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IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geobios.2022.06.001
Gilles Cuny
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引用次数: 0
Origin of the subphylum Asterozoa and redescription of a Moroccan Ordovician somasteroid 星形动物亚门的起源和一颗摩洛哥奥陶系小行星的重新描述
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geobios.2022.07.002
Daniel B. Blake , Frederick H.C. Hotchkiss

A proposed new Ordovician asterozoan genus and species, Cantabrigiaster fezouataensis, has been recently described and assigned to the class Somasteroidea. An accompanying phylogenetic analysis treated twenty-two asterozoans and sixteen early non-asterozoans, one of the latter providing the outgroup. The phylogenetic hypothesis focused on derivation of the subphylum Asterozoa and emphasized the Crinoidea; Cantabrigiaster fezouataensis was interpreted as documenting a critical transition stage in the origin of the Asterozoa. The diagnosis for the proposed new generic name posits absence of ambital framework ossicles as the single character expression that distinguishes Cantabrigiaster among somasteroid genera. Ambital framework ossicular presence is documented here in the holotype and other members of type suite; Cantabrigiaster is synonymized with Villebrunaster Spencer and V. fezouataensis nov. comb. is redescribed. The data matrix for the former Cantabrigiaster phylogenetic analysis relies on an earlier study treating overall echinoderm construction. Expressions outlined in the earlier study are not amenable to transfer to a data matrix without evaluation of level of universality of each cited expression; such evaluations were not provided thereby leading to flawed phylogenetic conclusions that are rejected. An alternative hypothesis for the early history of the Asterozoa supported by aspects of the fossil record, that subphylum diversification preceded the origin of readily preserved skeletons, and therefore potentially no tenable pre-asterozoan outgroup candidate survives in the fossil record, has not been falsified.

新发现的奥陶系星虫属(Cantabrigiaster fezouataensis)被归属于星虫总纲。伴随的系统发育分析处理了22个星形动物和16个早期非星形动物,后者中的一个提供了外群。系统发育假说侧重于星形动物亚门的起源,并强调海百合总科;Cantabrigiaster fezouataensis被解释为记录了星形动物起源的一个关键过渡阶段。对提出的新属名的诊断假定缺乏雄心框架小骨作为区分Cantabrigiaster在一些小行星属中的单一字符表达。在全型和类型组的其他成员中记录了侧位框架听骨的存在;Cantabrigiaster与vilbrunaster Spencer和V. fezouataensis nov comb同义。重新描述。前Cantabrigiaster系统发育分析的数据矩阵依赖于早期对整个棘皮动物结构的研究。在先前的研究中概述的表达式不能在没有评估每个引用表达式的普遍性水平的情况下转移到数据矩阵中;没有提供这样的评价,从而导致有缺陷的系统发育结论被拒绝。另一个由化石记录支持的关于星形动物早期历史的假设是,亚门的多样化先于易于保存的骨骼的起源,因此化石记录中可能没有站得住脚的前星形动物外群候选人。这个假设尚未被证伪。
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引用次数: 1
Leaf scar and petiole anatomy reveal Pecopteris lativenosa Halle is a marattialean fern 叶疤和叶柄解剖表明,凤头蕨属蕨类植物
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geobios.2022.07.004
Dandan Li , Weiming Zhou , Mingli Wan , Shijun Wang , Jun Wang

Pecopteris (Brongniart) Sternberg is a morphological fossil genus with a cosmopolitan distribution during the Permo–Carboniferous, of which most species belong to the marattialean and or “filicalean” ferns or less frequently to pteridosperms. The taxonomic affinity is uncertain unless distinctive reproductive organs or rachis anatomy is known. Among the numerous species of Pecopteris in the Permian Wuda Tuff Flora, Inner Mongolia, China, Pecopteris lativenosa Halle has been considered as a pteridosperm based on its larger variation of frond morphology, although evidence of fertile organs or rachises are unknown. Newly discovered specimens of this species from the Wuda Tuff Flora are mostly impression fossils. However, some have partially permineralized petioles and have fronds in organic connection to Caulopteris-type stem. Fronds are tripinnate; penultimate pinnae lengths are variable as are ultimate pinnae lengths. Pinnules are oval and thick, and their midveins are straight and are of stable thickness. Lateral veins are dense, bifurcating 1–3 times. Petiole and rachises are anatomically preserved and show sclerenchyma, fundamental tissue and vascular tissue. Vascular bundles of petioles and rachises are C-shaped with two laterally inrolled ends, which are typically stewartiopterid petiole/rachis of Marattiales. These features allow us to assign Pecopteris lativenosa to the late Paleozoic marattialean family Psaroniaceae.

Pecopteris (Brongniart) Sternberg是二叠纪-石炭纪广泛分布的一个形态化石属,其中大部分属属麻蕨和(或)“丝状”蕨类,较少属属蕨类。分类学上的亲缘关系是不确定的,除非独特的生殖器官或轴解剖已知。在内蒙古二叠纪乌达凝灰岩植物区系的众多翼类植物中,由于其叶片形态变化较大,因此被认为是一种翼类植物,尽管没有证据表明其有生殖器官或轴。乌达凝灰岩区系新发现的标本多为印染化石。有的叶柄部分过矿化,叶与茎型茎有机连接。叶子是三羽状的;副翅长度是可变的,因为是最终的翅长度。小叶呈椭圆形,粗,中脉直,厚度稳定。侧脉密,分枝1-3次。叶柄和轴解剖保存完好,显示厚壁组织、基本组织和维管组织。叶柄和轴的维管束呈c形,两端向外侧卷绕,典型的叶柄/轴为翼鸟叶柄/轴。这些特征使我们可以将凤蝶归入晚古生代的马齿苋科。
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引用次数: 0
Faunal evidence of the 1755 Lisbon Tsunami in Gibraltar (S Iberian Peninsula) 直布罗陀(南伊比利亚半岛)1755年里斯本海啸的动物证据
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geobios.2022.07.003
Manuel Abad , María José Clemente , María Luz González-Regalado , Francisco Ruiz , Joaquín Rodríguez Vidal , Luis Miguel Cáceres , Tatiana Izquierdo , Juan Carlos Pérez Quintero , Josep Tosquella , Manuel Pozo , Paula Gómez , Antonio Toscano , Verónica Romero , Marta Arroyo , Gabriel Gómez

This paper analyzes the first systematic faunal record of the 1755 Lisbon tsunami in the Mediterranean. On the basis of sedimentological and paleontological features, the sedimentary record of a core collected in Gibraltar was divided into six sedimentary facies, with a paleoenvironmental evolution from a shallow marine paleoenviroment to an increasingly restricted lagoon. This record includes a bioclastic layer deposited by the 1755 Lisbon tsunami and characterized by an erosive base, presence of basal rip-up clasts and abundant shell debris composed by marine and brackish molluscs. The paleoenvironmental reconstruction derived from the foraminiferal analysis is congruent with that inferred from the sedimentary and the macrofaunal reconstructions, with the introduction of brackish species into the innermost, intertidal areas of a confined lagoon. This paleontological record is the first faunal evidence of the 1755 Lisbon tsunami in the Mediterranean.

本文分析了1755年地中海里斯本海啸的第一个系统的动物区系记录。根据沉积学和古生物学特征,将直布罗陀某岩心沉积记录划分为6个沉积相,古环境由浅海古环境向日益受限制的泻湖古环境演化。该记录包括1755年里斯本海啸沉积的生物碎屑层,其特征是侵蚀基底,存在基底撕裂碎屑和大量由海洋和咸淡软体动物组成的贝壳碎屑。有孔虫分析得到的古环境重建结果与沉积和大型动物重建结果一致,在封闭泻湖最深处的潮间带引入了咸淡鱼类。这一古生物记录是1755年地中海里斯本海啸的第一个动物证据。
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引用次数: 0
Systematics and phylogenetic interpretation of a new bathyal spatangoid echinoid from the Eocene of Spain: Habanaster itzae nov. sp 西班牙始新世一新的深海蜘蛛类棘刺类的系统学和系统发育解释:Habanaster itzae 11 . sp .
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geobios.2022.07.005
Loïc Villier , Joxeba Larrañaga , Aitor Payros , Txema Moreno , Nathan Hieu , Samuel Zamora

A new echinoid belonging to the genus Habanaster is described from the Western Pyrenees (Pamplona basin, Spain). Definition of Habanaster itzae nov. sp. is based on 16 well-preserved specimens that were collected from Lutetian levels (middle Eocene) of the Anotz Formation. These levels have been interpreted as deposited in low energy, hemipelagic conditions. Habanaster itzae nov. sp. is older than the single formerly known Caribbean species H. sanchezi that occurs in Priabonian (late Eocene) levels from the Consuelo and Jabaco formations. A phylogenetic analysis places Habanaster among the Ovulasteridae. The family is part of a clade, including also the Aeropsidae, that gathers micrasterid spatangoids adapted to offshore or bathyal muddy environments.

在西比利牛斯山(西班牙潘普洛纳盆地)描述了一种新的刺毛虫属。Habanaster itzae nov. sp.的定义是基于从Anotz组的Lutetian水平(始新世中期)收集的16个保存完好的标本。这些水平被解释为在低能量、半深海条件下沉积的。Habanaster itzae十一月sp比以前已知的单一加勒比物种H. sanchezi更古老,后者出现在Consuelo和Jabaco地层的Priabonian(晚始新世)水平。系统发育分析将哈巴纳斯特归入卵形蕨科。这个家族是一个进化分支的一部分,包括Aeropsidae,它聚集了适应近海或深海泥泞环境的微鳍蛛形体。
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引用次数: 1
High-accuracy in the classification of butchery cut marks and crocodile tooth marks using machine learning methods and computer vision algorithms 利用机器学习方法和计算机视觉算法对屠宰切口和鳄鱼牙印进行高精度分类
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geobios.2022.07.001
Natalia Abellán , Enrique Baquedano , Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo

Some researchers using traditional taphonomic criteria (groove shape and presence/absence of microstriations) have cast some doubts about the potential equifinality presented by crocodile tooth marks and stone tool butchery cut marks. Other researchers have argued that multivariate methods can efficiently separate both types of marks. Differentiating both taphonomic agents is crucial for determining the earliest evidence of carcass processing by hominins. Here, we use an updated machine learning approach (discarding artificially bootstrapping the original imbalanced samples) to show that microscopic features shaped as categorical variables, corresponding to intrinsic properties of mark structure, can accurately discriminate both types of bone modifications. We also implement new deep-learning methods that objectively achieve the highest accuracy in differentiating cut marks from crocodile tooth scores (99% of testing sets). The present study shows that there are precise ways of differentiating both taphonomic agents, and this invites taphonomists to apply them to controversial paleontological and archaeological specimens.

一些研究人员使用传统的地形学标准(凹槽形状和微纹的存在/不存在)对鳄鱼牙印和石器屠宰切割印所呈现的潜在的等性提出了一些怀疑。其他研究人员认为,多元方法可以有效地分离这两种类型的标记。区分这两种埋藏因子对于确定古人类加工尸体的最早证据至关重要。在这里,我们使用了一种更新的机器学习方法(放弃人工引导原始不平衡样本)来表明,作为分类变量的微观特征,对应于标记结构的内在属性,可以准确地区分两种类型的骨修饰。我们还实现了新的深度学习方法,客观上在区分切割痕迹和鳄鱼牙齿分数方面达到了最高的准确率(99%的测试集)。目前的研究表明,有精确的方法来区分这两种埋藏物,这促使埋藏物学家将它们应用于有争议的古生物和考古标本。
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引用次数: 3
Reevaluating hydrodynamic performance of Late Triassic–Early Jurassic ammonoid shells with a 1D trajectory model 用一维轨迹模型重新评价晚三叠世—早侏罗世氨壳流体力学性能
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geobios.2022.02.002
Nicholas Hebdon , Kathleen A. Ritterbush , YunJi Choi , David J. Peterman

Biomechanical analyses provide unique insights on state shifts in the ecology of extinct communities. Ammonoids present a compelling case study for coupling biomechanical analysis with ecology given their robust fossil record of external conchs. We present a trajectory model to evaluate hydrodynamical advantages and challenges associated with ammonoid conch form. The model is a one-dimensional calculation estimating the dynamic feedbacks between different components of an ammonite’s motion including thrust, drag, acceleration, and distance traveled. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed on eleven different ammonoid conch morphotypes and integrated into a mathematical model to analyze the dynamics of swimming across a combination of conch diameters (5, 10, and 20 cm) and jet rhythms (a single jet or series of three pulses). We compared the efficacy of short-term bursts of motion to that of long-term cruising and found: inflated shapes (i.e., spherocones) offer the fastest short-term motion, but at the greatest costs; heavily streamlined shapes (i.e., platycones) offer long cruise distances, but with ineffective short-term motion; and visibly-coiled shapes (i.e., serpenticones) appear to offer intermediate performance in both locomotion styles. Size is critical in ranking the performance of different conch shapes in both locomotion styles because ranking is determined predominantly by the amount of thrust an animal is capable of generating. With increasing size, Reynolds number increases and the effects of second-order morphological characters become more pronounced and alter the performance ranking of conchs. Finally, we present a visual analysis of the flow regimes and shape details that may drive these hydrodynamic consequences. We speculate that serpenticone morphologies capitalized on these subtleties with a morphology that provided reasonably high-speed swimming at small sizes relevant to juveniles while maintaining relatively efficient coasting locomotion at the larger sizes relevant to adult animals. We highlight the ubiquitous serpenticones of the Early Jurassic as a case study for applying biomechanical data to a paleoecological context. The broad range of morphotypes expressed by ammonoids in the Late Triassic is dramatically pared down during the End Triassic extinction. In the few million years following the extinction, ammonoids diversify into a suite of shapes with a more restricted range of locomotor performance, and only much later is the full range of morphology recovered.

生物力学分析为灭绝群落的生态状态变化提供了独特的见解。菊石提供了一个令人信服的案例研究耦合生物力学分析与生态学鉴于其强大的化石记录外部海螺。我们提出了一个轨迹模型来评估与氨类海螺形式相关的流体动力学优势和挑战。该模型是一个一维计算,估计了菊石运动的不同组成部分之间的动态反馈,包括推力、阻力、加速度和移动距离。研究人员对11种不同形态的氨气海螺进行了计算流体动力学模拟,并将其整合到一个数学模型中,以分析在不同直径(5、10和20厘米)和射流节奏(单个射流或一系列三脉冲)组合下游泳的动力学。我们将短期运动爆发的效果与长期巡航的效果进行了比较,发现膨胀的形状(即球体)提供了最快的短期运动,但代价最大;高度流线型的形状(如扁圆形)提供较长的巡航距离,但短期运动效果不佳;而明显的盘绕形状(即蛇形体)似乎在两种运动方式中都提供了中等的表现。在对不同形状的海螺在两种运动方式中的表现进行排名时,尺寸是至关重要的,因为排名主要取决于动物能够产生的推力。随着螺壳尺寸的增大,雷诺数增大,二级形态特征的影响更加明显,从而改变了螺壳的性能等级。最后,我们提出了可能驱动这些流体动力学结果的流动状态和形状细节的可视化分析。我们推测蛇形体的形态利用了这些微妙之处,在与幼年动物相关的小尺寸上提供了合理的高速游泳,而在与成年动物相关的大尺寸上保持了相对有效的滑行运动。我们强调了早侏罗世普遍存在的蛇形锥体作为将生物力学数据应用于古生态背景的案例研究。在晚三叠世,菊石表达的广泛形态型在三叠纪末灭绝期间急剧减少。在大灭绝后的几百万年里,菊石进化成一系列形状,运动能力的范围更有限,直到很久以后才恢复了完整的形态。
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引用次数: 4
Systematics, taphonomy and palaeobiogeography of a balaenopterid (Cetacea, Mysticeti) from the Early Pleistocene of southern Italy 意大利南部早更新世balaenoptera(鲸目,鲸目)的系统学、分类学和古生物地理学
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geobios.2022.01.001
Andrea Zazzera , Angela Girone , Rafael La Perna , Maria Marino , Patrizia Maiorano , Raffaele Sardella , Vincenza Montenegro , Ruggero Francescangeli , Giovanni Bianucci

An almost complete and partially articulated skeleton of an Early Pleistocene baleen whale is here described. The fossil, measuring 11 m in length, was discovered in the Calcarenite di Gravina Formation at Lama Lamasinata site (Bari, southern Italy) in 1968. The bifurcated first rib combined with other characters supports the identification of the fossil whale as a possible undescribed species of Balaenoptera (Mysticeti, Balaenopteridae), close to or nested in the B. borealisB. edeniB. ricei clade. However, the limited number of preserved diagnostic characters suggests a prudent assignment of the Bari whale to Balaenoptera sp. The associated molluscs suggest a mid-shelf setting deposition near to the boundary between infralittoral and circalittoral environments, probably 40–60 m deep. An associated Carcharodon carcharias tooth (the first case of a possible trophic interaction between white shark and cetaceans in the Pleistocene) and shark bite marks on a rib support the hypothesis that an early scavenger action prevented the rising of the whale carcass because of the removal of abdominal tissues and the consequent reduction of the decomposition gas accumulation. The occurrence of chemosymbiotic bivalves near the skeleton could testify the development of the sulphophilic stage during decay. Overall, the Bari whale skeleton and its associated fossil fauna represent the first well-documented case of Pleistocene whale fall community. The Bari specimen sheds new light on the diversity and disparity of the mysticete fauna in the Mediterranean Pleistocene also related to the geodynamic, palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic conditions that favoured upwelling events and nutrients supply into the southern Adriatic basin.

这里描述了一具几乎完整且部分铰接的早更新世须鲸骨架。该化石长11米,于1968年在Lama Lamasinata遗址(意大利南部Bari)的Calcarenite di Gravina组中发现。分叉的第一肋骨与其他特征相结合,支持了化石鲸可能是balaenopterae(神秘门,balaenopterae)中未描述的物种,接近或嵌套在b.b orealis - b中。edeni-B。ricei进化枝。然而,保存下来的有限数量的诊断特征表明,Bari鲸被谨慎地分配到Balaenoptera sp.。相关的软体动物表明,在靠近沿海和环流环境边界的中陆架环境沉积,可能在40-60米深。与之相关的Carcharodon carcharias牙齿(更新世大白鲨和鲸类之间可能存在营养相互作用的第一个案例)和肋骨上的鲨鱼咬痕支持了这样的假设,即早期的食腐动物行为阻止了鲸鱼尸体的上升,因为腹部组织的移除和随后的分解气体积累的减少。在骨骼附近出现的化学共生双壳类可以证明在腐烂过程中嗜硫阶段的发展。总的来说,巴里鲸骨架及其相关的化石动物群代表了更新世鲸落群落的第一个有充分记录的案例。巴里的标本揭示了地中海更新世神秘动物的多样性和差异性,也与地球动力学、古气候和古海洋条件有关,这些条件有利于上升流事件和向南亚得里亚海盆地提供营养。
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引用次数: 3
New material of marattialean fern (Danaeopsis fecunda) from the Late Triassic in China with considerations on the tempo-spatial distribution pattern of Danaeopsis 中国晚三叠世蕨类植物(Danaeopsis fecunda)的新资料及其时空分布格局的思考
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geobios.2022.02.003
Peng-cheng An , Ning Lu , Ya Li , Yong-dong Wang , Yan-bin Zhu , Li-qin Li

The genus Danaeopsis Heer ex Schimper is a typical and widespread Triassic eusporangiate fern and is also an important species in China with abundant records. In this study, a further investigation of Danaeopsis fecunda is achieved based on additional specimens from Yunnan Province, China. New features for the leaf morphology and pinnae arrangement of D. fecunda have been extended. The fossil record in China suggest that D. fecunda is a key species in the Northern Floristic Region (NFR) of China, spreading from the NFR to the Southern Floristic Region via the transitional zone in the Carnian and distributing in Yunnan in the Norian. In addition, the global tempo-spatial distribution pattern and the palaeoclimate implications of Danaeopsis are discussed. The genus Danaeopsis was distributed in Europe, Asia and even in Australia with warmer and humid, rarely semi-arid conditions in the Triassic. The wide-ranging distribution of Danaeopsis could be largely related to the palaeoclimatic pattern in the Triassic.

丹麦蕨属(Danaeopsis Heer ex Schimper)是一种典型的分布广泛的三叠纪泛蕨属植物,也是中国的重要种,记录丰富。本研究对中国云南省的褐藻标本进行了进一步的调查。扩展了牛尾草叶片形态和翅片排列的新特征。中国的化石记录表明,D. fecunda是中国北部植物区(NFR)的关键种,在卡尼期经过渡带从北方植物区(NFR)向南部植物区(NFR)扩散,在Norian期分布于云南。此外,还讨论了丹青藻的全球时空分布格局及其古气候意义。Danaeopsis属分布于三叠纪温暖湿润、半干旱的欧洲、亚洲甚至澳大利亚。藻藻的广泛分布可能与三叠纪的古气候格局有关。
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引用次数: 0
Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene hominoid locality of Alsótelekes (Hungary) 来自Alsótelekes(匈牙利)晚中新世人猿地区的水獭科(哺乳目,偶蹄目)
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geobios.2022.01.002
Alessio Iannucci , David R. Begun

The Suidae from the late Miocene of Alsótelekes (northeastern Hungary, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county) are described and assigned to Propotamochoerus palaeochoerus (Suinae) and cf. Parachleuastochoerus (Tetraconodontinae). The co-occurrence of these two taxa agrees with a reference to the early Vallesian (MN 9), as previously indicated from biochronological correlation of the small mammal fauna, and suggests the presence of woodland environments, with abundance of below-ground resources and direct access to water. This fits well with the diverse wetlands and riparian forests that characterized Lake Pannon ∼10 Ma, as documented in the geographically close site of Rudabánya. The convoluted taxonomy of European Tetraconodontinae is discussed.

对Alsótelekes(匈牙利东北部Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén县)中新世晚期的绥科进行了描述,并将其划分为Propotamochoerus paleochoerus(绥亚科)和cf. Parachleuastochoerus(四齿龙科)。这两个分类群的共存与先前小型哺乳动物区系的生物年代学相关性表明的早期瓦列西亚(MN 9)相一致,并表明存在林地环境,地下资源丰富,可直接获得水。这与地理位置接近的Rudabánya遗址所记录的Pannon湖的多样性湿地和河岸森林非常吻合。讨论了欧洲四齿兽科复杂的分类。
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引用次数: 4
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