Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1109/MIM.2024.10473014
D. F. Valencia-Grisales, Claudia Reyes-Betanzo
A calorimetric-based thermal sensor is precisely designed to measure volumetric flow rates in water, air, and nitrogen. Extensive simulations of the sensor's performance are conducted using COMSOL Multi-physics® software. In order to validate the simulation results, a comprehensive comparative analysis is carried out, utilizing the well-established one-dimensional model proposed by Nguyen and Dötzel, The sensor's construction incorporates high-quality materials such as titanium, phosphorus-doped amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide (P-doped a-SiC:H), aluminum, and borosilicate glass substrates, ensuring robustness and reliability. The measurement range investigated spans from the flow rates of $0 mumathrm{l}/text{min}$ to $45 mumathrm{l}/text{min}$ for water, while for air and nitrogen, a broader range of 0 ml/min to 187 ml/min is considered. The evaluation of results showcases a low power consumption of approximately 7.6 mW, underlining the sensor's energy efficiency. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits remarkable sensitivities, with values reaching 54.89 mV/(mm/s)/mW for water flow and 8.9 mV/(m/s)/mW for gases, underscoring its exceptional performance across various applications.
{"title":"Development of an Energy-Efficient and Highly Sensitive Thermal Microsensor for Measuring Flow Rates of Fluids","authors":"D. F. Valencia-Grisales, Claudia Reyes-Betanzo","doi":"10.1109/MIM.2024.10473014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2024.10473014","url":null,"abstract":"A calorimetric-based thermal sensor is precisely designed to measure volumetric flow rates in water, air, and nitrogen. Extensive simulations of the sensor's performance are conducted using COMSOL Multi-physics® software. In order to validate the simulation results, a comprehensive comparative analysis is carried out, utilizing the well-established one-dimensional model proposed by Nguyen and Dötzel, The sensor's construction incorporates high-quality materials such as titanium, phosphorus-doped amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide (P-doped a-SiC:H), aluminum, and borosilicate glass substrates, ensuring robustness and reliability. The measurement range investigated spans from the flow rates of $0 mumathrm{l}/text{min}$ to $45 mumathrm{l}/text{min}$ for water, while for air and nitrogen, a broader range of 0 ml/min to 187 ml/min is considered. The evaluation of results showcases a low power consumption of approximately 7.6 mW, underlining the sensor's energy efficiency. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits remarkable sensitivities, with values reaching 54.89 mV/(mm/s)/mW for water flow and 8.9 mV/(m/s)/mW for gases, underscoring its exceptional performance across various applications.","PeriodicalId":55025,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140353650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1109/MIM.2024.10472981
R. Murphy‐Arteaga, Edgar Colín-Beltrán, María T. Serrano-Serrano, Chudy Nwachukwu, Svetlana Carsof Sejas Garcia, R. Torres‐Torres
The rapid evolution of wireless technology demands an ever-growing number of connected devices, and hence, a greater availability of antennas for a gamut of applications in different frequency ranges [1]–[3]. The size, materials, and geometry of antennas, however, depend on the application as well as on important considerations, including resonant frequency, bandwidth, gain, efficiency, shape of the radiation pattern, input impedance, and many more [4]. Hence, a universal measuring technique for antennas cannot be derived, and in general, each case requires that it be treated individually. In addition, as frequency of measurement increases, more effects must be taken into account when interpreting data; one of relevance is that introduced by the surface roughness at the interface between the printed circuit board (PCB) substrate and the metal foil that serves as a conductor [5]–[6]. In fact, the surface roughness of the copper foil is necessary to achieve good adherence to the dielectric substrate, and thus, it is voluntarily included in the manufacturing process. Unfortunately, the variation of the metal surface from the ideal smooth case increases the resistance of the foil at microwave frequencies. In consequence, it negatively impacts the electrical performance of structures and should be considered when assessing the response of antennas on PCB.
{"title":"An Improved Method to Measure, Characterize, and Model Microstrip Antennas in the W Band","authors":"R. Murphy‐Arteaga, Edgar Colín-Beltrán, María T. Serrano-Serrano, Chudy Nwachukwu, Svetlana Carsof Sejas Garcia, R. Torres‐Torres","doi":"10.1109/MIM.2024.10472981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2024.10472981","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid evolution of wireless technology demands an ever-growing number of connected devices, and hence, a greater availability of antennas for a gamut of applications in different frequency ranges [1]–[3]. The size, materials, and geometry of antennas, however, depend on the application as well as on important considerations, including resonant frequency, bandwidth, gain, efficiency, shape of the radiation pattern, input impedance, and many more [4]. Hence, a universal measuring technique for antennas cannot be derived, and in general, each case requires that it be treated individually. In addition, as frequency of measurement increases, more effects must be taken into account when interpreting data; one of relevance is that introduced by the surface roughness at the interface between the printed circuit board (PCB) substrate and the metal foil that serves as a conductor [5]–[6]. In fact, the surface roughness of the copper foil is necessary to achieve good adherence to the dielectric substrate, and thus, it is voluntarily included in the manufacturing process. Unfortunately, the variation of the metal surface from the ideal smooth case increases the resistance of the foil at microwave frequencies. In consequence, it negatively impacts the electrical performance of structures and should be considered when assessing the response of antennas on PCB.","PeriodicalId":55025,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140354164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1109/MIM.2024.10423663
Sabrina Grassini, Luca Lombardo
Nowadays, thanks to the recent developments both in pedagogy and information and communication technologies, new ideas have made their way into the design and development of educational methodologies. From one side, pedagogy focused the attention on all of the variables which interact in the teaching and learning process, when teachers and learners work toward their goals and incorporate new knowledge, behaviors, and skills that add to their range of experiences. On the other side, web-based learning and networking activities allow the development of new distance learning methodologies using online platforms, multimedia, and teaching techniques to immerse students in a community of learners.
{"title":"Education in I&M: New Insights in Remote Teaching and Learning of Instrumentation and Measurement: The iHomeX Remote Lab Project","authors":"Sabrina Grassini, Luca Lombardo","doi":"10.1109/MIM.2024.10423663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2024.10423663","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, thanks to the recent developments both in pedagogy and information and communication technologies, new ideas have made their way into the design and development of educational methodologies. From one side, pedagogy focused the attention on all of the variables which interact in the teaching and learning process, when teachers and learners work toward their goals and incorporate new knowledge, behaviors, and skills that add to their range of experiences. On the other side, web-based learning and networking activities allow the development of new distance learning methodologies using online platforms, multimedia, and teaching techniques to immerse students in a community of learners.","PeriodicalId":55025,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139825542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carrier phase time transfer which is a crucial technique in universal time coordinated (UTC) calculation is implemented through precise point positioning (PPP). Since August 2020, the Beidou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) has provided users with the precise satellite product which is an essential external input in the PPP implementation, named the PPP-B2b product, through three geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites instead of a network in the Asia-Pacific area. The PPP-B2b product can be considered to solve the instability problem caused by network interruption in traditional PPP time transfer. Currently, the fact that the PPP-B2b time transfer using dual-frequency (DF) ionosphere-free combination can achieve sub-nanosecond accuracy has been proven. Considering the BDS-3 can provide users with a wide range of frequency signals for PPP; meanwhile, the multi-frequency PPP will improve the accuracy of time transfer and accelerate the convergence. This improvement can be attributed to an increase in the number of observation equations due to the utilization of multiple frequencies. To promote the application of real-time PPP-B2b time comparison in UTC calculation, a quad-frequency (QF) PPP-B2b time transfer model is proposed and investigated. Compared to DF PPP-B2b time transfer, the accuracy of the QF time transfer model was verified from long-baseline time links and zero-baseline common clock difference (CCD). Results showed that the QF PPP-B2b time transfer had smoother CCD results and fluctuated within 0.1 ns, compared to the DF PPP-B2b model. Taking the PPP time comparison using the GBM product as a reference, the results for all long-baseline links show that the residuals of the QF PPP-B2b time comparison truly fluctuate within 1 ns.
{"title":"Research on Quad-Frequency PPP-B2b Time Transfer","authors":"Runzhi Zhang, Lan Li, Xueqing Li, Hongjiao Ma, Gongwei Xiao, Jihai Zhang","doi":"10.1109/MIM.2024.10423730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2024.10423730","url":null,"abstract":"Carrier phase time transfer which is a crucial technique in universal time coordinated (UTC) calculation is implemented through precise point positioning (PPP). Since August 2020, the Beidou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) has provided users with the precise satellite product which is an essential external input in the PPP implementation, named the PPP-B2b product, through three geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites instead of a network in the Asia-Pacific area. The PPP-B2b product can be considered to solve the instability problem caused by network interruption in traditional PPP time transfer. Currently, the fact that the PPP-B2b time transfer using dual-frequency (DF) ionosphere-free combination can achieve sub-nanosecond accuracy has been proven. Considering the BDS-3 can provide users with a wide range of frequency signals for PPP; meanwhile, the multi-frequency PPP will improve the accuracy of time transfer and accelerate the convergence. This improvement can be attributed to an increase in the number of observation equations due to the utilization of multiple frequencies. To promote the application of real-time PPP-B2b time comparison in UTC calculation, a quad-frequency (QF) PPP-B2b time transfer model is proposed and investigated. Compared to DF PPP-B2b time transfer, the accuracy of the QF time transfer model was verified from long-baseline time links and zero-baseline common clock difference (CCD). Results showed that the QF PPP-B2b time transfer had smoother CCD results and fluctuated within 0.1 ns, compared to the DF PPP-B2b model. Taking the PPP time comparison using the GBM product as a reference, the results for all long-baseline links show that the residuals of the QF PPP-B2b time comparison truly fluctuate within 1 ns.","PeriodicalId":55025,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139826746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1109/MIM.2024.10423663
Sabrina Grassini, Luca Lombardo
Nowadays, thanks to the recent developments both in pedagogy and information and communication technologies, new ideas have made their way into the design and development of educational methodologies. From one side, pedagogy focused the attention on all of the variables which interact in the teaching and learning process, when teachers and learners work toward their goals and incorporate new knowledge, behaviors, and skills that add to their range of experiences. On the other side, web-based learning and networking activities allow the development of new distance learning methodologies using online platforms, multimedia, and teaching techniques to immerse students in a community of learners.
{"title":"Education in I&M: New Insights in Remote Teaching and Learning of Instrumentation and Measurement: The iHomeX Remote Lab Project","authors":"Sabrina Grassini, Luca Lombardo","doi":"10.1109/MIM.2024.10423663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2024.10423663","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, thanks to the recent developments both in pedagogy and information and communication technologies, new ideas have made their way into the design and development of educational methodologies. From one side, pedagogy focused the attention on all of the variables which interact in the teaching and learning process, when teachers and learners work toward their goals and incorporate new knowledge, behaviors, and skills that add to their range of experiences. On the other side, web-based learning and networking activities allow the development of new distance learning methodologies using online platforms, multimedia, and teaching techniques to immerse students in a community of learners.","PeriodicalId":55025,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139885680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carrier phase time transfer which is a crucial technique in universal time coordinated (UTC) calculation is implemented through precise point positioning (PPP). Since August 2020, the Beidou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) has provided users with the precise satellite product which is an essential external input in the PPP implementation, named the PPP-B2b product, through three geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites instead of a network in the Asia-Pacific area. The PPP-B2b product can be considered to solve the instability problem caused by network interruption in traditional PPP time transfer. Currently, the fact that the PPP-B2b time transfer using dual-frequency (DF) ionosphere-free combination can achieve sub-nanosecond accuracy has been proven. Considering the BDS-3 can provide users with a wide range of frequency signals for PPP; meanwhile, the multi-frequency PPP will improve the accuracy of time transfer and accelerate the convergence. This improvement can be attributed to an increase in the number of observation equations due to the utilization of multiple frequencies. To promote the application of real-time PPP-B2b time comparison in UTC calculation, a quad-frequency (QF) PPP-B2b time transfer model is proposed and investigated. Compared to DF PPP-B2b time transfer, the accuracy of the QF time transfer model was verified from long-baseline time links and zero-baseline common clock difference (CCD). Results showed that the QF PPP-B2b time transfer had smoother CCD results and fluctuated within 0.1 ns, compared to the DF PPP-B2b model. Taking the PPP time comparison using the GBM product as a reference, the results for all long-baseline links show that the residuals of the QF PPP-B2b time comparison truly fluctuate within 1 ns.
{"title":"Research on Quad-Frequency PPP-B2b Time Transfer","authors":"Runzhi Zhang, Lan Li, Xueqing Li, Hongjiao Ma, Gongwei Xiao, Jihai Zhang","doi":"10.1109/MIM.2024.10423730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2024.10423730","url":null,"abstract":"Carrier phase time transfer which is a crucial technique in universal time coordinated (UTC) calculation is implemented through precise point positioning (PPP). Since August 2020, the Beidou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) has provided users with the precise satellite product which is an essential external input in the PPP implementation, named the PPP-B2b product, through three geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites instead of a network in the Asia-Pacific area. The PPP-B2b product can be considered to solve the instability problem caused by network interruption in traditional PPP time transfer. Currently, the fact that the PPP-B2b time transfer using dual-frequency (DF) ionosphere-free combination can achieve sub-nanosecond accuracy has been proven. Considering the BDS-3 can provide users with a wide range of frequency signals for PPP; meanwhile, the multi-frequency PPP will improve the accuracy of time transfer and accelerate the convergence. This improvement can be attributed to an increase in the number of observation equations due to the utilization of multiple frequencies. To promote the application of real-time PPP-B2b time comparison in UTC calculation, a quad-frequency (QF) PPP-B2b time transfer model is proposed and investigated. Compared to DF PPP-B2b time transfer, the accuracy of the QF time transfer model was verified from long-baseline time links and zero-baseline common clock difference (CCD). Results showed that the QF PPP-B2b time transfer had smoother CCD results and fluctuated within 0.1 ns, compared to the DF PPP-B2b model. Taking the PPP time comparison using the GBM product as a reference, the results for all long-baseline links show that the residuals of the QF PPP-B2b time comparison truly fluctuate within 1 ns.","PeriodicalId":55025,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139886689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1109/MIM.2024.10423661
A. Kalizhanova, M. Kunelbayev, A. Kozbakova
The article presents a method for identifying and analyzing the selected dynamic characteristics of deformation of a bridge structure using fiberoptic Bragg sensors with an inclined lattice. This paper describes the basic principle of operation of sensors based on a fiber Bragg lattice. Vibration modes were also determined using time series analysis with a high sampling rate. With the help of appropriate mathematical models (filters) and spectral analysis, it was possible to identify and describe the oscillation frequencies of the structure, which were compared with the theoretical model described by the dynamic behavior of the bridge. This model has been tested on a car and pedestrian bridge. With the help of the developed mathematical and experimental model, data were processed, and vibration modes were determined during vibration of bridge structures.
{"title":"Bridge Vibration Analysis Using Fiber-Optic Bragg Sensors with an Inclined Grid","authors":"A. Kalizhanova, M. Kunelbayev, A. Kozbakova","doi":"10.1109/MIM.2024.10423661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2024.10423661","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a method for identifying and analyzing the selected dynamic characteristics of deformation of a bridge structure using fiberoptic Bragg sensors with an inclined lattice. This paper describes the basic principle of operation of sensors based on a fiber Bragg lattice. Vibration modes were also determined using time series analysis with a high sampling rate. With the help of appropriate mathematical models (filters) and spectral analysis, it was possible to identify and describe the oscillation frequencies of the structure, which were compared with the theoretical model described by the dynamic behavior of the bridge. This model has been tested on a car and pedestrian bridge. With the help of the developed mathematical and experimental model, data were processed, and vibration modes were determined during vibration of bridge structures.","PeriodicalId":55025,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139828118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1109/MIM.2024.10423654
D. Vasić, V. Bilas
In this column we explore the concept of the instrumentation ecosystem, a dynamic interconnected environment where stakeholders collectively advance education, research, design, technology, usage, and regulation of instrumentation systems. Using non-destructive testing (NDT), with a specific focus on eddy current testing (ECT) as an illustrative case, we unravel the pivotal roles played by the key stakeholders. We argue that comprehending the instrumentation ecosystem's intricacies and dynamics fully illuminates the significance of the technological advancements and fundamental knowledge in the field of instrumentation and measurement.
{"title":"Instrumentation and Measurement Systems: Ecosystems—Insights from NDT and Eddy Current Testing","authors":"D. Vasić, V. Bilas","doi":"10.1109/MIM.2024.10423654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2024.10423654","url":null,"abstract":"In this column we explore the concept of the instrumentation ecosystem, a dynamic interconnected environment where stakeholders collectively advance education, research, design, technology, usage, and regulation of instrumentation systems. Using non-destructive testing (NDT), with a specific focus on eddy current testing (ECT) as an illustrative case, we unravel the pivotal roles played by the key stakeholders. We argue that comprehending the instrumentation ecosystem's intricacies and dynamics fully illuminates the significance of the technological advancements and fundamental knowledge in the field of instrumentation and measurement.","PeriodicalId":55025,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139883751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1109/MIM.2024.10423727
Eros Pasero
The field of Instrumentation and Measurement (IM) plays a crucial role in the advancement of healthcare technologies. In this paper, we provide an introduction and overview of methodologies, technologies, and applications in the realm of IM, with a focus on telemedicine, e-health, wearable devices, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI). We address open problems and challenging topics within the IM framework and provide references to articles published in IM venues to support our discussion. Furthermore, we adhere to IEEE publication policies and publishing ethics throughout the paper.
{"title":"Medicine 4.0: When New Technologies Work with Artificial Intelligence","authors":"Eros Pasero","doi":"10.1109/MIM.2024.10423727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2024.10423727","url":null,"abstract":"The field of Instrumentation and Measurement (IM) plays a crucial role in the advancement of healthcare technologies. In this paper, we provide an introduction and overview of methodologies, technologies, and applications in the realm of IM, with a focus on telemedicine, e-health, wearable devices, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI). We address open problems and challenging topics within the IM framework and provide references to articles published in IM venues to support our discussion. Furthermore, we adhere to IEEE publication policies and publishing ethics throughout the paper.","PeriodicalId":55025,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139814977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1109/MIM.2024.10423658
J. D. Pereira, João Monge, Octavian Postolache
An electrochemical sensor is a device capable of providing analytical information about a sample, transforming the information associated with an electrochemical reaction into a signal that can be quantified. An electrochemical sensor is generally made up of three electrodes: a reference electrode that keeps the potential stable; a counter electrode that establishes a connection with the electrolyte solution; and a working electrode that functions as a transduction element in the reaction. Regarding the working electrode, it is important to underline that surface modification can be carried out by immobilizing functional groups or biological recognition elements, such as antibodies or enzymes, so that the species of interest can be electrochemically detected. In recent decades, sensors have benefited from advances in microelectronics and microengineering, with the manufacture of smaller sensors, greater sensitivity and selectivity, larger dynamic range and lower production costs, and electrochemical sensors are not an exception. Thus, electrochemical sensors are being increasingly used in a large number of applications due to their ability to be easily integrated into automatic measurement systems that work in the laboratory or outdoors, which is the case when they are used for environmental parameters assessment.
{"title":"Measurement and Applications: Electrochemical Sensors and Instruments: Main Characteristics and Applications","authors":"J. D. Pereira, João Monge, Octavian Postolache","doi":"10.1109/MIM.2024.10423658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2024.10423658","url":null,"abstract":"An electrochemical sensor is a device capable of providing analytical information about a sample, transforming the information associated with an electrochemical reaction into a signal that can be quantified. An electrochemical sensor is generally made up of three electrodes: a reference electrode that keeps the potential stable; a counter electrode that establishes a connection with the electrolyte solution; and a working electrode that functions as a transduction element in the reaction. Regarding the working electrode, it is important to underline that surface modification can be carried out by immobilizing functional groups or biological recognition elements, such as antibodies or enzymes, so that the species of interest can be electrochemically detected. In recent decades, sensors have benefited from advances in microelectronics and microengineering, with the manufacture of smaller sensors, greater sensitivity and selectivity, larger dynamic range and lower production costs, and electrochemical sensors are not an exception. Thus, electrochemical sensors are being increasingly used in a large number of applications due to their ability to be easily integrated into automatic measurement systems that work in the laboratory or outdoors, which is the case when they are used for environmental parameters assessment.","PeriodicalId":55025,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139832003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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