Frequenz最新文献

英文中文

Dual-band open-loop monopole (2 × 1) printed MIMO antenna for 4G and 5G applications 用于4G和5G应用的双频开环单极子（2×1）印刷MIMO天线

IF 1.1 4区工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Frequenz

Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.1515/freq-2022-0141

A. Abdulhameed, F. Alnahwi, A. Abdullah

Abstract This paper presents a compact dual-band open-loop monopole MIMO antenna to serve 4G/5G applications. This antenna consists of two printed monopole antennas with very high isolation. Two enhancement techniques are utilized to improve the isolation between ports. Since each technique can provide high isolation of a single band, a combination of λ/4 slot and T-shape techniques are used to achieve high isolation of −19 dB and −35 dB at 2.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz, respectively. The proposed design has high efficiency, a low envelope correlation coefficient, and an acceptable level of realized gain (2.7 dBi and 2.2 dBi) at low and high bands. This design has been fabricated using low-profile printed circuit technology with a compact patch size of 50 × 25 mm2 based on an FR-4 substrate. Moreover, the simulation and measurement results are in good agreement.

摘要本文提出了一种用于4G/5G应用的紧凑型双频开环单极MIMO天线。该天线由两个具有非常高隔离度的印刷单极天线组成。使用了两种增强技术来改善端口之间的隔离。由于每种技术都可以提供单个频带的高隔离，因此λ/4缝隙和T形技术的组合用于在2.4 GHz和3.5 GHz时分别实现−19 dB和−35 dB的高隔离。所提出的设计具有高效率、低包络相关系数以及在低频带和高频带可接受的实现增益水平（2.7dBi和2.2dBi）。该设计是使用基于FR-4基板的小型贴片尺寸为50×25mm2的薄型印刷电路技术制造的。仿真结果与实测结果吻合较好。

引用次数: 1

A novel non-iterative algorithm for the joint design of transceiver beamforming and surface reflection in an IRS-enhanced MIMO system IRS增强MIMO系统中收发器波束形成和表面反射联合设计的一种新的非迭代算法

IF 1.1 4区工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Frequenz

Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.1515/freq-2022-0189

S.M.J. Asgari Tabatabaee, Farid Samsami Khodadad

Abstract Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is an emerging and low-cost revolutionary technology that can be deployed in future communication systems to enhance data transmission performance. An IRS comprises a lot of small, passive, and low-cost elements that can smartly reflect the incident signal from the transmitter to the receiver. In this paper, an IRS-enhanced multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) downlink network is considered, in which a cell-edge user receives the data signal from a base station (BS). In this network, the direct path between the BS and the user is blocked by an obstacle, and the user receives only the tunable reflected signal from the IRS. To achieve spatial diversity, beamforming is applied to the antennas at the BS and the user. The goal is to jointly design the transceiver beamforming vectors and the IRS reflection coefficients so that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the user is maximized. Since the IRS elements are passive, the amplitude of the IRS reflection coefficients must be equal to or smaller than one. The constrained SNR optimization problem is non-convex. We propose a three-step procedure to obtain an effective sub-optimal solution for this problem. Accordingly, an innovative non-iterative algorithm is proposed to design the problem parameters. Simulation results show that the IRS-enhanced MIMO downlink system, in which the proposed non-iterative algorithm is used to develop the network parameters, outperforms the conventional network without IRS in terms of bit error rate (BER).

智能反射面(IRS)是一种新兴的、低成本的革命性技术，可以应用于未来的通信系统中，以提高数据传输性能。IRS由许多小的、无源的、低成本的元件组成，这些元件可以巧妙地将从发射器到接收器的入射信号反射到接收器。本文考虑了一种irs增强型多输入多输出(MIMO)下行网络，其中蜂窝边缘用户接收来自基站(BS)的数据信号。在这种网络中，BS和用户之间的直接路径被障碍物阻挡，用户只能接收到来自IRS的可调谐反射信号。为了实现空间分集，对基站和用户的天线进行波束形成。目标是共同设计收发器波束形成矢量和IRS反射系数，使用户的信噪比(SNR)最大化。由于IRS元件是被动的，因此IRS反射系数的振幅必须等于或小于1。约束信噪比优化问题是非凸的。我们提出了一个三步程序来获得该问题的有效次优解。据此，提出了一种创新的非迭代算法来设计问题参数。仿真结果表明，采用本文提出的非迭代算法开发网络参数的IRS增强MIMO下行系统在误码率(BER)方面优于没有IRS的传统网络。

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引用次数: 0

Design of dual-band BPFs with high selectivity 高选择性双频带BPF的设计

IF 1.1 4区工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Frequenz

Pub Date : 2023-01-16 DOI: 10.1515/freq-2022-0178

Min Wang, Lei Chen, T. Zhang, Jiahui Peng

Abstract In this article, two dual-band microstrip bandpass filters (BPFs) with high selectivity and independently controllable passbands are designed based on three parallel-coupled lines (TPCLs). The first BPF proposed in this paper is achieved by employing a pair of folded F-type resonators (FFRs) and conventional TPCL structure. By adjusting the above parameters of each FFR, the center frequencies of the two passbands can be controlled easily. In the meantime, TPCL can enhance the coupling between the source and load, and introduce multiple transmission zeros (TZs), which can conduce to a higher selectivity. To obtain superior selectivity, the second BPF is designed based on a novel TPCL. The novel TPCL is based on the traditional one, which further enhances selectivity since transmission paths are doubled. In order to achieve miniaturization and enhance coupling, FFRs are folded. In addition, four transmission zeros (TZs) are generated to improve the selectivity of the two passbands. The measured results of the fabricated BPFs centered at 2.45/3.5 GHz agree well with the simulated ones, which validates the proposed design method.

摘要本文基于三条并联耦合线设计了两个具有高选择性和可独立控制通带的双频带微带带通滤波器。本文提出的第一个BPF是通过使用一对折叠的F型谐振器（FFR）和传统的TPCL结构来实现的。通过调整每个FFR的上述参数，可以容易地控制两个通带的中心频率。同时，TPCL可以增强电源和负载之间的耦合，并引入多个传输零点（TZ），这有助于提高选择性。为了获得优异的选择性，第二个BPF是基于一种新型的TPCL设计的。新型TPCL在传统TPCL的基础上，由于传输路径加倍，进一步提高了选择性。为了实现小型化和增强耦合，对FFR进行了折叠。此外，生成四个传输零点（TZ）以提高两个通带的选择性。所制备的以2.45/3.5GHz为中心的BPF的测量结果与模拟结果吻合良好，验证了所提出的设计方法。

引用次数: 0

n-3 PUFA can reduce IL-6 and TNF levels in patients with cancer. n-3 PUFA可降低肿瘤患者IL-6和TNF水平

IF 3.6 4区工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Frequenz

Pub Date : 2023-01-14 Epub Date: 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114522000575

Yongzhong Guo, Bo Ma, Xinhua Li, Hui Hui, Yun Zhou, Na Li, Xiaomei Xie

Current studies on inhibitory effects of n-3 PUFA on pro-inflammatory cytokines have inconsistent results. Thus, a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials was conducted to identify the effects of n-3 PUFA administration on circulating IL-6 and TNF in patients with cancer. Studies that examined the effects of n-3 PUFA administration on circulating IL-6 and TNF in patients with cancer were identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE from January 1975 to February 2021. Differences in n-3 PUFA administration and control conditions were determined by calculating standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95 % CI. Twenty studies involving 971 patients met the inclusion criteria. The overall SMD were 0·485 (95 % CI 0·087, 0·883) for IL-6 and 0·712 (95 % CI 0·461, 0·962) for TNF between n-3 PUFA administration and control conditions. Sources of heterogeneity were not found through subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Publication bias was observed in TNF with a slight contribution to the effect size. n-3 PUFA can reduce circulating IL-6 and TNF levels in patients with cancer. Results supported the recommendation of n-3 PUFA as adjuvant therapy for patients with cancer, possibly excluding head and neck cancer, owing to their anti-inflammatory properties.

目前关于n-3 PUFA对促炎细胞因子抑制作用的研究结果并不一致。因此，我们进行了一项随机对照试验的荟萃分析，以确定n-3 PUFA对癌症患者循环IL-6和TNF的影响。通过检索1975年1月至2021年2月的PubMed和EMBASE，研究了n-3 PUFA给药对癌症患者循环IL-6和TNF的影响。通过计算标准化平均差异(SMD) (95% CI)来确定n-3 PUFA给药和对照条件的差异。20项涉及971例患者的研究符合纳入标准。在n-3 PUFA给药和对照组之间，IL-6的总体SMD为0.485 (95% CI 0.087, 0.883)， TNF的总体SMD为0.712 (95% CI 0.461, 0.962)。通过亚组和元回归分析未发现异质性的来源。在TNF中观察到发表偏倚，对效应大小有轻微贡献。n-3 PUFA可降低肿瘤患者循环IL-6和TNF水平。结果支持n-3 PUFA作为癌症患者的辅助治疗，可能排除头颈癌，因为其抗炎特性。

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引用次数: 0

Design and analysis of novel DGS-loaded low-pass filter with wide stopband 新型dgs负载宽阻带低通滤波器的设计与分析

IF 1.1 4区工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Frequenz

Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.1515/freq-2022-0168

Galip Orkun Arican, I. Kanbaz, Zohreh Noamadeh, E. Aksoy

Abstract This article deals with design and development of a novel 7th order low-pass filter with defected ground structures for S-band applications. The proposed LPF structure was comprised of dumbbell shaped interdigital defected ground structures and open stubs as series inductor and shunt capacitor in the pass band. In addition, an equivalent circuit model was derived and optimized to achieve a 3-dB cut off frequency about 4 GHz with a reflection coefficient of better than −20 dB. Moreover, proposed low-pass filter was manufactured on a Rogers RO4003C substrate with a dielectric constant of 3.38, the dissipation factor of 0.0027. The developed LPF has a very flat pass-band with a transmission coefficient less than −0.5 dB and the measured transmission coefficient better than −18 dB in the passband (DC-3.6 GHz). Meanwhile, the prototype has a 20 dB harmonic suppression level in the frequency range from 5.54 GHz up to 43.5 GHz. Furthermore, the measured peak to peak group delay variation was less than 170 ps in the passband. The proposed filter has a very compact size of 195.3 mm2.

本文介绍了一种适用于S波段应用的具有缺陷接地结构的新型7阶低通滤波器的设计和开发。所提出的LPF结构由哑铃形叉指缺陷接地结构和作为通带中的串联电感器和并联电容器的开路短截线组成。此外，推导并优化了等效电路模型，以实现约4 GHz的3 dB截止频率，反射系数优于−20 dB。此外，所提出的低通滤波器是在Rogers RO4003C衬底上制造的，其介电常数为3.38，耗散因子为0.0027。所开发的LPF具有非常平坦的通带，传输系数小于−0.5 dB，通带（DC-3.6 GHz）中测得的传输系数优于−18 dB。同时，原型在5.54 GHz至43.5 GHz的频率范围内具有20 dB的谐波抑制水平。此外，在通带中测得的峰间组延迟变化小于170ps。所提出的滤波器具有195.3mm2的非常紧凑的尺寸。

引用次数: 1

Analysis and synthesis of L- and T-shaped flexible compact microstrip antennas using regression-based machine learning approaches 基于回归的机器学习方法分析和综合L形和t形柔性紧凑型微带天线

IF 1.1 4区工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Frequenz

Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1515/freq-2022-0070

M. Bicer

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze and synthesize L-shaped compact microstrip antennas (LCMA) and T-shaped compact microstrip antennas using regression-based machine learning algorithms (TCMA). This was accomplished by simulating 3808 LCMAs and 900 TCMAs operating at UHF and SHF frequencies with different physical and electrical characteristics. The acquired data was utilized to create a data set containing the antennas’ physical and electrical characteristics, as well as their resonant frequencies in the TM010 mode. Four baseline regression models and seven machine learning models were developed to determine the resonance frequency of antennas and the values of the physical parameters required for a particular frequency. To examine the efficacy of machine learning models, three-dimensional LCMAs and TCMAs were created using polylactic acid (PLA) and felt-based flexible substrates, as well as copper tape. The results illustrate the feasibility of using machine learning models for LCMA and TCMA analysis and synthesis.

摘要本研究的目的是使用基于回归的机器学习算法（TCMA）分析和综合L形紧凑型微带天线（LCMA）和T形紧凑型天线。这是通过模拟3808个LCMA和900个TCMA在具有不同物理和电气特性的UHF和SHF频率下运行来实现的。获取的数据用于创建一个数据集，其中包含天线的物理和电气特性，以及它们在TM010模式下的谐振频率。开发了四个基线回归模型和七个机器学习模型，以确定天线的谐振频率和特定频率所需的物理参数值。为了检验机器学习模型的有效性，使用聚乳酸（PLA）和毡基柔性基底以及铜带创建了三维LCMA和TCMA。结果说明了使用机器学习模型进行LCMA和TCMA分析和综合的可行性。

引用次数: 0

Improving the automatic target recognition algorithm’s accuracy through an examination of the different time-frequency representations and data augmentation 通过检查不同的时频表示和数据扩充来提高自动目标识别算法的准确性

IF 1.1 4区工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Frequenz

Pub Date : 2022-11-03 DOI: 10.1515/freq-2022-0015

Boban Sazdic-Jotic, Boban P. Bondzulic, J. Bajčetić, M. Andric, I. Pokrajac, Danilo Obradovic, B. Zrnic

Abstract This research focuses on an improved automatic target recognition algorithm for solving the classification challenge of ground-moving targets from pulsed-Doppler radar. First, it was studied how decision-making intervals affect the proposed algorithm. Second, the altering of the data augmentation process was investigated. Third, a consideration of the three time-frequency signal representations and finally the use of different deep learning models for the classification issues were examined. It is proven that the proposed algorithm can efficiently recognize all targets enclosed in the publicly available RadEch dataset, with 4 s of radar echoes. When the decision-making time is only 1 s, a classification probability of 99.9% was obtained, which is an improvement related to the other research studies in this area. Furthermore, when the decision-making time is reduced 16 times the classification accuracy is reduced by only 1.3%. Moreover, the proposed algorithm was successful on another dataset enclosing ground-moving targets from comparable pulsed-Doppler radar.

摘要本研究的重点是一种改进的自动目标识别算法，以解决脉冲多普勒雷达对地面运动目标的分类挑战。首先，研究了决策间隔对算法的影响。其次，研究了数据扩充过程的变化。第三，考虑了三种时频信号表示，最后考察了不同深度学习模型对分类问题的使用。事实证明，该算法可以有效地识别公开可用的RadEch数据集中的所有目标，雷达回波为4s。当决策时间仅为1秒时，获得了99.9%的分类概率，这是与该领域其他研究相关的改进。此外，当决策时间减少16倍时，分类精度仅降低1.3%。此外，该算法在另一个包含类似脉冲多普勒雷达地面运动目标的数据集上获得了成功。

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引用次数: 1

Radiation pressure of a hybrid bianisotropic chiral structure 杂化双各向同性手性结构的辐射压力

IF 1.1 4区工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Frequenz

Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1515/freq-2022-0118

Samira Nemati Pehrabad, Maoyi Wang, Shitian Zhang, Simin He, Maoyan Wang

Abstract To obtain radiation pressure of a hybrid chiral structure, we derive the transfer matrix method and optical force densities from the Maxwell stress tensor for a planar layered bianisotropic media. The key derivations are how to get wavevectors and field components of each layer, transfer matrices connecting four eigenwaves of adjacent chiral media, as well as the force densities expressed by co- and cross-polarized reflection and transmission coefficients. After the validation of the methods and programs is performed, the radiation pressure of a layered biaxial bianisotropic chiral slab is studied. The effects of linearly and circularly polarization incident waves, incident angle, thickness, opposite handedness (optical activity), anisotropy, gain and loss of chiral media on the radiation pressure are discussed. Our work elucidates the mechanism of light-chiral media interactions, provides better understanding of chiral detection, optical trapping, and biophysics.

摘要为了获得混合手性结构的辐射压力，我们从平面层状双各向同性介质的Maxwell应力张量中导出了传递矩阵方法和光力密度。关键的推导是如何获得每层的波矢量和场分量，连接相邻手性介质的四个本征波的传递矩阵，以及用共极化和交叉极化反射和透射系数表示的力密度。在对方法和程序进行验证后，研究了层状双轴双各向同性手性平板的辐射压力。讨论了线性和圆偏振入射波、入射角、厚度、反手性（光学活性）、各向异性、手性介质的增益和损耗对辐射压力的影响。我们的工作阐明了光-手性介质相互作用的机制，更好地理解了手性检测、光学捕获和生物物理学。

引用次数: 0

A 156 GHz high-power doubler-embedded cross-coupled local oscillator in 55 nm CMOS technology 一种156ghz高功率双倍频嵌入式交叉耦合本振，采用55nm CMOS技术

IF 1.1 4区工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Frequenz

Pub Date : 2022-10-28 DOI: 10.1515/freq-2022-0104

Sheng-Wen Yang

Abstract The driving power of the local oscillator (LO) determines whether the mixers can work in an optimal state. Implementing high-power LO sources is challenging for transceivers in the terahertz band beyond 100 GHz. In this paper, a cross-coupled oscillator based on Cascode amplifiers is proposed. Using the principle of current-reuse, a high-power doubler-embedded cross-coupled local oscillator is designed by combing a frequency doubler and a cross-coupled oscillator. The circuit is processed by 55-nm CMOS technology. With a supply voltage of 1.6 V, the output power reaches −1.3 dBm at 156 GHz, and the DC-to-RF efficiency is 2.1%. In addition, this local oscillator has been used in an up-conversion mixer.

摘要本振(LO)的驱动功率决定了混频器能否工作在最优状态。对于100 GHz以上太赫兹频段的收发器来说，实现高功率LO源是一项挑战。本文提出了一种基于Cascode放大器的交叉耦合振荡器。利用电流复用原理，将倍频器与交叉耦合振荡器相结合，设计了大功率内嵌倍频器的交叉耦合本振。该电路采用55纳米CMOS技术处理。当电源电压为1.6 V时，在156 GHz时输出功率达到−1.3 dBm, dc - rf效率为2.1%。此外，本振已用于上变频混频器。

引用次数: 0

Miniaturized wideband implantable slotted loop antenna for biotelemetry applications 用于生物遥测应用的小型化宽带可植入开槽环天线

IF 1.1 4区工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Frequenz

Pub Date : 2022-10-28 DOI: 10.1515/freq-2022-0130

Palanivel Rajan Selvakumaran, P. Mohanraj

Abstract Small size of the implantable antenna is the major concern in Implantable Medical Devices. A compact implantable wideband radiator working at the ISM band is proposed for biotelemetry applications. The overall dimension of the proposed radiator is 10 mm ⁎ 15 mm ⁎ 0.8 mm and the thickness includes substrate and superstrate thickness. The Coaxial feeding method is employed here. The inner and outer diameter of the coaxial feed is 1 and 1.5 mm respectively. The design process starts with a creation of rectangular patch of size 10 mm ⁎ 15 mm and the coaxial feed is located at (2.5, 7). Then slot like loops are introduced on a rectangular patch. This compact size is achieved by introducing small loops on a rectangular patch along with triangular cuts at the bottom right and top-left of the patch. The antenna is simulated with a tissue model (Skin, Fat, Muscle, Bone) and measured with a Body Equivalent Fluid (phantom). The −10 dB bandwidth is obtained over 1340 MHz (1.66–3 GHz) and the fractional bandwidth of 54.7% at the ISM band. The simulated gain and radiation efficiency of the radiator are −13.5 dBi and 3.15% respectively. The measured return loss of the proposed antenna is −30.53 dB and the SAR value averaged over 1 g tissue is 302.6 W/kg with 1 W input power. When compared to the previous works mentioned in the literature the proposed antenna displays wider bandwidth, high gain, low SAR and high radiation efficiency.

摘要在植入式医疗器械中，小尺寸的植入式天线是主要关注的问题。提出了一种工作在ISM波段的紧凑型植入式宽带辐射器，用于生物遥测应用。所提出的散热器的整体尺寸为10 mm 15 mm 0.8 mm，厚度包括衬底和衬底厚度。本文采用同轴进给方法。同轴进给的内径为1 mm，外径为1.5 mm。设计过程首先创建尺寸为10 mm 15 mm的矩形贴片，同轴进给位于(2.5,7)处。然后在矩形贴片上引入槽状环路。这种紧凑的尺寸是通过在矩形贴片上引入小环以及在贴片右下角和左上角的三角形切口来实现的。天线用组织模型(皮肤、脂肪、肌肉、骨骼)模拟，用等效体液(体模)测量。在1340mhz (1.66 - 3ghz)频段获得−10db带宽，ISM频段的分数带宽为54.7%。仿真所得的辐射增益和辐射效率分别为- 13.5 dBi和3.15%。在输入功率为1w时，天线的回波损耗为−30.53 dB，在1g组织上的平均SAR值为302.6 W/kg。与已有文献相比，该天线具有带宽宽、增益高、SAR低、辐射效率高等特点。

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