investigated. It is concluded that these parameters affect the fluid flow behaviour and heat transfer parameters especially nanoparticle concentration. The presence of nanoparticles showed an enhancement in the heat transfer rate moreover its type has a significant effect on heat transfer enhancement.
{"title":"Investigation of Forced Convective Heat Transfer in Nanofluids","authors":"Zain Fathy Abu Shaeer, M. Hamed","doi":"10.11648/J.IE.20200401.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IE.20200401.11","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper concerns a theoretical study of heat transfer of the laminar two dimensional flows of various nanofluids taking into account the dissipation due to viscous term past a 2-D flat plate had a different temperatures. The steady incompressible flow equations were used and transformed to a nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) using a similarity variable. These equations were solved numerically using implicit finite difference method in which the partial derivatives were replaced by appropriate central differences patterns and using Newton’s method to linearize the resulting algebraic equations. Finally, the block-tridiagonal-elimination technique was used to solve that linear system. Three types of nanoparticles namely, Cu-water, Al2O3-water, and TiO2-water in the base flow of water were considered. The symbolic software Mathematica was used in the present study. Different types of nanoparticles, different values of, nanoparticle volume fraction, Eckart and Prandtl number were tested and analyzed at different wall temperature. The effect of these parameters on the flow behaviour, the local skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, the velocity and the temperature profiles were presented and investigated. It is concluded that these parameters affect the fluid flow behaviour and heat transfer parameters especially nanoparticle concentration. The presence of nanoparticles showed an enhancement in the heat transfer rate moreover its type has a significant effect on heat transfer enhancement.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"24 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90279197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-10DOI: 10.11648/J.IE.20180202.12
Oladunni Nathaniel, Mairiga Ambina Ayuba, A. I. Elijah, Galadima Ehud Bulus
Increase in tobacco smoking has been associated with health implications, hence the need for research into the heavy metal content of tobacco cigarettes. In this study, five brands of cigarettes commonly consumed were analyzed. The sample preparation procedures were based on the method of Campbell (1998). Five packets of different brands of tobacco cigarette were purchased from samaru market in Zaria and were labeled A, B, C, D and E respectively. Five sticks from each packet of the cigarette were randomly selected for homogenous representation, making a total of 25 samples (5 for each brand of tobacco). These cigarette were analysed for the presence of four heavy metals, namely Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in A was found to be 10.20, 0.06, 12.30, 2.80mg/kg respectively. The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in B was found to be 10.22, 0.06, 17.86, 3.20mg/kg respectively. The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in C was found to be 23.18, 0.06, 13.44 and 3.08mg/kg respectively. The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in D was found to be 14.82, 0.40, 14.58 and 3.08mg/kg respectively while the concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in E was found to be 8.54, 0.00, 16.10 and 2.76mg/kg respectively. The physicochemical analysis of these cigarette brand was also carried out and The moisture content of brand A, B, C, D and E was found to be 0.91, 0.88, 0.94, 1.85 and 0.79 % respectively with the order of variation as D > C > A > B > E. The ash content of brand A, B, C, D and E was found to be 11.15, 10.45, 10.15, 5 and 11.35 % respectively with the order of variation as E > A > B > C > D. The pH value of brand A, B, C, D and E was found to be 5.86, 5.91, 5.67, 5.58 and 5.36 respectively From this study, it was observed that cadmium (Cd) concentration is within permissible limit of 0.05 mg/kg in all the tobacco cigarette samples analysed, with sample E having no trace of Cadmium in it. Zinc (Zn) and Chromiuim (Cr) concentrations in all the tobacco cigarette samples analysed is higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit of 25 and 0.5 mg/kg respectively. The concentration of Pb in all the tobacco cigarette samples analysed was found to be above the WHO/FAO permissible limit of 0.05 mg/kg, and could cause serious health problem like lead poisoning, low fertility, cancer and so on.
吸烟人数的增加与健康问题有关，因此有必要对烟草卷烟中的重金属含量进行研究。在这项研究中，我们分析了五种常见的香烟品牌。样品制备程序采用Campbell(1998)的方法。5包不同品牌的烟草卷烟购自Zaria的samaru市场，分别标有A、B、C、D和E。从每包香烟中随机抽取5支进行同质表示，总共25个样本(每个品牌烟草5个)。利用原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)分析了这些卷烟中镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)四种重金属的存在。A中镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)的浓度分别为10.20、0.06、12.30、2.80mg/kg。B中镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)的浓度分别为10.22、0.06、17.86、3.20mg/kg。C中镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的浓度分别为23.18、0.06、13.44和3.08mg/kg。D中镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的浓度分别为14.82、0.40、14.58和3.08mg/kg, E中镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的浓度分别为8.54、0.00、16.10和2.76mg/kg。这些香烟品牌的物理化学分析也进行了品牌的含水率,B, C, D和E是0.91,0.88,0.94,1.85和0.79%的变异作为D > C > B > >大肠品牌的灰分,B, C, D和E是11.15,10.45,10.15,与变化的顺序分别为5和11.35% E > > > C > B D .品牌的pH值,B, C, D和E是5.86,5.91,5.67,从本研究中观察到，所分析的卷烟样品中镉(Cd)浓度均在0.05 mg/kg的允许范围内，其中E样品中未发现镉的痕迹。所分析的所有卷烟样品中的锌(Zn)和铬(Cr)浓度分别高于世卫组织/粮农组织的允许限值25毫克和0.5毫克/公斤。经分析的所有烟草卷烟样品的铅浓度均超过世界卫生组织/粮农组织允许的0.05毫克/公斤的限量，可能造成严重的健康问题，如铅中毒、低生育率、癌症等。
{"title":"Analysis of Heavy Metals Content of Tobacco Cigarette Brand Sold in Samaru Area of Zaria, Nigeria","authors":"Oladunni Nathaniel, Mairiga Ambina Ayuba, A. I. Elijah, Galadima Ehud Bulus","doi":"10.11648/J.IE.20180202.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IE.20180202.12","url":null,"abstract":"Increase in tobacco smoking has been associated with health implications, hence the need for research into the heavy metal content of tobacco cigarettes. In this study, five brands of cigarettes commonly consumed were analyzed. The sample preparation procedures were based on the method of Campbell (1998). Five packets of different brands of tobacco cigarette were purchased from samaru market in Zaria and were labeled A, B, C, D and E respectively. Five sticks from each packet of the cigarette were randomly selected for homogenous representation, making a total of 25 samples (5 for each brand of tobacco). These cigarette were analysed for the presence of four heavy metals, namely Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in A was found to be 10.20, 0.06, 12.30, 2.80mg/kg respectively. The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in B was found to be 10.22, 0.06, 17.86, 3.20mg/kg respectively. The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in C was found to be 23.18, 0.06, 13.44 and 3.08mg/kg respectively. The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in D was found to be 14.82, 0.40, 14.58 and 3.08mg/kg respectively while the concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in E was found to be 8.54, 0.00, 16.10 and 2.76mg/kg respectively. The physicochemical analysis of these cigarette brand was also carried out and The moisture content of brand A, B, C, D and E was found to be 0.91, 0.88, 0.94, 1.85 and 0.79 % respectively with the order of variation as D > C > A > B > E. The ash content of brand A, B, C, D and E was found to be 11.15, 10.45, 10.15, 5 and 11.35 % respectively with the order of variation as E > A > B > C > D. The pH value of brand A, B, C, D and E was found to be 5.86, 5.91, 5.67, 5.58 and 5.36 respectively From this study, it was observed that cadmium (Cd) concentration is within permissible limit of 0.05 mg/kg in all the tobacco cigarette samples analysed, with sample E having no trace of Cadmium in it. Zinc (Zn) and Chromiuim (Cr) concentrations in all the tobacco cigarette samples analysed is higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit of 25 and 0.5 mg/kg respectively. The concentration of Pb in all the tobacco cigarette samples analysed was found to be above the WHO/FAO permissible limit of 0.05 mg/kg, and could cause serious health problem like lead poisoning, low fertility, cancer and so on.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"11 1","pages":"52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86993892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-07DOI: 10.11648/J.IE.20180202.11
Mehmet Fatih Yuce, A. Gunes, M. Zontul, Tuğba Altıntaş
In this paper, a novel vehicle routing algorithm will be presented. Proposed method will be based on “time windows-based clustering” and “location-based clustering”, applied in reversable consecutive order. The method partitions and models the solution space with machine learning technologies, resulting in a better performance for time window and geospatial clustering calculations. Routing process, on the other hand, will be built upon already present open source tools, giving it usability, applicability, manageability, and integration perspectives. The process combines “cluster+cluster+route” units with post process enhancements. Previous works on location-based clustering are proved to be successful, albeit with some disadvantages. On the other hand, routing algorithms have mostly implemented time window calculations as second-class citizens. In this method, time window is a major ingredient of the modelling process. This paper will also differs from some other combinatoric methods used in literature. A history and general description of used methods and tools will also be provided. It is shown that the algorithm can generate good results, some of which are the best values in the recorded literature so far. The method is applied on a big data platform. Horizontal scaling and distributed processing capabilities with the state-of-the-art tooling on such systems are also described.
{"title":"Time Window and Location Based Clustered Routing with Big and Distributed Data","authors":"Mehmet Fatih Yuce, A. Gunes, M. Zontul, Tuğba Altıntaş","doi":"10.11648/J.IE.20180202.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IE.20180202.11","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a novel vehicle routing algorithm will be presented. Proposed method will be based on “time windows-based clustering” and “location-based clustering”, applied in reversable consecutive order. The method partitions and models the solution space with machine learning technologies, resulting in a better performance for time window and geospatial clustering calculations. Routing process, on the other hand, will be built upon already present open source tools, giving it usability, applicability, manageability, and integration perspectives. The process combines “cluster+cluster+route” units with post process enhancements. Previous works on location-based clustering are proved to be successful, albeit with some disadvantages. On the other hand, routing algorithms have mostly implemented time window calculations as second-class citizens. In this method, time window is a major ingredient of the modelling process. This paper will also differs from some other combinatoric methods used in literature. A history and general description of used methods and tools will also be provided. It is shown that the algorithm can generate good results, some of which are the best values in the recorded literature so far. The method is applied on a big data platform. Horizontal scaling and distributed processing capabilities with the state-of-the-art tooling on such systems are also described.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"44 1","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90407486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-30DOI: 10.11648/J.IE.20180201.15
D. Mutia, L. Mukhongo, P. Chemweno
Hemodialysis machines are critical medical equipment in healthcare facilities for renal replacement therapy in form of dialysis treatment on solving chronic kidney diseases in Sub Sahara Africa. It is a vital machine which acts as human kidney by incorporating electromechanical controlled extracorporeal blood paths that leverage pumps and semi permeable dialyzer membranes to filter the patient’s blood. The biggest challenge to the biomedical engineers in most African hospitals is to maintain the manufacturer’s safety and performance specification of the haemodialysis equipment. There is a need for effective maintenance strategy for haemodialysis medical equipment in order to maintain the manufacturer’s set specification to meet clinical expectations and hence improve its reliability. The overall goal of the research paper is therefore to analyze the influence of different maintenance strategies and subsequently improve on the reliability of hemodialysis equipment in healthcare institutions in Kenya. The research will prioritize hemodialysis machine as critical medical equipment and use comprehensive secondary data to review and analyze the strategic maintenance applied in health institutions to optimize the best and cost effective strategic maintenance for the hemodialysis medical equipment. The ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms may be less expert reliant and avoid uncertainty and ambiguity to determine the best strategic maintenance management to manage hemodialysis medical equipment in the hospitals. The results will provide an opportunity to technical engineers to develop a predictive and intelligent management system in the hospitals to minimize or remove the Mean Downtime (MDT) and Mean time to repair (MTTR) for a failed hemodialysis machines and improve the reliability of the hemodialysis machine.
{"title":"Review in Maintenance Strategies for Haemodialysis Machine in Healthcare Facilities","authors":"D. Mutia, L. Mukhongo, P. Chemweno","doi":"10.11648/J.IE.20180201.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IE.20180201.15","url":null,"abstract":"Hemodialysis machines are critical medical equipment in healthcare facilities for renal replacement therapy in form of dialysis treatment on solving chronic kidney diseases in Sub Sahara Africa. It is a vital machine which acts as human kidney by incorporating electromechanical controlled extracorporeal blood paths that leverage pumps and semi permeable dialyzer membranes to filter the patient’s blood. The biggest challenge to the biomedical engineers in most African hospitals is to maintain the manufacturer’s safety and performance specification of the haemodialysis equipment. There is a need for effective maintenance strategy for haemodialysis medical equipment in order to maintain the manufacturer’s set specification to meet clinical expectations and hence improve its reliability. The overall goal of the research paper is therefore to analyze the influence of different maintenance strategies and subsequently improve on the reliability of hemodialysis equipment in healthcare institutions in Kenya. The research will prioritize hemodialysis machine as critical medical equipment and use comprehensive secondary data to review and analyze the strategic maintenance applied in health institutions to optimize the best and cost effective strategic maintenance for the hemodialysis medical equipment. The ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms may be less expert reliant and avoid uncertainty and ambiguity to determine the best strategic maintenance management to manage hemodialysis medical equipment in the hospitals. The results will provide an opportunity to technical engineers to develop a predictive and intelligent management system in the hospitals to minimize or remove the Mean Downtime (MDT) and Mean time to repair (MTTR) for a failed hemodialysis machines and improve the reliability of the hemodialysis machine.","PeriodicalId":54988,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Engineer","volume":"34 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86104631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：