Six-dimensional movable antenna (6DMA) is a new and revolutionary technique that fully exploits the wireless channel spatial variations at the transmitter/receiver by flexibly adjusting the three-dimensional (3D) positions and/or 3D rotations of antennas/antenna surfaces (sub-arrays), thereby improving the performance of wireless networks cost-effectively without the need to deploy additional antennas. It is thus expected that the integration of new 6DMAs into future sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks will fundamentally enhance antenna agility and adaptability, and introduce new degrees of freedom (DoFs) for system design. Despite its great potential, 6DMA faces new challenges to be efficiently implemented in wireless networks, including corresponding architectures, antenna position and rotation optimization, channel estimation, and system design from both communication and sensing perspectives. In this paper, we provide a tutorial on 6DMA-enhanced wireless networks to address the above issues by unveiling associated new channel models, hardware implementations and practical position/rotation constraints, as well as various appealing applications in wireless networks. Moreover, we discuss two special cases of 6DMA, namely, rotatable 6DMA with fixed antenna position and positionable 6DMA with fixed antenna rotation, and highlight their respective design challenges and applications. We further present prototypes developed for 6DMA-enhanced communication along with experimental results obtained with these prototypes. Finally, we outline promising directions for further investigation.
{"title":"A Tutorial on Six-Dimensional Movable Antenna for 6G Networks: Synergizing Positionable and Rotatable Antennas","authors":"Xiaodan Shao;Weidong Mei;Changsheng You;Qingqing Wu;Beixiong Zheng;Cheng-Xiang Wang;Junling Li;Rui Zhang;Robert Schober;Lipeng Zhu;Weihua Zhuang;Xuemin Shen","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3602939","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3602939","url":null,"abstract":"Six-dimensional movable antenna (6DMA) is a new and revolutionary technique that fully exploits the wireless channel spatial variations at the transmitter/receiver by flexibly adjusting the three-dimensional (3D) positions and/or 3D rotations of antennas/antenna surfaces (sub-arrays), thereby improving the performance of wireless networks cost-effectively without the need to deploy additional antennas. It is thus expected that the integration of new 6DMAs into future sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks will fundamentally enhance antenna agility and adaptability, and introduce new degrees of freedom (DoFs) for system design. Despite its great potential, 6DMA faces new challenges to be efficiently implemented in wireless networks, including corresponding architectures, antenna position and rotation optimization, channel estimation, and system design from both communication and sensing perspectives. In this paper, we provide a tutorial on 6DMA-enhanced wireless networks to address the above issues by unveiling associated new channel models, hardware implementations and practical position/rotation constraints, as well as various appealing applications in wireless networks. Moreover, we discuss two special cases of 6DMA, namely, rotatable 6DMA with fixed antenna position and positionable 6DMA with fixed antenna rotation, and highlight their respective design challenges and applications. We further present prototypes developed for 6DMA-enhanced communication along with experimental results obtained with these prototypes. Finally, we outline promising directions for further investigation.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3666-3709"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-21DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2025.3601088
Houtianfu Wang;Ozgur B. Akan
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of fundamentals and the latest research progress in gravitational communication, with a detailed historical review of gravitational wave generation and detection. Key aspects covered include the evolution of detection sensitivity and generation methods, modulation techniques, and gravitational communication channel. While gravitational wave communication holds promise for overcoming limitations in traditional electromagnetic communication, significant challenges remain, particularly in wave generation and detection. The paper also explores various modulation techniques and examines environmental influences on gravitational wave transmission. A comparative discussion is provided between gravitational and classical communication modalities—including electromagnetic, quantum, particle, acoustic, and optical communications—highlighting the strengths and limitations of each. Furthermore, potential application and future vision for gravitational communication are also envisioned. Finally, Potential research directions to bridge the gap between theoretical and practical applications of gravitational wave communication are investigated.
{"title":"Gravitational Communication: Fundamentals, State-of-the-Art, and Future Vision","authors":"Houtianfu Wang;Ozgur B. Akan","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3601088","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3601088","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a comprehensive overview of fundamentals and the latest research progress in gravitational communication, with a detailed historical review of gravitational wave generation and detection. Key aspects covered include the evolution of detection sensitivity and generation methods, modulation techniques, and gravitational communication channel. While gravitational wave communication holds promise for overcoming limitations in traditional electromagnetic communication, significant challenges remain, particularly in wave generation and detection. The paper also explores various modulation techniques and examines environmental influences on gravitational wave transmission. A comparative discussion is provided between gravitational and classical communication modalities—including electromagnetic, quantum, particle, acoustic, and optical communications—highlighting the strengths and limitations of each. Furthermore, potential application and future vision for gravitational communication are also envisioned. Finally, Potential research directions to bridge the gap between theoretical and practical applications of gravitational wave communication are investigated.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3564-3595"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144900853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-18DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2025.3599596
Kun Shi;Shibo He;Zhenyu Shi;Anjun Chen;Zehui Xiong;Jiming Chen;Jun Luo
Multi-modal fusion is imperative to the implementation of reliable object detection and tracking in complex environments. Exploiting the synergy of heterogeneous modal information endows perception systems the ability to achieve more comprehensive, robust, and accurate performance. As a nucleus concern in wireless-vision collaboration, radar-camera fusion has prompted prospective research directions owing to its extensive applicability, complementarity, and compatibility. Nonetheless, there still lacks a systematic survey specifically focusing on deep fusion of radar and camera for object detection and tracking. To fill this void, we embark on an endeavor to comprehensively review radar-camera fusion in a holistic way. First, we elaborate on the fundamental principles, methodologies, and applications of radar-camera fusion perception. Next, we delve into the key techniques concerning sensor calibration, modal representation, data alignment, and fusion operation. Furthermore, we provide a detailed taxonomy covering the research topics related to object detection and tracking in the context of radar and camera technologies. Finally, we discuss the emerging perspectives in the field of radar-camera fusion perception and highlight the potential areas for future research.
{"title":"Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey","authors":"Kun Shi;Shibo He;Zhenyu Shi;Anjun Chen;Zehui Xiong;Jiming Chen;Jun Luo","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3599596","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3599596","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-modal fusion is imperative to the implementation of reliable object detection and tracking in complex environments. Exploiting the synergy of heterogeneous modal information endows perception systems the ability to achieve more comprehensive, robust, and accurate performance. As a nucleus concern in wireless-vision collaboration, radar-camera fusion has prompted prospective research directions owing to its extensive applicability, complementarity, and compatibility. Nonetheless, there still lacks a systematic survey specifically focusing on deep fusion of radar and camera for object detection and tracking. To fill this void, we embark on an endeavor to comprehensively review radar-camera fusion in a holistic way. First, we elaborate on the fundamental principles, methodologies, and applications of radar-camera fusion perception. Next, we delve into the key techniques concerning sensor calibration, modal representation, data alignment, and fusion operation. Furthermore, we provide a detailed taxonomy covering the research topics related to object detection and tracking in the context of radar and camera technologies. Finally, we discuss the emerging perspectives in the field of radar-camera fusion perception and highlight the potential areas for future research.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3478-3520"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144898511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wireless sensing technology has gained widespread adoption, yet its security aspects remain under-explored. This paper presents the first comprehensive survey of wireless sensing security from 2004 to early 2025. We first extend the classical sensing model to build a unified security perspective, which then naturally leads to our main contribution: a role-based classification framework. This straightforward but effective classification organizes research according to whether wireless signals act as Victims of attacks, Weapons for attacks, or Shields for security applications, thus revealing the key relationship between signal physics and security concerns across different technologies. Through a systematic analysis of over 430 publications collected in our open Awesome-WS-Security database, we map the current landscape, identify important challenges such as the complexity of combining physical and digital aspects and the lag in protection mechanisms, and highlight promising future directions including multi-physics modeling, AI-driven intelligent security, and proactive defense strategies. This work provides a foundation for the field, guiding future research and supporting the development of secure wireless sensing systems. Project page: https://github.com/Intelligent-Perception-Lab/Awesome-WS-Security.
{"title":"A Survey of Wireless Sensing Security From a Role-Based View","authors":"Ruixu Geng;Jianyang Wang;Yuqin Yuan;Fengquan Zhan;Tianyu Zhang;Rui Zhang;Pengcheng Huang;Dongheng Zhang;Jinbo Chen;Yang Hu;Yan Chen","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3597716","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3597716","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless sensing technology has gained widespread adoption, yet its security aspects remain under-explored. This paper presents the first comprehensive survey of wireless sensing security from 2004 to early 2025. We first extend the classical sensing model to build a unified security perspective, which then naturally leads to our main contribution: a role-based classification framework. This straightforward but effective classification organizes research according to whether wireless signals act as Victims of attacks, Weapons for attacks, or Shields for security applications, thus revealing the key relationship between signal physics and security concerns across different technologies. Through a systematic analysis of over 430 publications collected in our open Awesome-WS-Security database, we map the current landscape, identify important challenges such as the complexity of combining physical and digital aspects and the lag in protection mechanisms, and highlight promising future directions including multi-physics modeling, AI-driven intelligent security, and proactive defense strategies. This work provides a foundation for the field, guiding future research and supporting the development of secure wireless sensing systems. Project page: <uri>https://github.com/Intelligent-Perception-Lab/Awesome-WS-Security</uri>.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3412-3442"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144824920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2025.3595168
Chujun Zhang;Linyu Huang;Qian Ning
With the advent of sixth-generation mobile communication technology (6G) and the emergence of future application scenarios such as Metaverse and digital twin (DT), the existing traditional wireless communication technology based on Shannon’s information theory has not been able to meet the increasing demand for data transmission. Semantic communications (SemCom), which greatly reduces the amount of information transmitted and alleviates the burden of communication by transmitting the meaning behind the information, has been considered a promising 6G enabler. SemCom’s resource allocation is critical to the system’s reliability and effectiveness. Compared to traditional wireless communication systems, the system architecture and performance metrics of SemCom have undergone significant changes, making it difficult for traditional resource allocation strategies to adapt well to this new architecture. However, the issue remains unresolved and inadequately researched. In order to provide researchers with valuable insight to promote follow-up research, this paper reviews the latest research results in recent years and presents an overview of research progress in the field of resource allocation in wireless SemCom.
{"title":"Resource Allocation in Wireless Semantic Communications: A Comprehensive Survey","authors":"Chujun Zhang;Linyu Huang;Qian Ning","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3595168","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3595168","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of sixth-generation mobile communication technology (6G) and the emergence of future application scenarios such as Metaverse and digital twin (DT), the existing traditional wireless communication technology based on Shannon’s information theory has not been able to meet the increasing demand for data transmission. Semantic communications (SemCom), which greatly reduces the amount of information transmitted and alleviates the burden of communication by transmitting the meaning behind the information, has been considered a promising 6G enabler. SemCom’s resource allocation is critical to the system’s reliability and effectiveness. Compared to traditional wireless communication systems, the system architecture and performance metrics of SemCom have undergone significant changes, making it difficult for traditional resource allocation strategies to adapt well to this new architecture. However, the issue remains unresolved and inadequately researched. In order to provide researchers with valuable insight to promote follow-up research, this paper reviews the latest research results in recent years and presents an overview of research progress in the field of resource allocation in wireless SemCom.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"2965-3001"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144778281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2025.3593918
Haoxiang Luo;Gang Sun;Jiacheng Wang;Hongfang Yu;Dusit Niyato;Schahram Dustdar;Zhu Han
Blockchain has emerged as a foundational element in establishing trust relationships within networks, demonstrating its reliability and efficacy across diverse applications. It can coordinate all nodes within the network independently of third-party entities for unified decision-making and consistency, and is traceable and immutable, making blockchain particularly attractive for communication networks. Wireless networks are an important part of network and communication systems, their flexibility significantly enhances the coverage of communication systems, making their integration with blockchain undeniably promising. This synergy between wireless communication and blockchain has culminated in the development of Wireless Blockchain Network (WBN). It offers a more trustworthy communication paradigm for the forthcoming sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. This paper serves as a comprehensive tutorial on the integration of WBN and 6G, to establish trustworthy wireless networks. We begin by defining the WBN and exploring its advantages, underscoring its broad applicability in various 6G scenarios. Furthermore, we present the key technologies underpinning WBN and its critical performance metrics. Subsequently, we provide a series of case studies that illustrate the integration of WBN with 6G use cases, which underscore the utility and effectiveness of WBN in practical communication settings, indicating potential benefits for future networks. Finally, we summarize the current practical blockchain cases deployed by network operators and discuss the future direction of WBN. This tutorial is expected to provide an in-depth exploration of the fundamental principles, technological architectures, and practical applications on the integration of blockchain with 6G.
{"title":"Wireless Blockchain Meets 6G: The Future Trustworthy and Ubiquitous Connectivity","authors":"Haoxiang Luo;Gang Sun;Jiacheng Wang;Hongfang Yu;Dusit Niyato;Schahram Dustdar;Zhu Han","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3593918","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3593918","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain has emerged as a foundational element in establishing trust relationships within networks, demonstrating its reliability and efficacy across diverse applications. It can coordinate all nodes within the network independently of third-party entities for unified decision-making and consistency, and is traceable and immutable, making blockchain particularly attractive for communication networks. Wireless networks are an important part of network and communication systems, their flexibility significantly enhances the coverage of communication systems, making their integration with blockchain undeniably promising. This synergy between wireless communication and blockchain has culminated in the development of Wireless Blockchain Network (WBN). It offers a more trustworthy communication paradigm for the forthcoming sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. This paper serves as a comprehensive tutorial on the integration of WBN and 6G, to establish trustworthy wireless networks. We begin by defining the WBN and exploring its advantages, underscoring its broad applicability in various 6G scenarios. Furthermore, we present the key technologies underpinning WBN and its critical performance metrics. Subsequently, we provide a series of case studies that illustrate the integration of WBN with 6G use cases, which underscore the utility and effectiveness of WBN in practical communication settings, indicating potential benefits for future networks. Finally, we summarize the current practical blockchain cases deployed by network operators and discuss the future direction of WBN. This tutorial is expected to provide an in-depth exploration of the fundamental principles, technological architectures, and practical applications on the integration of blockchain with 6G.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3596-3636"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144755981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are playing an increasingly pivotal role in modern communication networks, offering flexibility and enhanced coverage for a variety of applications. However, UAV networks pose significant challenges due to their dynamic and distributed nature, particularly when dealing with tasks such as power allocation, channel assignment, caching, and task offloading. Traditional optimization techniques often struggle to handle the complexity and unpredictability of these environments, leading to suboptimal performance. This survey provides a comprehensive examination of how deep reinforcement learning (DRL) can be applied to solve these mathematical optimization problems in UAV communications and networking. Rather than simply introducing DRL methods, the focus is on demonstrating how these methods can be utilized to solve complex mathematical models of the underlying problems. We begin by reviewing the fundamental concepts of DRL, including value-based, policy-based, and actor-critic approaches. Then, we illustrate how DRL algorithms are applied to specific UAV network tasks by discussing from problem formulations to DRL implementation. By framing UAV communication challenges as optimization problems, this survey emphasizes the practical value of DRL in dynamic and uncertain environments. We also explore the strengths of DRL in handling large-scale network scenarios and the ability to continuously adapt to changes in the environment. In addition, future research directions are outlined, highlighting the potential for DRL to further enhance UAV communications and expand its applicability to more complex, multi-agent settings.
{"title":"A Survey on DRL-Based UAV Communications and Networking: DRL Fundamentals, Applications and Implementations","authors":"Wei Zhao;Shaoxin Cui;Wen Qiu;Zhiqiang He;Zhi Liu;Xiao Zheng;Bomin Mao;Nei Kato","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3581912","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3581912","url":null,"abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are playing an increasingly pivotal role in modern communication networks, offering flexibility and enhanced coverage for a variety of applications. However, UAV networks pose significant challenges due to their dynamic and distributed nature, particularly when dealing with tasks such as power allocation, channel assignment, caching, and task offloading. Traditional optimization techniques often struggle to handle the complexity and unpredictability of these environments, leading to suboptimal performance. This survey provides a comprehensive examination of how deep reinforcement learning (DRL) can be applied to solve these mathematical optimization problems in UAV communications and networking. Rather than simply introducing DRL methods, the focus is on demonstrating how these methods can be utilized to solve complex mathematical models of the underlying problems. We begin by reviewing the fundamental concepts of DRL, including value-based, policy-based, and actor-critic approaches. Then, we illustrate how DRL algorithms are applied to specific UAV network tasks by discussing from problem formulations to DRL implementation. By framing UAV communication challenges as optimization problems, this survey emphasizes the practical value of DRL in dynamic and uncertain environments. We also explore the strengths of DRL in handling large-scale network scenarios and the ability to continuously adapt to changes in the environment. In addition, future research directions are outlined, highlighting the potential for DRL to further enhance UAV communications and expand its applicability to more complex, multi-agent settings.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3911-3941"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144370554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-19DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2025.3581152
Xiaohui Gu;Wei Duan;Guoan Zhang;Jia Hou;Limei Peng;Miaowen Wen;Feifei Gao;Min Chen;Pin-Han Ho
This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of digital twin (DT) technology as a transformative tool for advancing connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) and intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), focusing on advancements in vehicle safety, traffic management, and autonomous driving capabilities. The paper begins by discussing the foundational concepts and enabling technologies behind DT systems, setting the stage for their application in transportation networks. We review DT applications in vehicle safety, highlighting their role in real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and risk mitigation. Next, we explore the role of DT technology in optimizing traffic flow, enhancing traffic management, and enabling adaptive responses to dynamic conditions. The paper then examines the integration of DTs in intelligent and autonomous vehicles, emphasizing advancements in simulation, testing, and the development of autonomous driving functionalities. Finally, we outline future research opportunities and challenges for DT applications, providing a roadmap for their continued evolution in CAVs and ITS.
{"title":"Digital Twin Technology for Intelligent Vehicles and Transportation Systems: A Survey on Applications, Challenges and Future Directions","authors":"Xiaohui Gu;Wei Duan;Guoan Zhang;Jia Hou;Limei Peng;Miaowen Wen;Feifei Gao;Min Chen;Pin-Han Ho","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3581152","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3581152","url":null,"abstract":"This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of digital twin (DT) technology as a transformative tool for advancing connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) and intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), focusing on advancements in vehicle safety, traffic management, and autonomous driving capabilities. The paper begins by discussing the foundational concepts and enabling technologies behind DT systems, setting the stage for their application in transportation networks. We review DT applications in vehicle safety, highlighting their role in real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and risk mitigation. Next, we explore the role of DT technology in optimizing traffic flow, enhancing traffic management, and enabling adaptive responses to dynamic conditions. The paper then examines the integration of DTs in intelligent and autonomous vehicles, emphasizing advancements in simulation, testing, and the development of autonomous driving functionalities. Finally, we outline future research opportunities and challenges for DT applications, providing a roadmap for their continued evolution in CAVs and ITS.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3235-3271"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144328847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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