Pub Date : 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2025.3631150
Marcello Caleffi;Laura d’Avossa;Xu Han;Angela Sara Cacciapuoti
The complementary features of different qubit platforms for computing and communicating impose an intrinsic hardware heterogeneity in any quantum network, where nodes, while processing and storing quantum information, must also communicate through quantum links. Indeed, one of the most promising hardware platforms at quantum node scale for scalable and fast quantum computing is the superconducting technology, which operates at microwave frequencies. Whereas, for communicating at distances of practical interest beyond few meters, quantum links should operate at optical frequencies. Therefore, to allow the interaction between superconducting and photonic technologies, a quantum interface, known as quantum transducer, able to convert one type of qubit to another is required. This paper aims to provide a tutorial treatise on the fundamental research challenges of quantum transduction. The tutorial is structured around a communications engineering framework, thereby shedding light on its fundamental role in quantum network design and deployment—a perspective often overlooked in existing literature. This framework allows us to categorize different transduction modalities and to reveal an unorthodox one where the transducer itself can act as an entanglement source. From this standpoint, it is possible to conceive different source-destination link archetypes, where transduction plays a crucial role in the communication performances. The analysis also translates the quantum transduction process into a proper functional block within a new communication system model for a quantum network.
{"title":"Quantum Transduction: Enabling Quantum Networking","authors":"Marcello Caleffi;Laura d’Avossa;Xu Han;Angela Sara Cacciapuoti","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3631150","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3631150","url":null,"abstract":"The complementary features of different qubit platforms for computing and communicating impose an intrinsic hardware heterogeneity in any quantum network, where nodes, while processing and storing quantum information, must also communicate through quantum links. Indeed, one of the most promising hardware platforms at quantum node scale for scalable and fast quantum computing is the superconducting technology, which operates at microwave frequencies. Whereas, for communicating at distances of practical interest beyond few meters, quantum links should operate at optical frequencies. Therefore, to allow the interaction between superconducting and photonic technologies, a quantum interface, known as quantum transducer, able to convert one type of qubit to another is required. This paper aims to provide a tutorial treatise on the fundamental research challenges of quantum transduction. The tutorial is structured around a communications engineering framework, thereby shedding light on its fundamental role in quantum network design and deployment—a perspective often overlooked in existing literature. This framework allows us to categorize different transduction modalities and to reveal an unorthodox one where the transducer itself can act as an entanglement source. From this standpoint, it is possible to conceive different source-destination link archetypes, where transduction plays a crucial role in the communication performances. The analysis also translates the quantum transduction process into a proper functional block within a new communication system model for a quantum network.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"4195-4214"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11237073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145485320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs) enable collaborative perception by integrating sensing and communication modules, which are critical for addressing safety challenges in autonomous driving and modern transportation systems. While prior studies have explored collaborative perception, there remains a lack of comprehensive reviews from the perspective of both sensing and communication, especially in relation to the practical needs of the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs). This paper focuses on the integration of sensing and communication within collaborative perception systems, offering a detailed examination of perception mechanisms, collaboration strategies, and applications in the context of IoVs. Specifically, we begin by introducing commonly used sensing and communication technologies in automotive network applications. We then systematically discuss the fundamental components of a collaborative perception system, including sensor data processing, collaboration mechanisms, and the assessment of perception quality. Next, we address the challenges associated with sensing, collaboration, and security in perception systems, and explore potential solutions. Additionally, we review specific perception applications and discuss methods for evaluating algorithm performance using existing tools, as well as global practices in collaborative perception. Finally, we identify several open research issues and propose directions for future studies to advance the field.
{"title":"Collaborative Sensing and Communication for Intelligent Connected Vehicles: A Comprehensive Survey","authors":"Bingyi Liu;Haiyong Shi;Dongyao Jia;Enshu Wang;Weizhen Han;Keqin Zhong;Libing Wu;Shanzhi Chen;Chunming Qiao;Jianping Wang","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3626504","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3626504","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs) enable collaborative perception by integrating sensing and communication modules, which are critical for addressing safety challenges in autonomous driving and modern transportation systems. While prior studies have explored collaborative perception, there remains a lack of comprehensive reviews from the perspective of both sensing and communication, especially in relation to the practical needs of the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs). This paper focuses on the integration of sensing and communication within collaborative perception systems, offering a detailed examination of perception mechanisms, collaboration strategies, and applications in the context of IoVs. Specifically, we begin by introducing commonly used sensing and communication technologies in automotive network applications. We then systematically discuss the fundamental components of a collaborative perception system, including sensor data processing, collaboration mechanisms, and the assessment of perception quality. Next, we address the challenges associated with sensing, collaboration, and security in perception systems, and explore potential solutions. Additionally, we review specific perception applications and discuss methods for evaluating algorithm performance using existing tools, as well as global practices in collaborative perception. Finally, we identify several open research issues and propose directions for future studies to advance the field.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3125-3164"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145381481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology offers significant promise in enhancing wireless communication systems, but its dual-use potential also introduces substantial security risks. This survey explores the security implications of RIS in next-generation wireless networks. We first highlight the dual-use nature of RIS, demonstrating how its communication-enhancing capabilities can be exploited by adversaries to compromise legitimate users. We identify a new class of security vulnerabilities termed “passive-active hybrid attacks,” where RIS, despite passively handling signals, can be reconfigured to actively engage in malicious activities, enabling various RIS-assisted attacks, such as eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle (MITM), replay, reflection jamming, and side-channel attacks. Furthermore, we reveal how adversaries can exploit the openness of wireless channels to introduce adversarial perturbations in artificial intelligence-driven RIS networks, disrupting communication terminals and causing misclassifications or errors in RIS reflection predictions. Despite these risks, RIS technology also plays a critical role in enhancing security and privacy across radio frequency (RF) and visible light communication (VLC) systems. By synthesizing current insights and highlighting emerging threats, we provide actionable insights into cross-layer collaboration, advanced adversarial defenses, and the balance between security and cost. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of RIS technology’s security landscape and underscores the urgent need for robust security frameworks in the development of future wireless systems.
{"title":"Navigating the Dual-Use Nature and Security Implications of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in Next-Generation Wireless Systems","authors":"Hetong Wang;Tiejun Lv;Yashuai Cao;Weicai Li;Jie Zeng;Pingmu Huang;Muhammad Khurram Khan","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3621610","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3621610","url":null,"abstract":"Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology offers significant promise in enhancing wireless communication systems, but its dual-use potential also introduces substantial security risks. This survey explores the security implications of RIS in next-generation wireless networks. We first highlight the dual-use nature of RIS, demonstrating how its communication-enhancing capabilities can be exploited by adversaries to compromise legitimate users. We identify a new class of security vulnerabilities termed “passive-active hybrid attacks,” where RIS, despite passively handling signals, can be reconfigured to actively engage in malicious activities, enabling various RIS-assisted attacks, such as eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle (MITM), replay, reflection jamming, and side-channel attacks. Furthermore, we reveal how adversaries can exploit the openness of wireless channels to introduce adversarial perturbations in artificial intelligence-driven RIS networks, disrupting communication terminals and causing misclassifications or errors in RIS reflection predictions. Despite these risks, RIS technology also plays a critical role in enhancing security and privacy across radio frequency (RF) and visible light communication (VLC) systems. By synthesizing current insights and highlighting emerging threats, we provide actionable insights into cross-layer collaboration, advanced adversarial defenses, and the balance between security and cost. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of RIS technology’s security landscape and underscores the urgent need for robust security frameworks in the development of future wireless systems.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3346-3387"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11203988","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145295726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the past decade, rapid advancements in communication technology have fundamentally transformed methods of connection and communication in the digital age. Optical networks have emerged as indispensable communication infrastructures due to their high per-channel transmission rates, massive aggregate capacity enabled by multiplexing technologies, and excellent resistance to electromagnetic interference. The enormous transmission capacity of optical networks has greatly facilitated the development of various businesses and applications. Therefore, ensuring the reliable operation of optical networks is crucial. One of the key conditions for ensuring the reliable operation of optical networks is the ability to accurately measure or evaluate their reliability. There are many methods for the evaluation of optical network reliability. Each method has its applicable scope, advantages, and limitations. However, with the continuous development of new technologies like 6G, reliability evaluation will face higher demands and more complex scenarios. Currently, there is no comprehensive systematic literature survey on the existing optical network reliability evaluation methods. Hence, the research focuses on evaluation methods for optical network reliability. Several essential concepts in evaluating optical network reliability are clarified, factors affecting its reliability are summarized, evaluation metrics are analyzed, and evaluation methods are reviewed. Then, methods to enhance the reliability of optical networks are outlined, and the trade-offs between cost/energy consumption and reliability are discussed. Finally, some significant future challenges are described, and corresponding open research topics are proposed. This survey provides valuable references for designing more reliable optical networks or developing highly reliable operation and maintenance strategies.
{"title":"A Survey on Reliability Evaluation of Optical Networks","authors":"Chenyu Zhao;Xin Li;Shubo Qi;Zhiyong Zhao;Kezhi Qiao;Daixuan Li;Yu Liu;Jingjie Xin;Lu Zhang;Shanguo Huang","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3621165","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3621165","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decade, rapid advancements in communication technology have fundamentally transformed methods of connection and communication in the digital age. Optical networks have emerged as indispensable communication infrastructures due to their high per-channel transmission rates, massive aggregate capacity enabled by multiplexing technologies, and excellent resistance to electromagnetic interference. The enormous transmission capacity of optical networks has greatly facilitated the development of various businesses and applications. Therefore, ensuring the reliable operation of optical networks is crucial. One of the key conditions for ensuring the reliable operation of optical networks is the ability to accurately measure or evaluate their reliability. There are many methods for the evaluation of optical network reliability. Each method has its applicable scope, advantages, and limitations. However, with the continuous development of new technologies like 6G, reliability evaluation will face higher demands and more complex scenarios. Currently, there is no comprehensive systematic literature survey on the existing optical network reliability evaluation methods. Hence, the research focuses on evaluation methods for optical network reliability. Several essential concepts in evaluating optical network reliability are clarified, factors affecting its reliability are summarized, evaluation metrics are analyzed, and evaluation methods are reviewed. Then, methods to enhance the reliability of optical networks are outlined, and the trade-offs between cost/energy consumption and reliability are discussed. Finally, some significant future challenges are described, and corresponding open research topics are proposed. This survey provides valuable references for designing more reliable optical networks or developing highly reliable operation and maintenance strategies.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3443-3477"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2025.3614494
Ning Yang;Mingrui Fan;Wentao Wang;Haijun Zhang
Future 6G wireless systems will feature massive connectivity, complex tasks, limited resources, and heterogeneous architectures, posing significant challenges to decision-making regarding accuracy, generalization, and collaboration. Although large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language processing and reasoning tasks, their application in wireless communication remains at a fragmented and exploratory stage. Given the potential of LLMs, this work provides a comprehensive overview of LLM-enabled decision-making. Firstly, in response to the lack of supervised annotations in communication scenarios, we summarize currently available open-source communication datasets and further explore LLM-based methods for data generation and augmentation, addressing a key gap in prior reviews on training data. We then analyze the evolution of LLM architectures for communication tasks, focusing on optimizations within the transformer architecture and emerging alternatives such as state space models and neuro-symbolic hybrid architectures. The discussion emphasizes their adaptability to challenges like dynamic channel modeling and edge deployment, providing a structural-level reference for selecting models in practical applications. Moreover, the paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the core techniques for decision-making. Unlike prior works that organize discussions around specific communication task types, we structure the reasoning process into five key dimensions: prompt learning, chain of thought reasoning, inference mechanisms, decision frameworks, and multi-agent coordination. This forms a task-adaptive decision-making pipeline aligned with the unique requirements of communication systems. Finally, we discuss deployment challenges and future directions, offering theoretical insights and practical guidance for the integration of LLMs into next-generation communication decision systems.
{"title":"Decision-Making Large Language Model for Wireless Communication: A Comprehensive Survey on Key Techniques","authors":"Ning Yang;Mingrui Fan;Wentao Wang;Haijun Zhang","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3614494","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3614494","url":null,"abstract":"Future 6G wireless systems will feature massive connectivity, complex tasks, limited resources, and heterogeneous architectures, posing significant challenges to decision-making regarding accuracy, generalization, and collaboration. Although large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language processing and reasoning tasks, their application in wireless communication remains at a fragmented and exploratory stage. Given the potential of LLMs, this work provides a comprehensive overview of LLM-enabled decision-making. Firstly, in response to the lack of supervised annotations in communication scenarios, we summarize currently available open-source communication datasets and further explore LLM-based methods for data generation and augmentation, addressing a key gap in prior reviews on training data. We then analyze the evolution of LLM architectures for communication tasks, focusing on optimizations within the transformer architecture and emerging alternatives such as state space models and neuro-symbolic hybrid architectures. The discussion emphasizes their adaptability to challenges like dynamic channel modeling and edge deployment, providing a structural-level reference for selecting models in practical applications. Moreover, the paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the core techniques for decision-making. Unlike prior works that organize discussions around specific communication task types, we structure the reasoning process into five key dimensions: prompt learning, chain of thought reasoning, inference mechanisms, decision frameworks, and multi-agent coordination. This forms a task-adaptive decision-making pipeline aligned with the unique requirements of communication systems. Finally, we discuss deployment challenges and future directions, offering theoretical insights and practical guidance for the integration of LLMs into next-generation communication decision systems.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3055-3088"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145141310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2025.3610357
Sheikh Salman Hassan;Latif U. Khan;Yu Min Park;Mohsen Guizani;Zhu Han;Tharmalingam Ratnarajah;Choong Seon Hong
Space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGINs) are emerging as a fundamental architecture for 6G systems to enable massive connectivity, novel applications, extreme data rates, ultra-low latency, and multi-dimensional networking. The complex nature of SAGINs has driven researchers to explore classical machine learning (CML) as a powerful tool for modeling and optimizing these multi-layer networks. Although CML offers many benefits, it will suffer from exponential complexity for SAGIN design, mainly due to high-dimensional data and problem spaces. Therefore, the NP-hard problems are challenging for CML to enable SAGINs efficiently. To address this critical challenge, we present a comprehensive survey examining the integration of quantum ML (QML) with SAGINs. We systematically evaluate quantum-enhanced SAGIN technologies through detailed performance metrics and create a new classification system for hybrid network architectures. We thoroughly examine key integration strategies and analyze major technical challenges, which include how quantum states degrade in space, how to distribute resources optimally, and how to develop security protocols. We show how QML can solve the growing complexity of 6G networks by improving network capacity, intelligence, and security. The research also creates a comprehensive framework for quantum-enhanced SAGINs that researchers and industry professionals can use as a guide when developing next-generation communication systems. Our findings examine the transformative potential of QML in reshaping global communications infrastructure, which presents a structured approach to navigating the intricate challenges of advanced networking technologies and also provides a critical pathway for addressing the exponentially growing computational demands of future communication ecosystems.
{"title":"Quantum Machine Learning for 6G Space–Air–Ground Integrated Networks: A Comprehensive Tutorial and Survey","authors":"Sheikh Salman Hassan;Latif U. Khan;Yu Min Park;Mohsen Guizani;Zhu Han;Tharmalingam Ratnarajah;Choong Seon Hong","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3610357","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3610357","url":null,"abstract":"Space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGINs) are emerging as a fundamental architecture for 6G systems to enable massive connectivity, novel applications, extreme data rates, ultra-low latency, and multi-dimensional networking. The complex nature of SAGINs has driven researchers to explore classical machine learning (CML) as a powerful tool for modeling and optimizing these multi-layer networks. Although CML offers many benefits, it will suffer from exponential complexity for SAGIN design, mainly due to high-dimensional data and problem spaces. Therefore, the NP-hard problems are challenging for CML to enable SAGINs efficiently. To address this critical challenge, we present a comprehensive survey examining the integration of quantum ML (QML) with SAGINs. We systematically evaluate quantum-enhanced SAGIN technologies through detailed performance metrics and create a new classification system for hybrid network architectures. We thoroughly examine key integration strategies and analyze major technical challenges, which include how quantum states degrade in space, how to distribute resources optimally, and how to develop security protocols. We show how QML can solve the growing complexity of 6G networks by improving network capacity, intelligence, and security. The research also creates a comprehensive framework for quantum-enhanced SAGINs that researchers and industry professionals can use as a guide when developing next-generation communication systems. Our findings examine the transformative potential of QML in reshaping global communications infrastructure, which presents a structured approach to navigating the intricate challenges of advanced networking technologies and also provides a critical pathway for addressing the exponentially growing computational demands of future communication ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3710-3750"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Six-dimensional movable antenna (6DMA) is a new and revolutionary technique that fully exploits the wireless channel spatial variations at the transmitter/receiver by flexibly adjusting the three-dimensional (3D) positions and/or 3D rotations of antennas/antenna surfaces (sub-arrays), thereby improving the performance of wireless networks cost-effectively without the need to deploy additional antennas. It is thus expected that the integration of new 6DMAs into future sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks will fundamentally enhance antenna agility and adaptability, and introduce new degrees of freedom (DoFs) for system design. Despite its great potential, 6DMA faces new challenges to be efficiently implemented in wireless networks, including corresponding architectures, antenna position and rotation optimization, channel estimation, and system design from both communication and sensing perspectives. In this paper, we provide a tutorial on 6DMA-enhanced wireless networks to address the above issues by unveiling associated new channel models, hardware implementations and practical position/rotation constraints, as well as various appealing applications in wireless networks. Moreover, we discuss two special cases of 6DMA, namely, rotatable 6DMA with fixed antenna position and positionable 6DMA with fixed antenna rotation, and highlight their respective design challenges and applications. We further present prototypes developed for 6DMA-enhanced communication along with experimental results obtained with these prototypes. Finally, we outline promising directions for further investigation.
{"title":"A Tutorial on Six-Dimensional Movable Antenna for 6G Networks: Synergizing Positionable and Rotatable Antennas","authors":"Xiaodan Shao;Weidong Mei;Changsheng You;Qingqing Wu;Beixiong Zheng;Cheng-Xiang Wang;Junling Li;Rui Zhang;Robert Schober;Lipeng Zhu;Weihua Zhuang;Xuemin Shen","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3602939","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3602939","url":null,"abstract":"Six-dimensional movable antenna (6DMA) is a new and revolutionary technique that fully exploits the wireless channel spatial variations at the transmitter/receiver by flexibly adjusting the three-dimensional (3D) positions and/or 3D rotations of antennas/antenna surfaces (sub-arrays), thereby improving the performance of wireless networks cost-effectively without the need to deploy additional antennas. It is thus expected that the integration of new 6DMAs into future sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks will fundamentally enhance antenna agility and adaptability, and introduce new degrees of freedom (DoFs) for system design. Despite its great potential, 6DMA faces new challenges to be efficiently implemented in wireless networks, including corresponding architectures, antenna position and rotation optimization, channel estimation, and system design from both communication and sensing perspectives. In this paper, we provide a tutorial on 6DMA-enhanced wireless networks to address the above issues by unveiling associated new channel models, hardware implementations and practical position/rotation constraints, as well as various appealing applications in wireless networks. Moreover, we discuss two special cases of 6DMA, namely, rotatable 6DMA with fixed antenna position and positionable 6DMA with fixed antenna rotation, and highlight their respective design challenges and applications. We further present prototypes developed for 6DMA-enhanced communication along with experimental results obtained with these prototypes. Finally, we outline promising directions for further investigation.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3666-3709"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-21DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2025.3601088
Houtianfu Wang;Ozgur B. Akan
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of fundamentals and the latest research progress in gravitational communication, with a detailed historical review of gravitational wave generation and detection. Key aspects covered include the evolution of detection sensitivity and generation methods, modulation techniques, and gravitational communication channel. While gravitational wave communication holds promise for overcoming limitations in traditional electromagnetic communication, significant challenges remain, particularly in wave generation and detection. The paper also explores various modulation techniques and examines environmental influences on gravitational wave transmission. A comparative discussion is provided between gravitational and classical communication modalities—including electromagnetic, quantum, particle, acoustic, and optical communications—highlighting the strengths and limitations of each. Furthermore, potential application and future vision for gravitational communication are also envisioned. Finally, Potential research directions to bridge the gap between theoretical and practical applications of gravitational wave communication are investigated.
{"title":"Gravitational Communication: Fundamentals, State-of-the-Art, and Future Vision","authors":"Houtianfu Wang;Ozgur B. Akan","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3601088","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3601088","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a comprehensive overview of fundamentals and the latest research progress in gravitational communication, with a detailed historical review of gravitational wave generation and detection. Key aspects covered include the evolution of detection sensitivity and generation methods, modulation techniques, and gravitational communication channel. While gravitational wave communication holds promise for overcoming limitations in traditional electromagnetic communication, significant challenges remain, particularly in wave generation and detection. The paper also explores various modulation techniques and examines environmental influences on gravitational wave transmission. A comparative discussion is provided between gravitational and classical communication modalities—including electromagnetic, quantum, particle, acoustic, and optical communications—highlighting the strengths and limitations of each. Furthermore, potential application and future vision for gravitational communication are also envisioned. Finally, Potential research directions to bridge the gap between theoretical and practical applications of gravitational wave communication are investigated.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3564-3595"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144900853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-18DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2025.3599596
Kun Shi;Shibo He;Zhenyu Shi;Anjun Chen;Zehui Xiong;Jiming Chen;Jun Luo
Multi-modal fusion is imperative to the implementation of reliable object detection and tracking in complex environments. Exploiting the synergy of heterogeneous modal information endows perception systems the ability to achieve more comprehensive, robust, and accurate performance. As a nucleus concern in wireless-vision collaboration, radar-camera fusion has prompted prospective research directions owing to its extensive applicability, complementarity, and compatibility. Nonetheless, there still lacks a systematic survey specifically focusing on deep fusion of radar and camera for object detection and tracking. To fill this void, we embark on an endeavor to comprehensively review radar-camera fusion in a holistic way. First, we elaborate on the fundamental principles, methodologies, and applications of radar-camera fusion perception. Next, we delve into the key techniques concerning sensor calibration, modal representation, data alignment, and fusion operation. Furthermore, we provide a detailed taxonomy covering the research topics related to object detection and tracking in the context of radar and camera technologies. Finally, we discuss the emerging perspectives in the field of radar-camera fusion perception and highlight the potential areas for future research.
{"title":"Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey","authors":"Kun Shi;Shibo He;Zhenyu Shi;Anjun Chen;Zehui Xiong;Jiming Chen;Jun Luo","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3599596","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2025.3599596","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-modal fusion is imperative to the implementation of reliable object detection and tracking in complex environments. Exploiting the synergy of heterogeneous modal information endows perception systems the ability to achieve more comprehensive, robust, and accurate performance. As a nucleus concern in wireless-vision collaboration, radar-camera fusion has prompted prospective research directions owing to its extensive applicability, complementarity, and compatibility. Nonetheless, there still lacks a systematic survey specifically focusing on deep fusion of radar and camera for object detection and tracking. To fill this void, we embark on an endeavor to comprehensively review radar-camera fusion in a holistic way. First, we elaborate on the fundamental principles, methodologies, and applications of radar-camera fusion perception. Next, we delve into the key techniques concerning sensor calibration, modal representation, data alignment, and fusion operation. Furthermore, we provide a detailed taxonomy covering the research topics related to object detection and tracking in the context of radar and camera technologies. Finally, we discuss the emerging perspectives in the field of radar-camera fusion perception and highlight the potential areas for future research.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"28 ","pages":"3478-3520"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144898511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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