Health Psychology最新文献

Objective: Low neuroticism, high extraversion, and high conscientiousness are related to physical activity (PA). We tested whether the small size and heterogeneity of these relationships result because personality traits influence one another as well as because some narrow facets rather than the broad domains contain more specific variance relevant to PA.

Method: Participants were men and women enrolled in the University of North Carolina Alumni Heart Study who completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and reported their past month's average activity on an 8-point scale. In Study 1, we examined prospective correlations between the five NEO-PI-R domains and PA. In Studies 2 and 3, we used multinomial logistic regression to examine associations between PA and trait pair combinations (personality styles) controlling for age, sex, educational achievement, relationship status, and depression.

Results: Study 1 revealed that lower neuroticism (N) and agreeableness (A) and higher conscientiousness (C) predicted more PA. Taken together, Studies 2 and 3 found that the combination of high Extraversion (E) and high openness (O) was related to higher PA and that combinations of low E and high A and low E and low C were related to lower PA. Study 3, which examined the activity facet of E (E4), found that E4 is an important driver of E-PA associations.

Conclusions: Personality traits do not operate in isolation. They may influence how other traits are expressed and such nonadditive effects can impact PA. Assessment of personality styles could help to identify individuals at risk for PA avoidance and may be useful for developing personalized interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Positive affect may influence health by promoting physical activity, but evidence evaluating this association is mostly cross-sectional and cannot discern directionality. This study used a counterfactual-based framework to estimate the causal effect of positive affect on physical activity patterns over 25 years, accounting for potential reverse associations.

Method: Data were from 3,352 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Repeated assessments of positive affect and physical activity were collected from 1990 to 2016. Longitudinal associations were evaluated in two ways: (a) using baseline positive affect in traditional linear mixed models that accounted for reverse causal associations by adjusting for baseline physical activity, and (b) using marginal structural models that treated positive affect as a time-varying exposure, thus accounting for dynamic reverse causal associations due to bidirectional relationships.

Results: Fully adjusted traditional models found no association with physical activity at the first follow-up assessment, but positive affect was related to a slower decline in physical activity over time. Marginal structural models similarly found that positive affect was unrelated to physical activity at the first follow-up assessment but robustly associated with a slower decline in activity levels (5-year change: β = -3.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -5.80, -0.86; difference in 5-year change per 1 - SD positive affect: β = 4.99, 95% CI = 2.52, 7.46).

Conclusions: Positive affect may play a causal role in slowing the decline in physical activity adults generally experience during through midlife. Efforts to enhance positive affect at the population level may be a promising new approach to help individuals stay active as they age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: We aim to identify vaccination invitations that foster trust and improve vaccination uptake overall, especially among ethnic minority groups who are more at risk from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and less likely to be vaccinated.

Method: In a preregistered 4 × 4 mixed-design experiment, we manipulated how much risk-benefit information the message included within-subjects and the message source between-subjects (N = 4,038 U.K. and U.S. participants, 50% ethnic minority). Participants read four vaccine invitations that varied in vaccination risk-benefit information (randomized order): control (no information), benefits only, risk and benefit, and risk and benefit that mentions vulnerable groups. The messages were sent by one of four sources (random allocation): control (health institution), medical professional (unnamed), warm and competent medical professional (unnamed), and named warm and competent medical professional (Sanjay/Lamar). Participants assessed how much they trusted the message and how likely they would be to book their vaccination appointment.

Results: Information about vaccination benefits and risks increased trust, especially among ethnic minority groups-for whom the effect replicated within each group. Trust also increased when the message was sent by a warm and competent medical professional relative to a health institution, but the importance of the source mattered less when more information was shared.

Conclusions: Our research demonstrates the positive impact of outlining the benefits and disclosing the risks of COVID vaccines in vaccination invitation messages. Having a warm and competent medical professional source can also increase trust, especially where the message is limited in scope. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: This study aimed to determine whether invisible social control provided by a romantic partner is associated with improved objective glucose outcomes for patients with Type 2 diabetes. Social control reflects a partner's attempt to modify or influence a patient's health behaviors. We hypothesized that the best outcome for all continuous glucose monitoring measures would be captured by an interaction condition reflecting invisible social control.

Method: Patients with Type 2 diabetes and their partners (N = 63 couples) completed an 8-day daily diary period between 2016 and 2017. Self-report measures of social control receipt and provision were obtained each evening from patients and partners and patients wore a continuous glucose monitor throughout the diary period. Outcomes of daily glucose mean, standard deviation, time in range, and coefficient of variation were computed and two-way interactions between social control receipt and social control provision were probed and plotted.

Results: The two-way interaction significantly predicted daily glucose mean, standard deviation, and time in range, such that when patients reported no social control receipt, but partners reported social control provision, patients showed improvements in objective glucose measures. We found no significant effect for coefficient of variation.

Conclusions: This study was the first to use an invisible social control framework to examine the daily dyadic associations between partner social control provision, patient social control receipt, and four objectively measured continuous glucose monitoring outcomes. Findings suggest that the visibility of social control provided by a romantic partner may be predictive of glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Cognitive strategies like finding benefits during adversity may facilitate coping during collective stressors (like COVID-19) by reducing distress or motivating health protective behaviors.

Method: We explored relationships between benefit finding, collective- and individual-level adversity exposure, psychological distress, and health protective behaviors using longitudinal data collected during the COVID-19 era from a representative, probability-based sample of U.S. residents: Wave 1 (N = 6,514, March 18, 2020-April 18, 2020, 58.5% completion rate); Wave 2 (N = 5,661, September 26, 2020-October 16, 2020, 87.1% completion rate); Wave 3 (N = 4,881, November 8, 2021-November 24, 2021, 75.3% completion rate); and Wave 4 (N = 4,859, May 19, 2022-June 16, 2022, 75.1% completion rate).

Results: Benefit finding was common; k-means clustering (an exploratory, data-driven approach) yielded five trajectories: always high (15.85%), always low (18.52%), always middle (28.47%), increasing (17.79%), and decreasing (19.37%). Benefit-finding trajectories were generally not strong correlates of psychological distress and functional impairment over time. Rather, benefit finding robustly correlated with health protective behaviors relevant to COVID-19 and the seasonal flu. In covariate-adjusted models, benefit finding positively correlated with more social distancing (β = .24, p < .001) and mask wearing (β = .18, p < .001) at Wave 2 and greater COVID-19 (odds ratio, OR = 1.23, p = .001) and flu (OR = 1.29, p < .001) vaccination at Wave 3.

Conclusions: Although benefit finding was not generally associated with lower psychological distress during a collective stressor, it correlated with engagement in stressor-related health protective behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Childhood racial and ethnic asthma disparities in the United States are the consequence of structural inequities such as those in socioeconomic status (SES) and exposure to violence, but little research has explored the role of the school environment in perpetuating racial and ethnic disparities. This study examines associations between perceptions of unsafe school environments (USEs) and subsequent asthma diagnosis for elementary-aged children and the extent to which USE mediates relations from SES and race/ethnicity to asthma diagnosis for Black, Latinx, and non-Latinx White children.

Method: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the association between USE and subsequent asthma diagnosis, controlling for child sex, and indirect effects of SES and race/ethnicity on asthma diagnosis via USE.

Results: For 6,532 children, USE in second grade positively predicted new asthma diagnoses in third grade and mediated the association between SES and new asthma diagnosis. SES and USE serially mediated the relationship between race/ethnicity and asthma diagnosis. Identifying as non-Latinx White was associated with a lower likelihood of subsequent asthma diagnosis via higher SES and lower USE while identifying as Black or Latinx was associated with a higher likelihood of subsequent asthma diagnosis via lower SES and higher USE.

Conclusion: USE was associated with pediatric asthma diagnosis and mediated the relationship between SES and asthma diagnosis as well as race/ethnicity and asthma diagnosis. Findings highlight the need to consider USE as a social determinant of health for pediatric asthma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objectives: To explore the 2-year physical activity trajectory of Chinese college students and further examine the longitudinal relationship between physical activity trajectory and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, our study aimed to clarify the potential role of clock genes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation in the association between physical activity and depressive symptoms.

Method: From April 2019 to May 2021, College Student Behavior and Health Cohort Study was conducted among 1,179 students from two universities in Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. Latent Class Growth Model was applied to simulate and group physical activity in a total of five surveys. The PROCESS macro for SPSS was used to analyze the moderating effects of clock genes DNA methylation on the association between physical activity and depressive symptoms.

Results: Two physical activity trajectories were identified: "continued high level" and "gradual low level." Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that the "gradual low level" of physical activity trajectory was independently associated with moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms. Furthermore, DNA methylation of the PER2 and CRY1 genes had negatively moderating effects between physical activity and depressive symptoms, and there was sex-specific effect for CRY1 gene.

Conclusions: Our findings suggests that long-term low physical activity was connected to more severe depressive symptoms among college students, and clock genes DNA methylation may play a negative moderating role, attenuating the positive effect of high intensity physical activity levels on depressive symptoms. In this regard, intervention programs regarding depressive symptoms among Chinese college students should consider multiple approaches such as increasing the duration and intensity of physical activity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: This cross-sectional study described the home tobacco environment and its association with quitting behaviors among Black/African American women caregivers who smoke cigarettes and live in rural, low-resourced areas.

Method: A baseline survey was administered to caregivers enrolled in a randomized trial from 2020 to 2022 (n = 147). Logistic regressions identified the associations between the independent variables (home cigarette smoking bans, caregiver restrictions on child cigarette access, number of people in the home who smoked around the caregiver during the past week, and who smoked in the caregiver's home) and three outcome variables: lifetime quit attempt, past-year quit attempt and use of evidence-based cessation strategies during a last quit attempt.

Results: Caregivers have multiple generations of family smoking in their homes, including caregivers' children/nieces/nephews (21%) and their parents (36%). Young family members smoking in the home was related to the caregiver's parents (p = .046) and grandparents (p = .03) smoking in the home. The number of people smoking around the caregiver was associated with lower odds of a lifetime quit attempt (odds ratio, OR = 0.63, confidence interval, CI [0.47, 0.85]; adjusted OR = 0.61, CI [0.45, 0.84]). No independent variables were significantly related to past-year quit attempts in unadjusted or adjusted models. Caregivers with young family members smoking in the home were more likely to have used evidence-based cessation strategies versus those without young family smoking (OR = 16.96, CI [1.01, 283.68]).

Conclusions: Black/African women caregivers who smoke and live in rural, low-resourced areas are exposed to numerous family members smoking in their homes which may affect quitting. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: This study examined the association between perceived stress and perceived tangible social support on parental feeding practices in a sample of Mexican American parents of young children. Tangible social support was examined as a potential moderator of perceived stress on parental feeding. Results by parent gender were also examined.

Method: A secondary analysis of data from a 2-year, longitudinal cohort study of parental feeding practices and child weight status was used. The sample consisted of (N = 495) Mexican American parents. Random effects models that accounted for the interdependence of couples were used to test hypotheses.

Results: Perceived stress was negatively associated with positive involvement, b = -0.07, SE = 0.03, 95% confidence interval [-0.12, -0.02], in both parent genders. Parent gender moderated the association between tangible social support and pressure to eat, F(1, 886) = 3.94, p = .048, with fathers reporting less pressure to eat behavior than mothers at high levels of support. Parent gender moderated the interaction between tangible social support and perceived stress on pressure to eat, F(1, 851) = 8.02, p = .005, such that for low-stress mothers, going from low to high tangible social support was associated with an increase in pressure to eat behavior. Also, for fathers with low tangible social support at baseline, going from low to high stress was associated with a decrease in pressure to eat.

Conclusions: Perceived stress among Mexican American parents serves as a barrier to healthful feeding practices. However, both cultural and structural forces may influence pressure to eat behavior in this population. Implications for childhood health are examined. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Stress processes have long been of interest to researchers. A growing body of research explores the bidirectional relations between stressors, psychological and physical states. However, research on stress processes and their individual differences from a dynamic systems perspective is still lacking. This study examined dynamic feedback loops between stressors, psychological distress, and physical symptoms simultaneously using ecological momentary assessment.

Method: Three hundred and fifty-six participants completed five momentary assessments on stressors, psychological distress, and physical symptoms per day for 7 days in 2023. They also completed measures of their Big Five personality traits, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms.

Results: Dynamic structural equation models showed positive cross-lagged and feedback effects of stressors with psychological distress and physical symptoms, suggesting their self-perpetuating loops. Agreeableness and conscientiousness were protective factors, and neuroticism was a risk factor for the stressor-psychological loop. Individuals with depressive and/or anxiety symptoms were characterized by (a) greater inertia of psychological distress and physical symptoms, (b) stronger reverse effects of psychological distress and physical symptoms on subsequent stressors, (c) significant reciprocal effects between psychological distress and physical symptoms, and (d) stronger self-perpetuating loops of stressors with psychological distress and physical symptoms.

Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of analyzing feedback loops to understand bidirectional relations and individual differences in dynamic stress processes, providing insights for relevant personalized interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).