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Convergent reductive evolution and host adaptation in Mycoavidus bacterial endosymbionts of Mortierellaceae fungi 腐霉科真菌分枝杆菌内共生体的聚合还原进化和宿主适应。
IF 3 3区 生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103838
Kevin Amses , Alessandro Desiró , Abigail Bryson , Igor Grigoriev , Stephen Mondo , Anna Lipzen , Kurt LaButti , Robert Riley , Vasanth Singan , Paris Salazar-Hamm , Jason King , Elizabeth Ballou , Teresa Pawlowska , Rasheed Adeleke , Gregory Bonito , Jessie Uehling

Intimate associations between fungi and intracellular bacterial endosymbionts are becoming increasingly well understood. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that bacterial endosymbionts of Mucoromycota fungi are related either to free-living Burkholderia or Mollicutes species. The so-called Burkholderia-related endosymbionts or BRE comprise Mycoavidus, Mycetohabitans and Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum. These endosymbionts are marked by genome contraction thought to be associated with intracellular selection. However, the conclusions drawn thus far are based on a very small subset of endosymbiont genomes, and the mechanisms leading to genome streamlining are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to better understand how intracellular existence shapes Mycoavidus and BRE functionally at the genome level. To this end we generated and analyzed 14 novel draft genomes for Mycoavidus living within the hyphae of Mortierellomycotina fungi. We found that our novel Mycoavidus genomes were significantly reduced compared to free-living Burkholderiales relatives. Using a genome-scale phylogenetic approach including the novel and available existing genomes of Mycoavidus, we show that the genus is an assemblage composed of two independently derived lineages including three well supported clades of Mycoavidus. Using a comparative genomic approach, we shed light on the functional implications of genome reduction, documenting shared and unique gene loss patterns between the three Mycoavidus clades. We found that many endosymbiont isolates demonstrate patterns of vertical transmission and host-specificity, but others are present in phylogenetically disparate hosts. We discuss how reductive evolution and host specificity reflect convergent adaptation to the intrahyphal selective landscape, and commonalities of eukaryotic endosymbiont genome evolution.

真菌和细胞内细菌内共生体之间的亲密联系越来越被人们所理解。系统发育分析表明,毛霉菌门真菌的细菌内共生体与自由生活的伯克霍尔德菌或软体动物门物种有关。所谓的伯克霍尔德菌相关内共生体或BRE包括Mycovidus、Mycetohabitans和Candidatus Glomeribecter gigasporraum。这些内共生体的基因组收缩被认为与细胞内选择有关。然而,迄今为止得出的结论是基于一小部分内共生体基因组,导致基因组精简的机制尚不清楚。本研究的目的是更好地了解细胞内存在如何在基因组水平上塑造支原体和BRE的功能。为此,我们生成并分析了生活在Mortiellomycotina真菌菌丝中的14个新的支原体基因组草案。我们发现,与自由生活的伯克霍尔德菌亲属相比,我们新的支原体基因组显著减少。使用基因组规模的系统发育方法,包括新的和现有的Mycovidus基因组,我们表明该属是由两个独立衍生的谱系组成的组合,包括三个得到充分支持的MycoVIDus分支。使用比较基因组方法,我们揭示了基因组减少的功能含义,记录了三个支原体分支之间共享和独特的基因丢失模式。我们发现,许多内共生体分离株表现出垂直传播模式和宿主特异性,但其他分离株存在于系统发育不同的宿主中。我们讨论了还原进化和宿主特异性如何反映对菌丝内选择性景观的趋同适应,以及真核内共生体基因组进化的共性。
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引用次数: 1
Conserved copper regulation of the antimicrobial isocyanide brassicicolin A in Alternaria brassicicola 抗微生物异氰芸苔素A在链格孢中的保铜调节作用。
IF 3 3区 生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103839
Nischala Nadig , Sung Chul Park , Jin Woo Bok , Nancy P. Keller

Phytopathogenic Alternaria species are renown for production of toxins that contribute to virulence on host plants. Typically, these toxins belong to well-known secondary metabolite chemical classes including polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides and terpenes. However, the purported host toxin brassicicolin A produced by A. brassicicola is an isocyanide, a chemical class whose genetics and encoding gene structure is largely unknown. The chemical structure of brassicicolin A shows it to have similarity to the recently characterized fumicicolins derived from the Aspergillus fumigatus isocyanide synthase CrmA. Examination of the A. brassicicola genome identified AbcrmA, a putative homolog with 64% identity to A. fumigatus CrmA. Deletion of AbcrmA resulted in loss of production of brassicicolin A. Contrary to reports that brassicicolin A is a host-specific toxin, the ΔAbcrmA mutants were equally virulent as the wildtype on Brassica hosts. However, in line with results of A. fumigatus CrmA generated metabolites, we find that brassicicolin A increased 360-fold under copper limited conditions. Also, like A. fumigatus CrmA derived metabolites, we find brassicicolin A to be a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. We speculate that CrmA-like isocyanide synthase products provide the producing fungi a fitness advantage in copper depleted environments.

植物病原链格孢属以产生对宿主植物有毒力的毒素而闻名。通常,这些毒素属于众所周知的次级代谢产物化学类别,包括聚酮、非核糖体肽和萜烯。然而,由A.brassicicola产生的所谓宿主毒素brassicicolin A是一种异氰,这是一种化学类别,其遗传学和编码基因结构在很大程度上是未知的。芸苔素A的化学结构表明它与最近表征的来源于烟曲霉异氰合酶CrmA的发烟素具有相似性。对A.brassicicola基因组的检查鉴定了AbcrmA,这是一种与烟曲霉CrmA具有64%同一性的推定同源物。AbcrmA的缺失导致Brassicicollin A的产生损失。与brassicicolin A是宿主特异性毒素的报道相反,ΔAbcrmA突变体对芸苔属宿主的毒力与野生型相同。然而,与烟曲霉产生的CrmA代谢产物的结果一致,我们发现芸苔素A在铜限制条件下增加了360倍。此外,与烟曲霉CrmA衍生的代谢产物一样,我们发现芸苔素A是一种广谱抗菌药物。我们推测,类CrmA异氰合酶产物为生产真菌在贫铜环境中提供了适应性优势。
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引用次数: 0
The KdmB-EcoA-RpdA-SntB (KERS) chromatin regulatory complex controls development, secondary metabolism and pathogenicity in Aspergillus flavus KdmB-EcoA-RpdA-SntB(KERS)染色质调控复合体控制黄曲霉的发育、次生代谢和致病性
IF 3 3区 生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103836
Betim Karahoda , Brandon T. Pfannenstiel , Özlem Sarikaya-Bayram , Zhiqiang Dong , Koon Ho Wong , Alastair B. Fleming , Nancy P. Keller , Özgür Bayram

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus flavus is a plant and human pathogen predominantly found in the soil as spores or sclerotia and is capable of producing various secondary metabolites (SM) such as the carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin. Recently, we have discovered a novel nuclear chromatin binding complex (KERS) that contains the JARID1-type histone demethylase KdmB, a putative cohesion acetyl transferase EcoA, a class I type histone deacetylase RpdA and the PHD ring finger reader protein SntB in the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Here, we show the presence of the KERS complex in A. flavus by immunoprecipitation-coupled mass spectrometry and constructed kdmBΔ and rpdAΔ strains to study their roles in fungal development, SM production and histone post-translational modifications (HPTMs). We found that KdmB and RpdA couple the regulation of SM gene clusters with fungal light-responses and HPTMs. KdmB and RpdA have opposing roles in light-induced asexual conidiation, while both factors are positive regulators of sclerotia development through the nsdC and nsdD pathway. KdmB and RpdA are essential for the productions of aflatoxin (similar to findings for SntB) as well as cyclopiazonic acid, ditryptophenaline and leporin B through controlling the respective SM biosynthetic gene clusters. We further show that both KdmB and RpdA regulate H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 levels, while RpdA also acts on H3K14ac levels in nuclear extracts. Therefore, the chromatin modifiers KdmB and RpdA of the KERS complex are key regulators for fungal development and SM metabolism in A. flavus.

丝状真菌黄曲霉是一种主要以孢子或菌核的形式存在于土壤中的植物和人类病原体,能够产生各种次生代谢产物(SM),如致癌真菌毒素黄曲霉毒素。最近,我们在模式丝状真菌巢状曲霉中发现了一种新的核染色质结合复合物(KERS),该复合物含有JARID1型组蛋白脱甲基酶KdmB、一种假定的内聚乙酰基转移酶EcoA、一种I类组蛋白脱乙酰基酶RpdA和PHD环指读取器蛋白SntB。在这里,我们通过免疫沉淀偶联质谱法显示了黄曲霉中KERS复合物的存在,并构建了kdmBΔ和rpdAΔ菌株,以研究它们在真菌发育、SM产生和组蛋白翻译后修饰(HPTMs)中的作用。我们发现KdmB和RpdA将SM基因簇的调节与真菌光反应和HPTM耦合。KdmB和RpdA在光诱导的无性分生中具有相反的作用,而这两个因子都是通过nsdC和nsdD途径对菌核发育的正调控因子。KdmB和RpdA通过控制各自的SM生物合成基因簇,对黄曲霉毒素(类似于SntB的发现)以及环噻唑酸、二ryptophenaline和leporin B的产生是必需的。我们进一步表明,KdmB和RpdA都调节H3K4me3和H3K9me3水平,而RpdA也作用于核提取物中的H3K14ac水平。因此,KERS复合物的染色质修饰剂KdmB和RpdA是黄曲霉真菌发育和SM代谢的关键调节因子。
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引用次数: 0
Update on the state of research to manage Fusarium head blight 枯萎病防治研究进展。
IF 3 3区 生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103829
Soumya Moonjely , Malaika Ebert , Drew Paton-Glassbrook , Zachary A. Noel , Ludmila Roze , Rebecca Shay , Tara Watkins , Frances Trail

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most devastating diseases of cereal crops, causing severe reduction in yield and quality of grain worldwide. In the United States, the major causal agent of FHB is the mycotoxigenic fungus, Fusarium graminearum. The contamination of grain with mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, is a particularly serious concern due to its impact on the health of humans and livestock. For the past few decades, multidisciplinary studies have been conducted on management strategies designed to reduce the losses caused by FHB. However, effective management is still challenging due to the emergence of fungicide-tolerant strains of F. graminearum and the lack of highly resistant wheat and barley cultivars. This review presents multidisciplinary approaches that incorporate advances in genomics, genetic-engineering, new fungicide chemistries, applied biocontrol, and consideration of the disease cycle for management of FHB.

镰刀菌头枯病(FHB)是粮食作物中最具破坏性的疾病之一,严重降低了粮食产量和品质。在美国,FHB的主要病因是产霉菌毒素的真菌禾谷镰刀菌。包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮在内的真菌毒素对粮食的污染是一个特别严重的问题,因为它会影响人类和牲畜的健康。在过去的几十年里,人们对旨在减少FHB造成的损失的管理策略进行了多学科研究。然而,由于禾谷镰刀菌耐杀菌剂菌株的出现以及缺乏高抗性小麦和大麦品种,有效管理仍然具有挑战性。这篇综述介绍了多学科的方法,包括基因组学、基因工程、新的杀菌剂化学、应用生物控制和考虑疾病周期来管理FHB的进展。
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引用次数: 0
A reference transcriptome for walnut anthracnose pathogen, Ophiognomonia leptostyla, guides the discovery of candidate virulence genes 核桃炭疽病病原菌细端线虫(Ophiognomonia leptostyla)的参考转录组指导候选毒力基因的发现
IF 3 3区 生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103828
Fatemeh Khelghatibana , Mohammad Javan-Nikkhah , Naser Safaie , Ahmad Sobhani , Somayeh Shams , Ehsan Sari

Despite the economic losses due to the walnut anthracnose, Ophiognomonia leptostyla is an orphan fungus with respect to genomic resources. In the present study, the transcriptome of O. leptostyla was assembled for the first time. RNA sequencing was conducted for the fungal mycelia grown in a liquid media, and the inoculated leaf samples of walnut with the fungal conidia sampled at 48, 96 and 144 h post inoculation (hpi). The completeness, correctness, and contiguity of the de novo transcriptome assemblies generated with Trinity, Oases, SOAPdenovo-Trans and Bridger were compared to identify a single superior reference assembly. In most of the assessment criteria including N50, Transrate score, number of ORFs with known description in gene bank, the percentage of reads mapped back to the transcript (RMBT), BUSCO score, Swiss-Prot coverage bin and RESM-EVAL score, the Bridger assembly was the superior and thus used as a reference for profiling the O. leptostyla transcriptome in liquid media vs. during walnut infection. The k-means clustering of transcripts resulted in four distinct transcription patterns across the three sampling time points. Most of the detected CAZy transcripts had elevated transcription at 96 hpi that is hypothetically concurrent with the start of intracellular growth. The in-silico analysis revealed 103 candidate effectors of which six were members of Necrosis and Ethylene Inducing Like Protein (NLP) gene family belonging to three distinct k-means clusters. This study provided a complex and temporal pattern of the CAZys and candidate effectors transcription during six days post O. leptostyla inoculation on walnut leaves, introducing a list of candidate virulence genes for validation in future studies.

尽管核桃炭疽病造成了经济损失,但就基因组资源而言,细纹麻属真菌是一种孤儿真菌。在本研究中,首次组装了钩端藻的转录组。在液体培养基中培养真菌菌丝体,并在接种后48、96和144 h采集真菌分生孢子接种核桃叶片样品进行RNA测序。通过比较Trinity、oasis、SOAPdenovo-Trans和Bridger生成的从头转录组组装的完整性、正确性和连续性,确定了一个更好的参考组装。在N50、Transrate评分、基因库中已知描述的orf数量、转录本的reads映射百分比(RMBT)、BUSCO评分、Swiss-Prot coverage bin和RESM-EVAL评分等大多数评估标准中,Bridger组装都是较好的,因此可以作为分析液体培养基中与核桃感染过程中细链梭菌转录组的参考。转录本的k均值聚类在三个采样时间点上产生了四种不同的转录模式。大多数检测到的CAZy转录本在96 hpi时转录水平升高,这可能与细胞内生长的开始同时发生。计算机分析显示103个候选效应子,其中6个是坏死和乙烯诱导样蛋白(NLP)基因家族的成员,属于三个不同的k-means簇。本研究提供了在核桃叶片上接种细柄叶霉后6天内CAZys和候选效应子转录的复杂和时间模式,介绍了候选毒力基因列表,供未来研究验证。
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引用次数: 0
The Bcvic1 and Bcvic2 vegetative incompatibility genes in Botrytis cinerea encode proteins with domain architectures involved in allorecognition in other filamentous fungi 灰葡萄孢中的Bcvic1和Bcvic2营养不亲和基因编码的蛋白质具有与其他丝状真菌中的同种异体识别有关的结构域结构
IF 3 3区 生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-08-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103827
Saadiah Arshed , Murray P. Cox , Ross E. Beever , Stephanie L. Parkes , Michael N. Pearson , Joanna K. Bowen , Matthew D. Templeton

Vegetative incompatibility is a fungal allorecognition system characterised by the inability of genetically distinct conspecific fungal strains to form a viable heterokaryon and is controlled by multiple polymorphic loci termed vic (vegetative incompatibility) or het (heterokaryon incompatibility). We have genetically identified and characterised the first vic locus in the economically important, plant-pathogenic, necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. A bulked segregant approach coupled with whole genome Illumina sequencing of near-isogenic lines of B. cinerea was used to map a vic locus to a 60-kb region of the genome. Within that locus, we identified two adjacent, highly polymorphic open reading frames, Bcvic1 and Bcvic2, which encode predicted proteins that contain domain architectures implicated in vegetative incompatibility in other filamentous fungi. Bcvic1 encodes a predicted protein containing a putative serine esterase domain, a NACHT family of NTPases domain, and several Ankyrin repeats. Bcvic2 encodes a putative syntaxin protein containing a SNARE domain; such proteins typically function in vesicular transport. Deletion of Bcvic1 and Bcvic2 individually had no effect on vegetative incompatibility. However, deletion of the region containing both Bcvic1 and Bcvic2 resulted in mutant lines that were severely restricted in growth and showed loss of vegetative incompatibility. Complementation of these mutants by ectopic expression restored the growth and vegetative incompatibility phenotype, indicating that Bcvic1 and Bcvic2 are controlling vegetative incompatibility at this vic locus.

植物不亲和性是一种真菌异株识别系统,其特征是遗传上不同的同种真菌菌株无法形成有活力的异核体,并由称为vic(植物不亲和)或het(异核体不亲和)的多个多态性基因座控制。我们已经在经济上重要的、植物致病的、坏死营养型真菌灰葡萄孢中鉴定并鉴定了第一个vic基因座。使用大块分段法结合灰葡萄近等基因系的全基因组Illumina测序,将vic基因座定位到基因组的60kb区域。在该基因座中,我们鉴定了两个相邻的、高度多态的开放阅读框,Bcvic1和Bcvic2,它们编码包含与其他丝状真菌的营养不亲和性有关的结构域结构的预测蛋白质。Bcvic1编码一种预测的蛋白质,包含一个推定的丝氨酸酯酶结构域、一个NTPases结构域的NACHT家族和几个锚蛋白重复序列。Bcvic2编码一种假定的含有SNARE结构域的突触结合蛋白;这种蛋白质通常在囊泡运输中起作用。Bcvic1和Bcvic2单独缺失对植物不亲和性没有影响。然而,含有Bcvic1和Bcvic2的区域的缺失导致突变系的生长受到严重限制,并表现出营养不亲和性的丧失。通过异位表达对这些突变体的互补恢复了生长和营养不亲和表型,表明Bcvic1和Bcvic2控制着该vic基因座的营养不亲和性。
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引用次数: 0
Detection and quantification of the histone code in the fungal genus Aspergillus 曲霉真菌属组蛋白密码的检测与定量
IF 3 3区 生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103800
Xin Zhang , Roberta Noberini , Alessandro Vai , Tiziana Bonaldi , Michael F. Seidl , Jérȏme Collemare

In eukaryotes, the combination of different histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) – the histone code – impacts the chromatin organization as compact and transcriptionally silent heterochromatin or accessible and transcriptionally active euchromatin. Although specific histone PTMs have been studied in fungi, an overview of histone PTMs and their relative abundance is still lacking. Here, we used mass spectrometry to detect and quantify histone PTMs in three fungal species belonging to three distinct taxonomic sections of the genus Aspergillus (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans (two strains), and Aspergillus fumigatus). We overall detected 23 different histone PTMs, including a majority of lysine methylations and acetylations, and 23 co-occurrence patterns of multiple histone PTMs. Among those, we report for the first time the detection of H3K79me1, H3K79me2, and H4K31ac in Aspergilli. Although all three species harbour the same PTMs, we found significant differences in the relative abundance of H3K9me1/2/3, H3K14ac, H3K36me1 and H3K79me1, as well as the co-occurrence of acetylation on both K18 and K23 of histone H3 in a strain-specific manner. Our results provide novel insights about the underexplored complexity of the histone code in filamentous fungi, and its functional implications on genome architecture and gene regulation.

在真核生物中,不同组蛋白翻译后修饰(PTMs) -组蛋白编码-的组合影响染色质的组织结构,作为紧凑和转录沉默的异染色质或可接近和转录活跃的常染色质。虽然已经研究了真菌中特异性组蛋白PTMs,但对组蛋白PTMs及其相对丰度的概述仍然缺乏。在这里,我们使用质谱法检测和定量了属于曲霉属三个不同分类区段的三种真菌(黑曲霉、假曲霉(两株)和烟曲霉)的组蛋白PTMs。我们总共检测到23种不同的组蛋白PTMs,包括大多数赖氨酸甲基化和乙酰化,以及23种多种组蛋白PTMs共出现的模式。其中,我们首次报道在Aspergilli中检测到H3K79me1、H3K79me2和H4K31ac。虽然这三个物种具有相同的PTMs,但我们发现H3K9me1/2/3、H3K14ac、H3K36me1和H3K79me1的相对丰度存在显著差异,并且组蛋白H3的K18和K23上同时发生乙酰化,并且以菌株特异性的方式发生。我们的研究结果为丝状真菌中未被充分探索的组蛋白密码的复杂性及其对基因组结构和基因调控的功能意义提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
The C2H2-type zinc-finger regulator AoKap5 is required for the growth and kojic acid synthesis in Aspergillus oryzae c2h2型锌指调节剂AoKap5是米曲霉生长和合成曲酸所必需的
IF 3 3区 生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103813
Yuzhen Li , Ziming Chen , Feng Zhang , Tianming Chen , Junxia Fan , Xin Deng , Xiaocui Lei , Bin Zeng , Zhe Zhang

Aspergillus oryzae is an important filamentous fungus widely used for the industrial production of fermented foods and secondary metabolites. The clarifying of the mechanism of the growth and secondary metabolites in A. oryzae is important for its industrial production and utilization. Here, the C2H2-type zinc-finger protein AoKap5 was characterized to be involved in the growth and kojic acid production in A. oryzae. The Aokap5-disrupted mutants were constructed by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, which displayed increased colony growth but decreased conidial formation. Deletion of Aokap5 enhanced the tolerance to cell-wall and oxidative but not osmotic stress. The transcriptional activation assay revealed that AoKap5 itself didn’t have transcriptional activation activity. Disruption of Aokap5 resulted in the reduced production of kojic acid, coupled with the reduced expression of the kojic acid synthesis genes kojA and kojT. Meanwhile, overexpression of kojT could rescue the decreased production of kojic acid in Aokap5-deletion strain, indicating that Aokap5 serves upstream of kojT. Furthermore, the yeast one-hybrid assay demonstrated that AoKap5 could directly bind to the kojT promoter. These findings suggest that AoKap5 regulates kojic acid production through binding to the kojT promoter. This study provides an insight into the role of zinc finger protein in the growth and kojic acid biosynthesis of A. oryzae.

米曲霉是一种重要的丝状真菌,广泛应用于发酵食品和次生代谢物的工业生产。阐明米霉的生长机制和次生代谢产物对米霉的工业生产和利用具有重要意义。在这里,c2h2型锌指蛋白AoKap5被表征参与了a.m oryzae的生长和曲酸的产生。通过CRISPR/Cas9系统构建的aokap5突变体显示集落生长增加,但分生孢子形成减少。Aokap5的缺失增强了对细胞壁和氧化胁迫的耐受性,而不是渗透胁迫。转录激活实验显示,AoKap5本身不具有转录激活活性。破坏Aokap5导致曲酸产量减少,同时曲酸合成基因kojA和kojT的表达减少。同时,在Aokap5缺失菌株中,kojT的过表达可以弥补曲酸产量的减少,说明Aokap5在kojT的上游起作用。此外,酵母单杂交实验表明,AoKap5可以直接结合kojT启动子。这些发现表明,AoKap5通过结合kojT启动子来调节曲酸的产生。本研究揭示了锌指蛋白在米曲霉生长和曲酸生物合成中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Whole genome resequencing reveal patterns of genetic variation within Colletotrichum acutatum species complex from rubber trees in China 全基因组重测序揭示了中国橡胶树炭疽菌(Colletotrichum actuatum)种复合体的遗传变异模式
IF 3 3区 生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103801
Xianbao Liu, Boxun Li, Jimiao Cai, Tao Shi, Yang Yang, Yanli Feng, Guixiu Huang

The Colletotrichum acutatum species complex possesses a diverse number of important traits, such as a wide host range and host preference, different modes of reproduction, and different strategies of host infection. Research using comparative genomics has attempted to find correlations between these traits. Here, we used multi-locus techniques and gene genealogical concordance analysis to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex using field isolates obtained from rubber trees. The results revealed that the dominant species was C. australisinense, followed by C. bannaense, while strain YNJH17109 was identified as C. laticiphilum. The taxonomic status of strains YNLC510 and YNLC511 was undetermined. Using whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism data to analyze population structure, 18 strains of C. australisinense were subsequently divided into four populations, one of which was derived from an admixture of two populations. In addition, the strains LD1687, GD1628, and YNLC516, did not belong to any populations, and were considered to be admixtures of two or more populations. A split decomposition network analysis also provided evidence for genetic recombination within Colletotrichum acutatum species complex from rubber trees in China. Overall, a weak phylogeographic sub-structure was observed. Analysis also revealed significant differences in morphological characters and levels of virulence between populations.

尖锐炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum acutatum)具有广泛的寄主范围和寄主偏好、不同的繁殖模式和不同的寄主感染策略等重要特征。利用比较基因组学的研究试图找到这些特征之间的相关性。本文以橡胶树为研究对象,采用多位点技术和基因系谱一致性分析方法,研究了尖锐炭疽菌(Colletotrichum acutatum)种群的系统发育关系和分类地位。结果表明,优势种为C. australisinense,其次为C. bannaense,菌株YNJH17109为C. laticiphilum。菌株YNLC510和YNLC511的分类地位尚未确定。利用全基因组单核苷酸多态性分析,将18株澳大利亚血吸虫分成4个居群,其中一个居群来源于两个居群的杂交。此外,菌株LD1687、GD1628和YNLC516不属于任何群体,被认为是两个或两个以上群体的混种。分裂分解网络分析也为中国橡胶树中尖锐炭疽病种复合体的遗传重组提供了证据。总体而言,观察到一个弱的系统地理亚结构。分析还揭示了种群间形态特征和毒力水平的显著差异。
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引用次数: 1
Redox perturbations in yeast cells lacking glutathione reductase 缺乏谷胱甘肽还原酶的酵母细胞中的氧化还原扰动
IF 3 3区 生物学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103810
Agnieszka Janeczko , Michał Przywara , Roman Maslanka, Barbara Raś, Klaudia Ziaja, Magdalena Kwolek-Mirek, Renata Zadrag-Tecza, Sabina Bednarska

Cellular redox homeostasis has a major effect on cell functions and its maintenance is supported by glutathione and protein thiols which serve as redox buffers in cells. The regulation of the glutathione biosynthetic pathway is a focus of a lot of scientific research. However, still little is known about how complex cellular networks influence glutathione homeostasis. In this work was used an experimental system based on an S. cerevisiae yeast mutant with a lack of the glutathione reductase enzyme and allyl alcohol as a precursor of acrolein inside the cell to determine the cellular processes influencing glutathione homeostasis. The absence of Glr1p slows down the growth rate of the cell population, especially in the presence of allyl alcohol, but does not lead to complete inhibition of the cell's reproductive capacity. It also amends the GSH/GSSG ratio and the share of NADPH and NADP+ in the total NADP(H) pool. The obtained results show that potential pathways involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis are based from one side on de novo synthesis of GSH as indicated by increased activity of γ-GCS and increased expression of GSH1 gene in the Δglr1 mutant, from the other hand, on increased the level of NADPH. This is because the lower ratio of GSH/GSSG can be counterbalanced with the NADPH/NADP+ alternative system. The higher level of NADPH can be used by the thioredoxin system and other enzymes requiring NADPH to reduce cytosolic GSSG and maintain glutathione redox potential.

细胞氧化还原稳态对细胞功能有重要影响,其维持是由谷胱甘肽和蛋白质硫醇支持的,它们在细胞中充当氧化还原缓冲。谷胱甘肽生物合成途径的调控是许多科学研究的热点。然而,对于复杂的细胞网络如何影响谷胱甘肽的内稳态,我们所知甚少。在这项工作中,使用了一个基于酵母突变体的实验系统,该突变体缺乏谷胱甘肽还原酶和烯丙醇作为细胞内丙烯醛的前体,以确定影响谷胱甘肽稳态的细胞过程。Glr1p的缺失会减慢细胞群的生长速度,尤其是在烯丙醇存在的情况下,但不会导致细胞的生殖能力完全抑制。它还修正了GSH/GSSG比率以及NADPH和NADP+在总NADP(H)池中的份额。结果表明,参与氧化还原稳态维持的潜在途径一方面是基于γ-GCS活性的增加和Δglr1突变体中GSH1基因表达的增加,另一方面是基于NADPH水平的增加。这是因为较低的GSH/GSSG比例可以通过NADPH/NADP+替代系统来抵消。高水平的NADPH可以被硫氧还蛋白系统和其他需要NADPH的酶用来降低胞内GSSG和维持谷胱甘肽氧化还原电位。
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引用次数: 0
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Fungal Genetics and Biology
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